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专题01阅读理解之说明文（一）1.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检）Peopleoftentalkaboutculturaldifferencesbetweenwesternandeasterncountries,buthowabout

thewesternworlditself?Surprisingly,acloserlookatitcanrevealagoodmanycuriousdetails.ThemostobviouscharacteristicofthemajorityofAmericansi

sthattheysmilealot.Itdoesnotmatterwhethertheyhaveastrongreasontosmile;theydoit,sometimessimplybecausetheyhaveto.Asmileisnotjustapowerfulmar

ketingtoolbutalsoawaytoshowthatsomeoneisfriendly,andthatlifeingeneralisfine.Europeans,onthecontrary,prefertokeepamoreneutral(不露声色的)facialexpressi

on.Theysmilemostlywhentheyareinagoodmood,orfeelamused;ifnot,aEuropean’sfacewillremainneutral,orevendull.InRussia,forexample,thereisap

roverbsayingthatlaughingfornoreasonisasignofafool.ItdoesnotmeanthatEuropeansareserious,orthattheydonothaveasenseof

humor.Thesamereferstocommunicationingeneral.Americansareextremelycommunicative;smalltalkandchatsarec

ommon.Europeanstalkmostlywhenthereissomethingtosay,andrarelyentercommunicationjustforthepurposeoftalkingtootherpeople.Americanpeopleprefe

rtoexpresswhattheythinkcarefully,consideringhowitmightaffectsurroundingpeople.Europeansaremorestraightforward,evenwithunfamiliar

people.AEuropeanfriendwillalmostalwaysvoicetheiropinionondifferentoccasions,andwillnothesitatetoremind

youthatyouneedtolosesomeweightortakeashower.ItcanbesaidthatAmericansarepeopleofcontrasts.Theyareopen-minded,flexible,andreadytoa

ccepteverythingnewenthusiastically;butatthesametime,Americansocietymanagestobringupunbelievableconserv

atives.Americansareextremelypoliticallycorrect,which,inmostcases,isindeedasecureandbeneficialpractice,butitcanalsomessupdai

lyorevenprivatecommunication,sometimespreventinghavingcloserelationships.Europeans,onthecontrary,arem

orestraightforward,preferringtotellthetruthindirectways.Eachwayofcommunicationisdifferent—neitheriscorrectorincorrect.4．Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsmil

ing?A．Itisculture-relatedwithinwesterncountries.B．Itisapowerfulmarketingtoolacrosscultures.C．Itisthoughtofasasi

gnofafoolinAmerica.D．ItisregardedasbeingsociallynecessaryinEurope.5．WhatistypicalofEuropeans’communication?A．Beatingaroun

dthebush.B．Havingsmalltalkandchats.C．Hidingtheirfeelingscarefully.D．Expressingthemselvesopenly.6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”int

helastparagraphreferto?A．Beingstraightforward.B．Beingpoliticallycorrect.C．Acceptingeverythingnew.D．Raisingunbelievableconservatives.7．Howisthe

textmainlydeveloped?A．Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.B．Bymakingcomparisons.C．Byclassifyingbodylanguage.D．Bydiscussingresearchfindings.【答案】4．A5．D6．B7．B【

解析】本文是说明文。西方国家之间对于同一事物的理解也存在着文化差异，文章主要通过对比美国人和欧洲人在微笑上的不同来分析西方人的文化差异。4．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Peopleoftentalkaboutculturaldifference

sbetweenwesternandeasterncountries,buthowaboutthewesternworlditself?Surprisingly,acloserlookatitcanrev

ealagoodmanycuriousdetails.”可知，人们经常谈论西方和东方国家的文化差异，但是西方世界本身呢？令人惊讶的是，仔细观察它可以揭示出许多有趣的细节。下文通过对比美国人和欧洲人在对待微笑的理解上的不同来分析西方人

的文化差异。由此可知，作者认为微笑与西方国家的自身文化有关。故选A。5．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“AEuropeanfriendwillalmostalwaysvoicetheiropinionondifferentoccasions,andwillnothesitatetor

emindyouthatyouneedtolosesomeweightortakeashower.”可知，一个欧洲朋友几乎总是会在不同场合发表自己的意见，并且会毫不犹豫地提醒您，您需要减肥或洗个澡。由此可知，欧洲人交流的典型特征是公开表达自己的想法。故选D。6．词义猜测题。由but表示

转折可知，it指代的是本句话中前面出现的内容，即it指的是“Americansareextremelypoliticallycorrect”一事，意为“美国人是明哲保身的”，which引导的非限制性定语从句是对这一行为的肯定，这

与but之后的内容在逻辑上是转折关系。故选B。7．推理判断题。文章通过对比美国人和欧洲人在微笑上的不同来分析文化对于西方人的影响，因此这是通过做比较的方法来组织文章的思路的。故选B。2.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检）Scientistshavec

reatedtheworld’sfirstliving,self-healing(自愈)robotsusingstemcellsfromfrogs.NamedaftertheAfricanclawedfrogfromwhichtheytaket

heirstemcells,xenobotsarelessthanamillimeterwide(0.04inches)—smallenoughtotravelinsidehumanbodies.Theycanwalkands

wim,surviveforweekswithoutfood,andworktogetheringroups.Theseare“entirelynewlife-forms,”saidprojectco-leaderMichaelLevin,directoroftheAllen

DiscoveryCenter.Theresearchersremovedlivingstemcells,whichhavetheabilitytodevelopintodifferentcelltypes,fromfrogembryos(胚胎),an

dleftthemtoincubate(孵化).Then,thecellswerecutandreshapedintospecific“bodyforms”designedbyasupercomputer.”They’reneitheratraditionalr

obotnoraknownspeciesofanimal,”saidroboticsexpertJoshuaBongard.Thecellsthenbegantoworkontheirownandev

enhavetheregenerativepower;whenthescientistscutthelivingrobotalmostinhalf,itscellsautomaticallyzipperedits

bodybackup.Xenobotsdon’tlookliketraditionalrobots-theyhavenoshinyclothingorroboticarms.Instead,theylookmorelikeatinydropofmoving

pinkflesh.Theresearcherssaythisisdeliberate-thisbiologicalmachinecanachievethingstypicalrobotsofsteelandplasti

ccannotdo.”Traditionalrobotsdegrade(降解)overtimeandcanproduceharmfulecologicalandhealthsideeffects,”researcherssaidinthestudy.Asbiolog

icalmachines,xenobotsaremoreenvironmentallyfriendlyandsaferforhumanhealth,thestudysaid.Researchisbeingdoneintousingt

herobotstocleanupradioactivewasteorevenmicroplasticsfromtheoceans.Scientistsarealsotryingtoincludeagreatervarietyofcells;anewnervous

systemforexample.However,somepeoplearguethattheadditionofnervecellswouldcausemoralproblems.Thegeneralpublichavealsoexpressedconcernthathumanswould

betakencontrolofbyrobots.However,MichaelLevinthinksthere’snoneedtoworry.“Xenobotshavenoabilitytoreproduceorevolve.Thesupercomputerwhichi

susedtoproducethemdoesuseartificialintelligence.Butfornow,allisfine,”saidLevin.8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．TheadvantageofAItechnology

.B．Theintroductionofalatestrobot.C．ThemedicalvalueofAfricanfrogs.D．Theapplicationofrobotsinmedicine.9．Whichofthefollowingbestexplai

ns“regenerative”underlinedinParagraph2?A．Healingbyitself.B．Replacingoldcells.C．Livingmuchlonger.D．Defendingagainstattacks

.10．Whatdoweknowaboutxenobots?A．Theycanbreakupsteelandplasticwhiledegrading.B．Theycandoeverythingthattraditionalrobotscando.C．Theydolessha

rmtotheenvironmentandhumanhealth.D．Theyoftenchangetheircolordeliberatelywhilemoving.11．WhatisMichaelLe

vin’sattitudetowardthedevelopmentofxenobots?A．Ambiguous.B．Positive.C．Skeptical.D．Cautious.【答案】8．B9．A10．C11．B【解析】

本文是说明文。文章讲述了科学家们利用青蛙的干细胞创造了世界上第一个活着的，能够自愈的机器人，它不需要食物就可以生存数周。作为生物机器，对人类的健康有好处，更安全。目前使用它清除海洋中的放射性废物甚至微塑料的研究正在进行中。8．主旨大意题

。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，文章讲述的是：科学家们利用青蛙的干细胞创造了世界上第一个活着的，能够自愈的机器人，下文对其进行了详细的介绍。故选B。9．词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“whenthescientistscutthelivingrobotalmo

stinhalf,itscellsautomaticallyzippereditsbodybackup.”可知，当科学家将活着的机器人几乎切成两半时，它的细胞会自动向后伸展。结合第一段中提到的“self-healing(自愈)”，由此可知，划线词意为“自愈”。故选A。10．细节理解题。根据第三段

中的“Asbiologicalmachines,xenobotsaremoreenvironmentallyfriendlyandsaferforhumanhealth,thestudysaid.”可知，这项研究说，xenobots机器人

作为生物机器，对人类健康更环保，更安全。即xenobots对环境和人类健康的危害较小。故选C。11．推理判断题。最后一段中的“Xenobotshavenoabilitytoreproduceorevolve.Thesu

percomputerwhichisusedtoproducethemdoesuseartificialintelligence.Butfornow,allisfine.”可知，xenobots机器人没有能

力繁殖或进化。用于生产它们的超级计算机确实使用人工智能。但是目前，一切都很好。即MichaelLevin对xenobots机器人的发展持肯定态度。故选B。3.（2020届安徽省合肥市高三第二次质检）Ane

wstudyrecentlyfoundthatelephantsincentralAfricanforestscanencouragethegrowthofslow-growingtreesandincreasetheabilityofthefor

esttostorecarbon.“Asatree,there’satrade-offyoucan’thaveitall,”explainedFabioBerzaghi,wholedthestudy.“Youeitherinvestin

growingfast,orinbuildingalotofstructurewithcarbontobemoreresistant.”Elephantsprefertoeatfast-growingtreesinmoreopenspaces.Asth

eyfeedandwalk,theycausedamagetothesespecies,knockingovertreesorbreakingoffbranches,whichresultsinanecosystemthatfavorslarge,slow-gro

winghardwoodtrees.“Astheelephantsthintheforest,theyincreasethenumberofslow-growingtreesandtheforestiscapableofstoringmorec

arbon,”saidStephenBlake,oneofthepaper’sauthors.ScientistscollectedfieldmeasurementsintheCongoBasinandusedacomputermodeltopred

icthowelephantswouldaffectforeststructure,andcarbonstoragepotentialinthelongterm.Thedataconfirmedthatwhenelephantsarepresent,theforestcon

tainslargertreesandhigherabundancesofspecieswithhighwooddensity.Conversely(相反地)，shouldforestelephantsgoextinct,leavingthoseslow-growingtreess

trugglingtocompetewithfast-growingspecies,itwouldresultina7percentlossofabove-groundbiomass(生物总量).Asaresult,centralAfric

anforestscouldloseuptothreebilliontonsofcarbon,potentiallyacceleratingclimatechange.Thesadrealityisthathumansaredoingtheirbesttoridt

heplanetofelephants.“Thisstudycomesatatimewhenforestelephantsarethreatenedasneverbefore,”saidIainDouglasHamilton,founderofSavethe

Elephants.“ItisshockingthatjustaswearebeginningtounderstandhowelephantsmighthaveakeyroleinAfricainstoringcarbon,theya

reunderrealthreatofextinction.”Onelimitationofthestudy,Mr.Berzaghisaid,isthatwedonotknowhowmuchcarbonhasalre

adybeenlostbecauseoftheelephants’decline.Butitdoesseemcertain,headded,thatputtingastoptoillegalhuntingandrestoringforestele

phantpopulationswouldbringclimatebenefits.12．Whatcanweinferaboutslow-growingtreesinParagraph2?A．Theyareelephants’favor

itefood.B．Theyareeasilyhurtbyelephants.C．Theycanhelpforestsstorecarbon.D．Theymayreduceelephantpopulations.13．Whatwouldhappenwithoutelephantsli

vingincentralAfricanforests?A．Climatechangewouldpossiblybespedup.B．Theforeststructurewouldremainunchanged.C．Thefor

estswouldlosemorefast-growingtrees.D．Largertreeswoulddefeatfast-growingspecies.14．WhatdidMr.Berzaghisuggestpeopledo?A．Leadalow-carbonlife.B．Eval

uatethecarbonloss.C．Stopdestroyingforests.D．Protectforestelephants.15．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．HumansandNatureLiveinHarmonyB．

ElephantsDisappearinPartsofAfricaC．ClimateChangeAffectsForestStructureD．ElephantsDefendAgainstClimateChange【答案】12．

C13．A14．D15．D【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了最近的一项新研究发现，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促进生长缓慢的树木生长，并增加森林的碳储存能力以延缓气候变化的速度。12．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“

Astheelephantsthintheforest,theyincreasethenumberofslow-growingtreesandtheforestiscapableofstoringmorecarbon”可知，随着大象使森林不再那么茂盛，它们增加了生长缓慢的树木的

数量，并且使森林能够储存更多的碳。因此可以推断出树木可以帮助森林储存碳。故选C。13．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Conversely,shouldforestelephantsgoextinct,leavingthoseslow-growingtreesstruggli

ngtocompetewithfast-growingspecies,itwouldresultina7percentlossofabove-groundbiomass(生物总量).Asaresult,centralAfricanforestscouldloseuptothree

billiontonsofcarbon,potentiallyacceleratingclimatechange.”可知，相反地，如果森林象灭绝，那些生长缓慢的树木就难以与快速生长的物种竞争，这将导致地表上损失7％的生物总量。非洲中部森林可能会释放出多达30亿吨的碳，这有可能加剧气候变

化。即如果没有大象生活在非洲中部森林中，气候变化可能会加快。故选A。14．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Butitdoesseemcertain,headded,thatputtingastoptoillegalhuntingandrestoringfo

restelephantpopulationswouldbringclimatebenefits.”可知，但他补充说，停止非法捕猎和恢复森林象的数量似乎确实会给气候带来好处。即Mr.Berzaghi建议

人们保护森林象。故选D。15．主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，最近的一项新研究发现，最近的一项新研究发现，非洲中部森林中的大象可以促进生长缓慢的树木生长，并增加森林的碳储存能力以延缓气候变化的速度，因此文章的最佳标题是“大象阻止气候变化”。故选D。4.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班

质量检测）TheMostTechFriendlySchoolintheWorldForgetapenandpaper!Thisnew-fashionedschoolreliesoniPad’s,touchscreens,projectorsandevenele

ctroniclockerkeys.ThePhiladelphiaSchooloftheFuture’smaingoalistoequipstudentswiththemostknowledgeintechnol

ogyfields.Whileitstruggledbackwhenitopenedin2006,itisnowoneofthemostin-demandschools.HamburgerUniversityNo

,thisschoolisn’taboutperfectingthehamburger.Actually,itsortofis!TheMcDonald’strainingfacilityiswhererestaurantmanagersgotolear

nthecraft(手艺).Frommakingahamburgertodealingwithcomplainingcustomers,ittakesalottohandletherunningofMicky

D’s.Also,imaginehavingHamburgerUniversityonyourresume(简历),nowthatwouldmakeyoustandoutfromthecrowd!RealLifeClown(小丑)Coll

egeWhilemoviesandtelevisionsshowslovetomakefunofkidsandadultsalikerunningofftojoinclowncollegeorthecircusbutturnsout,itwasn’

tmadeup.TheRinglingBrotherssetupanumberofcoursesandschoolsaroundtheUnitedStatestoteachwillingstudentstheartofclown

ingaround.It’satoughjobalright?Imagingwearingabrightrednosewhilekidsscreamatyouforaballoonanimal.CharlesHoward

SantaClausSchoolSetupinthe1930’sthisfamousinstitutionaimstoproducetheverybestSanta’s.PotentialMrClaus’willlearnhowtointeractwithchildrenand

ofcourse,howtolaughliketherealdeal.Whileyouwouldn’ttakethecourseunlessyouplannedonbeingaprofessionalSanta,itsurewouldbefuntoplaydressupforaday!1．Wh

atdoweknowaboutThePhiladelphiaSchooloftheFuture?A．Ithasbeenrunsmoothlysince2006.B．Itemploysdigitaldeviceinfruitfulways.C．Itspopularityhasdeclinedin

recentyears.D．Itaimstospreadknowledgeinmanyfields.2．Whichschoolmayhelpyoubecomeacomedian?A．ThePhiladelphiaSchooloftheFuture.B．HamburgerUn

iversity.C．RealLifeClownCollege.D．CharlesHowardSantaClausSchool.3．Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthefoursc

hool?A．Entertaining.B．Ancient.C．Wild.D．Unusual.【答案】1．B2．C3．D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章简略地介绍了四所值得一去的学校。1．细节理解题。由题干关

键词ThePhiladelphiaSchooloftheFuture可将答案定位于第一段。由第一段中的Thisnew-fashionedschoolreliesoniPad’s,touchscreens,projec

torsandevenelectroniclockerkeys.(这所新式学校依靠iPad、触摸屏、投影仪甚至电子锁钥匙)和Whileitstruggledbackwhenitopenedin2006,itisnowoneofthemostin-demandschools.

(虽然在2006年开学时，它曾一度举步维艰，但现在它是最受欢迎的学校之一)可知，这所新式学校以卓有成效的方式使用数字设备。故选B项。2．细节理解题。由第三段中的TheRinglingBrotherssetu

panumberofcoursesandschoolsaroundtheUnitedStatestoteachwillingstudentstheartofclowningaround.(Ringling兄弟在美国各地开设了许多课程和学

校，教有志的学生如何在周围表演小丑)可知，小丑是喜剧演员之一。由此可知，RealLifeClownCollege可帮你成为喜剧演员。故选C项。3．推理判断题。由第一段中的ThePhiladelphiaSc

hooloftheFuture’smaingoalistoequipstudentswiththemostknowledgeintechnologyfields.(费城未来学校的主要目标是让学生掌握技术领域的

大部分知识)可知TheMostTechFriendlySchoolintheWorld的主要目标是让学生掌握技术领域的大部分知识；由第二段中的No,thisschoolisn’taboutperfectingthehamburger.Actually,itsortofis

!TheMcDonald’strainingfacilityiswhererestaurantmanagersgotolearnthecraft.(不，这所学校不是为了完善汉堡包。实际上，有点！麦当劳的培训设施是餐厅经

理们学习手艺的地方)可知，HamburgerUniversity是教学生做汉堡的学校；由第三段中的TheRinglingBrotherssetupanumberofcoursesandschoolsaroundtheUnitedStatest

oteachwillingstudentstheartofclowningaround.(Ringling兄弟在美国各地开设了许多课程和学校，教有志的学生如何在周围表演小丑)可知，RealLifeClownCollege是教学生成为小丑喜剧演员

的地方；由第四段中的Setupinthe1930’sthisfamousinstitutionaimstoproducetheverybestSanta’s.(这个著名的机构成立于1930年，旨在培养出最

优秀的圣诞老人)可知，CharlesHowardSantaClausSchool是教学生成为圣诞老人的学校；四所学校教授课程与普通学校教授的课程不一样、不同寻常。故选D项。5.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测）Braindiseaseresea

rchcouldbespedupusingasmartphone-controlled“plug-and-play”neuralimplant(神经植入管)inventedbyscientistsfromtheUSAan

dSouthKorea.Theresearchers,whocomeprimarilyfromtheKoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology(KAIST)

andtheUniversityofWashington,designedthesoftdevicetodeliverdrugsorcolouredlightsdirectlytotargetedneurons(神经元),withthegoalofaccelerati

ngdiscoveryaboutaddiction,depressionandpain.TheLEDsinvolvedaresmallerthanagrainofsalt,andthedrugsaredeliveredbyt

inychannelswiththethicknessofahumanhair.Forresearchers,themainadvantageofthenewwirelessimplantiseaseofuse.Theinventorsdescribeitsreplaceabl

edrugtubeas“lego-like”and“plug-and-lay”,whileset-uphappensoveran“elegant,simple”smartphoneinterface(界面).Forthesub

jects,incurrenttesting—thesmall,softdevicewon’timpedemovementandissafertouseovertime.Currentdevicesusedinthisfieldarerigid,sotheycau

sedamagesinsoftbraintissueovertime.Withthenewdevices,scientistscannowmonitoroneareaofthebrainovermuchlongerperiods

,andwiththetestsubjectsmovingfreely.“Itallowsustobetteranalyzetheneuralbasisofbehaviorinvariousways,”saidMichaelBruchas,aprofesso

rattheUniversityofWashingtonSchoolofMedicinewhoheadstheBruchasLab.“Wearealsoeagertousethedevicetohelpusdevelopnewtreatmentsforpain,addi

ctionandemotionaldisorders.”Theresearchers,whopublishedtheirfindingsinthejournalNatureBiomedicalEngineering,create

dtheimplantforlaboratoryusewithanimalsbutwouldliketodevelopthetechnologyforclinicalapplicationsinthefuture,meaningoneday

asimilardevicecouldbetestedonhumans.TheirinventioncomesafterthreeyearsofcooperationbetweentheJeonggroupatK

AISTinDaejeonandtheBruchasLabinSeattle.Theformerspecializesinsoftelectronicsforwearableandimplantabledevices,whilethelatterisaresearchlaborator

yfocusingonstress,depression,addiction,painandotherdiseases.12．Howdoesthedevicework?A．Itlocatesacertainpositioninneuron

s.B．Itdirectlycuresthedamagedneurons.C．Itdeliversdrugsthroughahumanhair.D．Itdirectlycontrolscolouredlights.13．Whichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderli

nedword“impede”inParagragh4?A．Destroy.B．Increase.C．Improve.D．Prevent.14．Whatcanwelearnaboutthedevice?A．Ithelpstoobservethewho

lebrainwork.B．Ithasbeentestedonhumanstodealwithdiseases.C．Ithelpstofindnewwaystocuresomediseases.D．Ithasbeeninventedbythe

BruchasLab.15．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．BrainNeuralImplantbySmartphoneB．ANewSmartphoneThatControlsBrainC．TheDevelopmentinExploringBrainsD．ANewC

urefortheBrainDiseases【答案】12．A13．D14．C15．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了利用由美国和韩国科学家发明的智能手机控制的神经植入管，脑疾病的研究可以被加快，神经植入管是一种软性装置

，小巧、柔软且更安全。12．细节理解题。由第二段第一句“Theresearchers,whocomeprimarilyfromtheKoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechn

ology(KAIST)andtheUniversityofWashington,designedthesoftdevicetodeliverdrugsorcolouredlightsdirectlytotargetedneurons(神经元

),withthegoalofacceleratingdiscoveryaboutaddiction,depressionandpain.(这些研究人员主要来自韩国高级科学技术研究所(KAIST)和华盛顿大学，他们

设计了一种软性装置，将药物或彩灯直接传送到靶向神经元，目的是加速发现上瘾、抑郁和疼痛)可知，这种装置是在神经元中的某个位置上工作。故选A项。13．词义猜测题。由第四段句子Forthesubjects,incurrenttesting—thesmall,

softdevicewon’timpedemovementandissafertouseovertime.(对受试者来说，在目前的测试中，这种小巧、柔软的设备不会impede运动，而且随着时间的推移使用起来更

安全)可推知，这种小巧、柔软的设备不会妨碍运动。由此可知，划线词impede意为“妨碍、阻止”。故选D项。14．细节理解题。由倒数第三段最后一句Wearealsoeagertousethedevicetohelpusdevelopnewtreatmentsfor

pain,addictionandemotionaldisorders.(我们也渴望利用这一设备帮助我们开发出治疗疼痛、上瘾和情绪障碍的新疗法)可知，此设备有助于找到治疗某些疾病的新方法。故选C项。15．主旨大意题。由第一段句子Braind

iseaseresearchcouldbespedupusingasmartphone-controlled“plug-and-play”neuralimplantinventedbyscientistsfromtheUSAandSouthKor

ea.(脑疾病的研究可以被加快，通过使用由美国和韩国科学家发明的智能手机控制的神经植入管)可知，文章第一段点明了本文主要讲智能手机控制的神经植入管，后面段落是对此设备的介绍。故选A项。6.（2020届福建省厦门市高三一次质检）Formuchofthe20thcentury,milkwasasi

mplepartofdailylifeintheU.S.,asfarmersraisedcows,milkmendeliveredbottlesandchildrendrankitatschool.Butthosedaysarefa

ding.OnJanuary5BordenDairy,themilkprocessorwithacheeryElsiethecowonitslabel,announcedtobefilingforbankruptcy(破产

)protection.BordenDairy,whichsaiditwasaffectedby“marketchallengesfacingthemilkindustry,”followsDeanFoods,America’slargestmilkproducer,whichfiledforb

ankruptcyprotectioninNovember.Americahasfallenoutoflovewithdrinkingmilk,astherearemorelower-calorieoptionsandpe

oplearepreferringwaterbottlestomilkcartons(盒子).Americanseachdrankabout146lb.offluidmilk-acategorythatin

cludesproductsfromskimtocreamin2018,accordingtotheUSDA’sEconomicResearchService.Thatmaysoundlikealot,but

it’sdown26%justsince2000.ThedownturnhasbeentoughonmilkprocessorslikeBordenandDean,whichbuyfreshmilkfromfarmsandusetechniquestocreateaconsumer-

safedrinkwithalongershelflife.Forthepastfiveyears,thankstotechnologythatincreasedmilkproduction,fresh-milkpriceswererelat

ivelylow,whichmeantprocessorscouldbreakevenalthoughtherewasshiftingdemand.Butpriceswentupagainlastyear,squeezingtheprocessors’alreadytightprofits

.“Decliningsalesinabusinesswithsmallprofitisnotagoodrecipeforsuccess”saysMarkStephenson,directorofdairypolicyanalysisattheUniversityofWi

sconsin.Milkprocessorsarealsofacingcompetitionfrombigretailers(零售商),whichhavesetuptheirownprocessingplants.In2018,Walmartopenedamil

k-processingplantinIndianatoservehundredsofstoresintheMidwest,takingawayapproximately95milliongal.ofmilk-processingbusinessfromDeanFoods.8．Wh

atcanwelearnaboutAmericanmilkindustry?A．Consumersfavorbottledmilk.B．Milkproducershavecowsontheirlabels.C．Processedmilkislos

ingitspopularity.D．BordenDairyisthelargestmilkproducer.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“breakeven”，inparagraph3probablymean?A．Hav

enoloss.B．Upgradetechnology.C．Gobankrupt.D．Producelargequantitiesofgoods.10．What’sMarkStephenson’sattitudetowardsthe

milkindustry?A．Positive.B．Concerned.C．Ambiguous.D．Prejudiced.11．Whyhavesomebigretailersbroughtachallengetomilkprocessors?A．Theyopenstoresabroad

.B．Theylowerthepriceofmilk.C．Theyprocessmilkbythemselves.D．Theywon’tofferfreshmilktoprocessors.【答案】8．C9．A10．B11．C【解析】本文是一

篇说明文，介绍了美国牛奶加工业的现状以及面临的挑战。8．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Americahasfallenoutoflovewithdrinkingmilk,astherearemorelower-calorie

optionsandpeoplearepreferringwaterbottlestomilkcartons”可知，美国人已经不再喜欢喝牛奶了，因为现在有更多低热量的选择，而且人们更喜欢瓶装水而不是盒装牛奶，这说明加工的牛奶越来越不受欢迎了，故C项正确。9．词义猜测题。根据

画线词前的“thankstotechnologythatincreasedmilkproduction,fresh-milkpriceswererelativelylow,”可知，由于技术提高了牛奶产量，而且从农场购买鲜奶的价格又相对较低，所以尽管需求在变化（人们不买那么多牛奶了），但（

由于投入少了，产量大了）牛奶加工商仍能实现盈亏平衡，由此可知画线词的意思是“没有损失”，故A项正确。10．推理判断题。根据第三段中的““Decliningsalesinabusinesswithsmallprofitisnotagoodrecipef

orsuccess”saysMarkStephenson,directorofdairypolicyanalysisattheUniversityofWisconsin.”可知，威斯康星大学乳品政策分析主任马克•斯蒂芬森表示，在一家利润微薄的企业中，销售额下降并不是成功

的良方，由此可知，马克•斯蒂芬森对对牛奶工业的现状表示担忧，故B项正确。11．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Milkprocessorsarealsofacingcompetitionfrombigreta

ilers(零售商),whichhavesetuptheirownprocessingplants.”可知，牛奶加工商还面临着来自大型零售商的竞争，因为这些零售商已经建立了自己的牛奶加工厂，故C项正确。7.（2020届福建省厦门市高三一

次质检）WanderingtheBritishMuseum,youcanseesomeofthefinestobjectsevercreatedbyhumanhands.Butsomeofourmostp

reciousobjectsarethingsthatwereoncethrownaway.Today,theyhavebecomeinvaluabletoolsforlearningaboutthepas

t.OndisplayinRoom3,Disposable?exhibitsagroupofobjects:findsfromStapleHowe,asettlementsometimebetween700BCand450BC．Thesepotpiec

es,animalbones,andtoolswerecastasidewhentheywerenolongeruseful.Thousandsofyearslatertheyallowustostudythepeoplewh

omade,used,andthrewthemaway.FromStapleHowe’srubbishweknowthatitsinhabitantswereveryresourceful:abrokenpotwasrec

ycledtomakeaspindlewhorl,andarazorhasbeenheavilysharpenedtolengthenitslife.ThesecondhalfoftheDisposable?d

isplaysthehumanimpactofmodemwasteinthePacificIslandnations.Single-useproductsmadefromplasticareoftenthrownawaypo

orly.Thishasledtoalmosteightmillionmetrictonsofplasticenteringouroceanseveryyear.Asimpleyettechnicallybeautifulyell

owfishingbasketmadebyGuamartistGuerrerohighlightstheplasticwasteprobleminthePacific.Forcenturies,fishingbasketsinGuamweremadeofcoconutleavesbuthere

Guerrerousedplasticwrappingfoundonhislocalbeach.Whilethebasketismadeusingtraditionaltechniques,theplasticwrapp

ingismoredurablethanplantfibers.Guerrerohasfoundacreativeandpracticalwaytogivethissingle-usematerialasecondlife.Commu

nitiesacrossthePacificareworkingtogethertofighttheproblemthroughre-purposingthrown—awayitemsandbannings

omesingle-useplasticitems.However,theselocalresponsescanbynomeansreducethescaleoftheproblem.Theplasticcrisiscannotbelefttoindividualsorcommunitie

sandwilltakeaconcertedinternationaleffortbygovernmentsacrosstheglobe.IftherubbishfromStapleHowecanhelpu

sbuildstoriesanddetailsofpeoplelivinginancientBritain,whatcantoday’splasticrubbishtellusaboutourselves?12．Whyarethedese

rtedobjectsinStapleHowevaluable?A．Theywerecreatedbyhand.B．Theywerebeautifullydecorated.C．Theyconsist

ofpreciousmaterials.D．Theybearinformationoflifeinthepast.13．InwhichwaydidGuerrerochangethetraditionalfishingbasket?A．Material.B．Technique.C．Color.D

．Wrapping.14．Theexhibition,Disposable?________.A．isdisplayedintworoomsB．isheldbyPacificcommunitiesC．displaysbothancientandmodemitemsD．showsStapleHo

we’sinfluenceonPacificcommunities15．Whatdoesthewritersuggestabouttheplasticcrisis?A．Leavingittoindividuals.B．Holdinginternationalconcerts.

C．LocalresponsesfromStapleHowe.D．Aunitedeffortbyglobalgovernments.【答案】12．D13．A14．C15．D【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了大英博物馆3号房间的一次性？展览

所展示的展品及其意义和反映的问题。12．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“FromStapleHowe’srubbishweknowthatitsinhabitantswereveryresourceful:

abrokenpotwasrecycledtomakeaspindlewhorl,andarazorhasbeenheavilysharpenedtolengthenitslife.”可知，从斯特普尔豪斯的废弃物中我们了解到它的

居民是充满智慧的：一个破碎的罐子被回收用来制作一个纺锤轮，一把剃刀被磨快来延长它的使用寿命，由此可知，斯特普尔豪斯被遗弃的物品有价值是因为它们承载了过去生活的信息（从它们我们能够了解过去人们生活的一些情况），故D项正确。13．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Forcenturies

,fishingbasketsinGuamweremadeofcoconutleavesbuthereGuerrerousedplasticwrappingfoundonhislocalbeach.”

可知，几个世纪以来，关岛的捕鱼篮都是用椰叶做的，但格雷罗在这里使用的是当地海滩上发现的塑料包装，也就是说格雷罗通过改变制作材料改变了传统的捕鱼篮，故A项正确。14．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“OndisplayinRoom3,Disposable?exhibit

sagroupofobjects:findsfromStapleHowe,asettlementsometimebetween700BCand450BC.”可知，一次性？展览展出了在斯特普尔豪斯发现的、公元前700年到

公元前450年之间的人类定居点的一组废弃物品；再根据第三段中的“ThesecondhalfoftheDisposable?displaysthehumanimpactofmodemwasteinthePacificIslandnations.”可知，一次性？展览的后半部

分展示现代垃圾对太平洋岛国居民的影响，由此可知，一次性？展览展示了古代和现代物品，故C项正确。15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Theplasticcrisiscannotbelefttoindividualsorcommunitiesandw

illtakeaconcertedinternationaleffortbygovernmentsacrosstheglobe.”可知，作者认为解决塑料危机不能只靠个人和社区，需要全球各国政府共同努力，故D项正确。8.（2020届广东省高考模拟

）AfricaWaterWeek-nearlyonebillionpeoplearoundtheworldhavenoaccesstodrinkingwater,thatlackofcleanwaterassociationwithun-properhygie

neandshortageoftoiletskills3.3millionayear.Andthisisacommonprobleminmanypartsofthedevelopingworld,butitseffectisnotwidelyknown,ac

cordingtoexpertsatthePulitzerCenteronCrisisReporting.AspartoftheWorldWaterDaytradition,thecenterisscreeningfilmsaboutintern

ationalwaterissuesattheEnvironmentalFilmFestivalinWashington,D．C．Thefilmsdescribeavarietyofconflictsoverwater.“Thechallengeinpresentingthese

films,”saysPeterSawyer,projectcoordinatoratthePulitzerCenteronCrisisReporting,“istosharewithawideraudiencethe

urgentissuessurroundingwater.Ourgoalforthisscreeningistojustgettheseissuesoutthere,”hesays.“Wedon'tfeelthattheyattrac

tpublicattentionandwethinkthattheyshouldbecausetheyarereallyimportant.”InDhaka'sChallenge,filmmakerSteph

enSapienzaexploresoneofthefastestgrowingcitiesinAsia.Hesaysone-thirdofthe15millionpeopleintheBangladesh

icapitalliveinplaceswheresafewaterislimited.Eachyear400,000newcomersjoinDhaka'surbanpoor.CitywaterfromD

haka'sWaterandSewerAuthority(WASA)comesataprice,availableonlytolandowners.Thefilmrecordshowanon-profitgroup

helpedchangethelawtogivethesameequalwaterrightstotheurbanpoor.DiabalokSingHa,whoisthegroup'sfounder,said,“Awin-winsituati

onactuallyoccurredbecauseDhakaWASAwantedtheirincomesandontheotherhand,poorpeoplewantedtheserviceandtheyimmediatelyseetheeconomi

cadvantageofgettingDhakaWASAwatersupplybecausethatischeap,sotheyimmediatelybuyin.”“Mystorywasjusttryingtopointoutthattheseproblemsaresolvableonsom

elevelevenifyouhavetostartsmallandit'spossibleinthelongruntosavemanylives,”saysSapienza.8．Whichofthefollowingisthemainpurposeofthefilms?A．Toshowth

enumberofpeoplelackingcleanwater.B．Toletmorepeopleknowtheseriouswaterproblems.C．Toattractpeopletopayattentiontotheworldconflicts.D．Togetpeopletohav

eagoodknowledgeofwater.9．WhatdoesParagraph4mainlytalkabout?A．Waystogetcheapwater.B．ThefilmDhaka'sChallenge.C．FilmmakerStephenSapienza.D．Anon-prof

itgroup.10．WhichofthefollowingdoesDiabalokSingHaagreewith?A．Mostpeoplecan'taffordthewatersupply.B．RichpeopleinDh

akawillbuyinatonce.C．PoorpeopleinDhakaneedtheserviceofwater.D．DhakaWASAwillseesoontheeconomicadvantage.11

．WhatdoesSapienzaintendtotellusbymakingthefilmDhaka'sChallenge?A．Theproblemofwatercanpossiblybesolved.B．Allthepeoplecannotget

citywaterfromWASA．C．Awin-winsituationisexpectedbyeveryfilmmaker.D．DhakaWASAisverypopularwiththelocalpeople.【答案】8．B9．B10．C11．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。世界各地近

10亿人无法获得饮用水，普利策危机报道中心的专家表示，在许多发展中国家，这是一个普遍问题，但其影响并不广为人知。作为世界水日传统的一部分，该中心正在华盛顿特区的环境电影节上放映有关国际水资源问题的影片《Dhaka的挑战》。

文章还说明了这一电影的目的、内容以及人们对影片的看法。8．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Thechallengeinpresentingthesefilms,”saysPeterSawyer,projectcoordinatoratthePulitzerCenteronCrisisR

eporting,“istosharewithawideraudiencetheurgentissuessurroundingwater.Ourgoalforthisscreeningistojustgettheseissuesoutthere,”hesays.可知“呈现这些影片的挑战，”普

利策危机报道中心的项目协调员PeterSawyer说，“是要与更广泛的观众分享与水有关的紧迫问题。我们的筛选目标就是让这些问题浮出水面，”他说。由此可知，电影的主要目的是让更多的人知道严重的水问题。故选B。9．

主旨大意题。根据第四段中InDhaka'sChallenge,filmmakerStephenSapienzaexploresoneofthefastestgrowingcitiesinAsia.可知在《Dhaka的挑战》中，导演斯StephenSapi

enza探索了亚洲发展最快的城市之一。结合后文Thefilmrecordshowanon-profitgrouphelpedchangethelawtogivethesameequalwaterrig

htstotheurbanpoor.可知影片记录了一个非营利组织如何帮助修改法律，给予城市贫民同等的用水权利。由此可知，第4段主要讲了电影《Dhaka的挑战》。故选B。10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中Awin-winsituationactuallyoccurredbecauseDhakaW

ASAwantedtheirincomesandontheotherhand,poorpeoplewantedtheserviceandtheyimmediatelyseetheeconomicadvantageofgettingDhakaWASAwatersupplybecauset

hatischeap,sotheyimmediatelybuyin.可知双赢的局面出现了，因为DhakaWASA需要他们的收入，而另一方面，穷人想要这项服务，他们立即看到了获得DhakaWASA供水的经济优势，因为它很便宜，所以他们立即购买。由此可推知，DiabalokSingHa赞同D

haka的穷人需要水。故选C。11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Mystorywasjusttryingtopointoutthattheseproblemsaresolvableonsomelevelevenifyouhavetostart

smallandit'spossibleinthelongruntosavemanylives,”saysSapienza.可知Sapienza说：“我的故事只是试图指出，这些问题在某种程度上是可以解决的，即使你必须

从小处着手，但从长远来看，拯救许多人的生命是可能的。”由此可知，通过制作电影《Dhaka的挑战》，Sapienza想告诉我们水的问题是有可能解决的。故选A。8.（2020届广东省广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试）After400years,Willia

mShakespeare(1564-1616)isstillwidelycelebratedasagreatcrafteroflanguageandplaywright(剧作家).Buthewasnottheonlygreatmasterofdr

amaticwritingtodiein1616,andheiscertainlynottheonlywritertohaveleftalastingimpactontheatre.Whilelessknownworldwide,T

angXianzuisrightlyconsideredChina’sgreatestplaywrightandishighlyadmiredinthatcountryofancientliteraryanddramatictr

aditions.Tangwasbornin1550inLinchuan,JiangxiProvince,andworkedasagovernmentofficialuntil,in1598andaged49,heretiredtofocusonwrit

ing.UnlikeShakespeare'slargebodyofplaysandpoems,Tangwroteonlyfourmajorplays:ThePurpleHairpin,ADreamunderaSouthernBough,DreamofH

andanandThePeonyPavilion-widelyconsideredtobehismasterpiece.Inthelatterthree,muchofthestoryistoldthroughdreamsequenc

es.Tangusedthesescenestoexplorehumanemotionsinwaysthatchallengedthefeudalsystemofhistime.ItisasimilardreamstructurethatwefindinShakespeare^A

MidsummerNight'sDream.TanglivedtowardstheendoftheMingDynasty(1368-1644)and,similarlytoShakespeare,hislastingsuccesswaspartlyduetothegrowthoftheatre

asanartisticpracticeduringhislifetime.AsinShakespeare'sEngland,itbecamehugelypopularinChina,withpublictheatresopeningindifferent

citiesandtravelingperformancegroupsbecomingcommon.Theatricalaudiencesstartedtopopulateopenpublicspaces,andtheatreas

apopularformofentertainmentfounditsplaceoutsidepalaces.However,unlikeinShakespeare’sEngland,therewashardlyanymixing

oftherichwithcommonersattheatricalevents.Duringthistime,thewayinwhichplay-textswereenjoyed,spreadandperformedalsochange

d.Initially,Chinesedramashadanemphasisonpoeticlanguageandweredistributedinbookform,tobereadlikenovels.Theywereseldom,ifever,performed.However,fromth

emid-16thcentury,kunquopera,aformofmusicaldrama,spreadfromsouthernChinatobecomeasymbolofChineseculture.WhileTangandSha

kespearelivedaworldawayfromeachother,theyshareincommonthehumanityoftheirdrama,theirheroicfigures,theirloveforla

nguage,alastingpopularity—andtheanniversaryduringwhichwestillcelebratethem.12．WhydoesthewriterrefertoShakespeare

throughoutthisarticleaboutTang?A．Tocomparethewritingstylesofthewriters.B．ToemphasizeTang’simportanceinliter

ature.C．Toassesstheachievementsofthesetwogreatwriters.D．ToexaminethedifferentinfluencesofTangandShakespeare.13．WhatdistinguishesThePurpleHairpinfrom

Tang’sotherplays?A．Itdoesnotrelyheavilyondreamscenes.B．Itiswidelyconsideredtobehisbestwork.C．Itwasth

eonlyplaytobepubliclyperformed.D．ItchallengedthefeudalsystemofancientChina.14．WhatcharacteristicwassharedbybothEnglishandChines

etheatreduringTang’slifetime?A．Musicandpoetrywerepresentinmostperformances.B．Thepopularityofpublictheatric

alperformancesgrewrapidly.C．Differentsocialclassesoftenattendedthesameperformances.D．Mostplayswerewrittentobereadasnovelsratherthanperformed.15．Whic

hofthefollowingwouldtheauthorprobablyagreewith?A．Tang’splaysweresuperiortohispoems.B．Tangismorewidelyre

adthanShakespeare.C．TangisthebestplaywrightinChinesehistory.D．TangandShakespeareknewofeachothersworks.【答案】

12．B13．A14．B15．C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了汤显祖的作品特点和时代意义。12．推理判断题。第一句提到：威廉·莎士比亚是世界语言大师和剧作家。第二句一转折，提到：他并不是唯一一个在1616年去世的戏剧大师，他也肯定不是唯一一个对戏剧产生深远影响的作家。接着文章

就提出汤显祖。下文中，不断地将莎士比亚和汤显祖对照，以此凸显汤显祖的艺术成就和作用。故选B。13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Tangwroteonlyfourmajorplays:ThePurpleHair

pin,ADreamunderaSouthernBough,DreamofHandanandThePeonyPavilion-widelyconsideredtobehismasterpiece.Inthelatterthree,muchofthestoryistoldthrou

ghdreamsequences”可知，除去thePurpleHairpin，其余三部戏剧均是通过梦境来讲述的。只有thePurpleHairpin不是这样。故选A。14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“AsinShakespeare'sEngland,itbecamehugelyp

opularinChina,withpublictheatresopeningindifferentcitiesandtravelingperformancegroupsbecomingcommon.Theatricalaud

iencesstartedtopopulateopenpublicspaces,andtheatreasapopularformofentertainmentfounditsplaceoutsidepalaces”可知

，就像在莎士比亚的英国，它在中国非常受欢迎，在不同的城市开设了公共剧院，旅游表演团体也变得普遍起来。戏剧观众开始聚集在开放的公共场所，剧院作为一种流行的娱乐形式在宫殿之外找到了自己的位置。B选项（公众戏剧表演迅速普及）表达此意。故选B。15．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Tang

XianzuisrightlyconsideredChina’sgreatestplaywrightandishighlyadmiredinthatcountryofancientliteraryanddrama

tictraditions”可知，汤显祖被认为是中国最伟大的剧作家，在中国有着悠久的文学和戏剧传统。故选C。9.（2020届广东省深圳市高三第一次调研）JeremyfromAmericacannotunderstandwhyaladyhemetoutsidetheHy

deParkinLondonsaid,“Ooh,isn’titcold?”,andhethinksofthisbehaviourasadistinctivelyEnglishconcernabouttheweat

her.Infact,thefemalewasjusttryingtostrikeupaconversationwithJeremy.Notnecessarilyalongconversation—justanexchangeofgreetings.Itisnotalwaysqui

tethatobvious,butallEnglishweatherconversationshaveadistinctivestructureconductedaccordingtounwrittenbutacceptedrule

s.Theunpredictablenatureofourweatherensuresthatthereisalwayssomethingnewtocommenton,orperhapsmostimportantly,agreeabout.Wehavealreadyestab

lishedthatweather-speakgreetingslike“Cold,isn’tit?”requiretheresponseexpressingagreement,asin“Yes,isn’tit?”.Itwoul

dbeveryrudetorespondwith“No,actuallyit’squitemild.”or“It’sprettyhottome.”Ifyoudeliberatelybreaktherule,youwillfindthattheatmospher

ebecomesrathertenseandawkward.Theremaybeanuncomfortablesilence.Mostlikely,theywilleitherchangethesubjectorcontinuetalkingabouttheweathera

mongthemselvespolitely,ifcoldly,ignoringyourfauxpas.Thereis,however,onesituationinwhichEnglishweather-speakersarenotrequi

redtoobservetheagreementruleatallandthatisthemale-bondingargument,particularlythepub-argument.Inthespecialenvironmentofthepub,con

stantdisagreementnotjustontheweather,butoneverythingelseaswellisameansofexpressingfriendship.Whilewemays

pendmuchofourtimecomplainingaboutourweather,foreignersarenotallowedtocriticizeit.Indeed,thisbringsustotheweatherasfamilyrule.

Inthisrespect,wetreattheEnglishweatherlikeamemberofourfamily:onecancomplainaboutthebehaviorofone’sownchildrenorpare

nts,butanyblamefromanoutsiderisunacceptable.TheweathermaybeoneofthefewthingsaboutwhichtheEnglisharestillunconsciouslyandunas

hamedlypatriotic（爱国的）.8．WhydidtheladycommentontheweathertoJeremy?A．Tobuildupfriendship.B．Tobeginacasualchat.C．Tosendseasonalgreetings

.D．Toexpressdissatisfaction.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“fauxpas”inParagraph2probablymean?A．Improperresponse.B．Carelessattitu

de.C．Rudeinterruption.D．Frequentcomplaint.10．WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A．Malebondinginpubs.B．Argumentaboutweather.C．Exception

totheagreementrule.D．Makingfriendsbydisagreement.11．Whatisthebesttitleforthistext?A．PolitenessTipsforForeignersB．AcceptedRulesinSocialLifeC．En

glishPolitenessinWeatherConversationD．HiddenRulesofEnglishWeatherConversation【答案】8．B9．A10．C11．D【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述英国人在谈论天气时是按照未成

文但被人们普遍接受的规则进行的，谈论天气是英国人一种独有的情怀。8．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Infact,thefemalewasjusttryingtostrikeupaconversationwithJeremy.Notnecessarilyalongconversa

tion—justanexchangeofgreetings.”可知，实际上这名女性只是想与Jeremy搭一下话。不必是长时间的对话，只是互相问好。因此这位女士对Jeremy评论天气是为了开始一个随便的聊天。故选B。9．短语猜测题。根据

第二段中的“Theunpredictablenatureofourweatherensuresthatthereisalwayssomethingnewtocommenton,orperhapsmostimportantly,agreeabout.”可知，我们天气的不可预测性确保我们始终有新

的东西可以评论，或者说最重要的是要达成对天气的共识。由此可知，人们在谈论天气时，双方往往会有一致的看法。由“Ifyoudeliberatelybreaktherule,youwillfindthattheatmospherebecomesrathert

enseandawkward.Theremaybeanuncomfortablesilence.”可知，如果你故意违反规则，你会发现气氛变得非常紧张和尴尬。可能会有不舒服的沉默。因此说话双方就要做出选择，即下文的“他们很可能会改

变话题，或者继续礼貌地谈论天气”。如果对话氛围不好的话，他们自然会忽略你的回应。因此，这说明你的回应是不合适的，即违背了人们默认的规则。即划线短语意为“不当的回应”。故选A。10．段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Thereis,however,onesituatio

ninwhichEnglishweather-speakersarenotrequiredtoobservetheagreementruleatallandthatisthemale-bondingargument,particularlythepub-argume

nt.Inthespecialenvironmentofthepub,constantdisagreementnotjustontheweather,butoneverythingelseaswellisameansofexpress

ingfriendship.”可知，有一种情况下，英国谈论天气的人不需要遵守规则，这是发生在男人小圈子里的，尤其是在酒吧。在酒吧的特殊环境中，天气上的不断的分歧和在其他所有方面的分歧都是表达友谊的一种手段。即第3段主要讲的是遵守天气对话规则的例外。故选C。11．标题判断题。通读全文尤其是第一段的

“allEnglishweatherconversationshaveadistinctivestructureconductedaccordingtounwrittenbutacceptedrules.”可知，所有关于天气的对话都是按照未成

文但被人们普遍接受的规则进行的。文章接下来具体地对该规则进行了解释，因此本文的最佳标题是“英国人天气对话的潜规则”。故选D。10.（2020届广东省深圳市高三第一次调研）Shouldwebethrilledthat,forthefirs

ttimeinacentury,Australiawentmorethanaweekwithoutusinganycoaltomakeelectricity?Whilesomearewelcomingthisasasignthatthecountryisgoinggreen,theb

iggerpictureislessencouraging.Foronething,renewables（可再生能源）suppliedonly23percentofelectricityduringthiscoal-freeperiod,while45perce

ntcamefromnaturalgas.Inthepastdecade,thecountryhasgonefromgettingathirdofitselectricityfromcoaltoobtainingmoretha

nathirdfromrenewableslikeonshorewindonaverage.Australianowgets11percentofitselectricityfrom“renewable”biomass（生物质能）,muchofitusingimportedwoo

d.Butforestcampaignerssayswappingcoalforwoodisn’ttrulyrenewableandisactuallydoinghugedamagetotheenvironment.Foranother,Australia

isoff-trackwhenitcomestomeetingitslong-termtargetsforcuttinggreenhousegasemissions(排放).Producingelectricitywithoutburningfossilfuelsisrelativ

elyeasy.Butitismuchhardertoheathomes,tomakecementandsteel,togrowfoodandtopowercars,shipsandplaneswithoutp

roducinganygreenhousegases.Inviewofthis,weshouldhandletheenergyandclimatecrisesatthesametimebyfindingclimate-fri

endlyalternativestocoal.Australiahasnowstoppedthefinancialaidthatdroveitsrenewablesrevolution.Sogrowthinrenewableenergyisexpecte

dtocometoastopinadecade.Theglobalrenewablesrevolutionseemstobefollowingthesametrend.TheInternationalEnergyAgency（IEA）recentlyann

ouncedthattheworldadded180gigawatts（千兆瓦）ofsolar,wind,hydropowerandbioenergyin2018,thesameasin2017.ButIEAsaidwemustad

d300gigawattsayeartohaveachanceoflimitingglobalwarmingtounder2°Cby2100.Soweshouldcheertheendofcoal,butcontinuetoworryabouthowitwillbereplaced.

12．Inthe“coal-freeweek”,whatdidAustraliausemosttomakeelectricity?A．Naturalgas.B．Onshorewind.C．Biomass.D．Wood.13．Whatcanbeinfe

rredaboutthereductionofgreenhousegasemissionsinParagraph2?A．Positiveresultsaretracked.B．Long-termgoalsareambitious.C．

Additionaleffortsarerequired.D．Climatechangesareunavoidable.14．WhatcanwelearnaboutrenewableenergyinParagraph3?A．Itoughttobereplaced.B．Itwillseeanadeq

uateincrease.C．ItstartsarevolutioninAustralia.D．Itneedsconstantfinancialaid.15．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthecoal-freeweek?A．Skeptical.B．Opt

imistic.C．Thrilled.D．Ambiguous.【答案】12．A13．C14．D15．A【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述了一个世纪以来，首次没有使用任何煤炭发电的澳大利亚引起人们的关注，虽然这是一个好的势头，但总体

情况却不太乐观。促进可再生能源更新需要持续的财政援助和不断的努力。12．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Foronething,renewablessuppliedonly23percentofelectricityduringthiscoal-freeperiod,

while45percentcamefromnaturalgas.”可知，可再生能源在这个无煤时期仅提供了23％的电力，而45％的电力来自天然气。因此在“无煤周”中，澳大利亚用的最多的来发电的东西是天然气。故选A。13．推理判断题。根据第二

段中的“Foranother,Australiaisoff-trackwhenitcomestomeetingitslong-termtargetsforcuttinggreenhousegasemissions.Produ

cingelectricitywithoutburningfossilfuelsisrelativelyeasy.Butitismuchhardertoheathomes,tomakecementandsteel,togrowfoodandtopowercars,shipsandp

laneswithoutproducinganygreenhousegases.Inviewofthis,weshouldhandletheenergyandclimatecrisesatthesametimebyfindingc

limate-friendlyalternativestocoal.”可知，在实现减少温室气体排放的长期目标方面，澳大利亚偏离了轨道。在不燃烧化石燃料的情况下生产电力相对容易。但是，在不产生任何温室气体的情况下，为房屋供暖，制造水泥和钢铁，种植食物以及为汽

车，轮船和飞机提供动力要困难得多。有鉴于此，我们应该通过寻找对气候有好处的煤炭替代品来同时应对能源和气候危机。由此可知，关于减少温室气体的排放，还需要作出额外的努力。故选C。14．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Australiahasnowstoppedthefinanc

ialaidthatdroveitsrenewablesrevolution.Sogrowthinrenewableenergyisexpectedtocometoastopinadecade.Theglobalrenewablesrevolut

ionseemstobefollowingthesametrend.”可知，澳大利亚现已停止了推动其可再生能源革新的财政援助。因此，可再生能源的增长预计将在十年内停止。全球可再生能源革新似乎正在遵循同样的趋势。即促进可再生能源更

新需要持续的财政援助。故选D。15．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Shouldwebethrilledthat,forthefirsttimeinacentury,Australiawentmorethanaweekwithoutusinganycoaltomakeelec

tricity?Whilesomearewelcomingthisasasignthatthecountryisgoinggreen,thebiggerpictureislessencouraging.”和“Soweshouldche

ertheendofcoal,butcontinuetoworryabouthowitwillbereplaced.”可知，一个世纪以来首次没有使用任何煤炭发电的澳大利亚让有些人对此表示欢迎，这表明澳大利亚正在走向绿色环

保，但总体情况却不那么令人鼓舞。我们应该为煤炭使用的终结欢呼，但还要继续担心它将如何被取代。因此可知，作者对“无煤周”持怀疑态度。故选A。11.（2020届河南省安阳市高三第二次模拟）What’sthedealwithnewwords?Wheredotheycomefromandho

wdotheygofromunknowntoofficial?First,newwordshavetocirculateinculturetomakeitintothedictionary.Theyhavetobeusedandunderstood.Wordsh

aveamuchbetterchanceofgettingaddedtothedictionaryifyouseetheminprintorheartheminconversation.It’sactuallyafull-timejobto

searchpopularcommunicationtofigureoutwhatnewwordsaresurfacinginourvernacular（方言）.Lexicographersgettode

cidewhichwordsmakeitintothedictionary,andtheydosobyreadingwidelyacrossindustriesanddisciplines.However,theyalsomakedecisionsaboutwhichidi

omsmakeitin.Dictionariescansometimesgetover1,000newwordsperyear.In2019theMerriam-Websteraddedover600inAprilandanother500+inSeptember.After

lexicographersdecidewhichwordswillbeincluded,theywriteanewdefinition.Someexistingwordsalsogainadditionalmeanings,andthereareusua

llythousandsofrevisions.Thedictionaryisaconstantlychangingwork-in-progress,justlikethelanguageitdescribesanddefines.Forinstance,theword“peak”recent

lywentfrombeingjustasharp,pointedendtoalsobeingsomethingattheheightofpopularity.Occasionallyfakewordsa

ctuallyendupinthedictionarybymistake.Ifyouhaveawordthatyouthinkshouldbeinthedictionary,you’rewelcometogeti

ntouchwiththelexicographersandsuggestit.However,thewordneedstobefairlypopular.Ithastohave“widespread,frequent,meaningfulusage”.Forinstanc

e,OMGwasaddedtothedictionaryin2009afterlexicographershadobserveditingeneraluseforabout15years.Newwordssprin

gfromnewtechnologiesanddisciplines,butthey’reveryofteninventedbyauthorsandwriterswholovelanguageandplaywithittocre

atenewmeanings.OneofthegreatestcreatorswasWilliamShakespearewhocreatedover1,700newwordsoftenbyadaptingusageandusingnewcompounds.He’sre

sponsibleforwordslikeeyeball,excitement,fashionable,andlonely.“Hard-boiled”wasinventedbyMarkTwain.8．Whatkindofnewwordscanbeincluded

indictionaries?A．Wordswhichhavebeenwidelyusedforlong.B．Wordswhichwerecreatedbyfamouswriters.C．Wordswhichhavebeenspokenbysomelocals.D．Wordsw

hichfrequentlyappearinaprivateconversation.9．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Lexicographers”inthefirstparagraphprobablymean?A．Newwordcreators.

B．Writersofadictionary.C．Specialistsinlanguages.D．Historiansonancientcultures.10．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofadi

ctionary?A．Quiteambiguous.B．Error-free.C．Extremelyrigid.D．Graduallydeveloping.11．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．HowtheDictionaryIsRev

isedB．HowNewWordsSpreadinCultureC．HowWordsGetAddedtotheDictionaryD．HowNewWordsAreInventedbyFamousAuthors【答案】8．A9．B10．D11．

C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述新词是如何被收录入词典成为官方语言的。8．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“First,newwordshavetocirculateinculturetomakeitintothedictionary.Theyhavetobeuse

dandunderstood.Wordshaveamuchbetterchanceofgettingaddedtothedictionaryifyouseetheminprintorheartheminconversation.(首先，新词必须在文化中流传，才能被收入词典。它

们必须被使用和理解。如果你在出版物中看到或在对话中听到这些词，它们被收入词典的机会要大得多。)”可知，新词必须得到了广泛使用才被收录到字典里。故选A项。9．词义猜测题。根据划线单词之后的动作内容“dec

idewhichwordsmakeitintothedictionary,andtheydosobyreadingwidelyacrossindustriesanddisciplines.”可知，Lexicographers决定了那些词被收录入词典

，因此他们应是词典编撰者。故选B项。10．推理判断题。根据文章第二段内容“Thedictionaryisaconstantlychangingwork-in-progress,justlikethelan

guageitdescribesanddefines.(字典就像它所描述和定义的语言一样，是一个不断变化的半成品)”可知，在作者看来，词典时在不断变化的。故选D项。11．主旨大意题。根据文章结构为总分结构，首段提出了本文的中心话题。作者用设问的方式

提出了话题“What’sthedealwithnewwords?Wheredotheycomefromandhowdotheygofromunknowntoofficial?First,newwordshavetocirculateincultureto

makeitintothedictionary.(新词是怎么回事?他们从何而来，又如何从默默无闻走向官方?首先，新词必须在文化中流传，才能被收入词典。)”可知，本文主要讲述新词是如何被收录入词典成为官方语言的。选项C.HowWordsGetAdde

dtotheDictionary概括了文章主题，可作最佳标题。故选C项。12.（2020届河南省郑州市高三第二次质量预测）Timemagazinelisteditstopinventionsof2019,someofwhichwillsurelybecomeabigpartofo

ureverydaylivesoverthenextdecade.Herearesomewe'remostlookingforwardto.●Virtual（虚拟的）surgeryAccordingtoHarva

rdBusinessReview,ourcurrentsystemoftrainingsurgeonscan'tkeepupwiththespeedoftechnologicaldevelopment.“Evenafter4yearsofcollege,4yearsofmedicalschoola

nd5yearsofadvancedtrainingafterworking,30%ofgraduatesstillcan'toperateontheirown,”saidJustinBarad,whoistheCEOand

co-founderofOssoVR.ThisVRsoftwareismadetogivedoctorsvirtualoperating-roomexperiencesotheycanpracticeandpreparefor

surgeries.Apparently,itworks.GideonBlumsteinofCaliforniaUniversityconductedastudyonusingOssoVR.Histeamfoundthatparticipants'overallsu

rgicalperformanceimprovedbyanastonishing230%overtraditionaltrainingmethods.●Vendingveggies（出售素食）"Eathappier.”That

'stheFarmersFridgeadvertisingmessage.Itisagoodone,asthiscompanywantstobringfresh,healthyfoodtopeopleonthego.It'stryingtochangemorethanjustfood,though

.Italsowantstochangethedeliverymethod.FarmersFridgehascreateditsveryownautomaticmachines.Theycanbeplace

dinhigh-trafficareas.Thesesuper-smartvendingmachinescanknowtheircontentsatanymoment,andcanallowcustomerstore

serveandpayinadvance.Theycanevenlearnaboutwhatcustomerswant.ShaynaHarrisisthecompany'sChiefGrowthOfficer.“Wehavedevelopedsalads,sandwiches

andbreakfastitemsthattasteasfreshasifyouweretomaketheminyourhomekitchen,”shesaidinaninterviewwithInsiderTrends.●Re

cyclingpollutionWhenwewritewithblackink,we'rewritingwithsoot—apowdermadebyburningcoaloroil.Carsaremachinesthatproducesoot.Tocollecttheso

ot,AnirudhSharma,creatorofAIR-INK,madeadevicecalledKaalink,whichattachestoavehicle’sexhaustpipe（排气管）.Oncecollected,it'smadeintoinkcolo

randmixedwithvegetableoiltocreateinks,markersandpaintswiththebrandAIR-INK.“Idon'tknowifit'spollution,butt

hequalityoftheinkisreallyspecial,”saidartistKristopherHo.“It'sblack,reallythickanddriesextremelyquickly.”TheGuardiandescribesAIR-INKas"remarkablygr

een”.Each30-milliliterpencontainsbetween40—50minutesofairpollution,whileeach6-literspraycanhold2,000minutesofdieselexh

aust（柴油废气）.Inthepastyear,Sharmasaid,histeamhascleanednearly1.7trillion（万亿）litersofairinIndiaandHongKong.1．WhatcanbeknownaboutOs

soVR?A．Itisanassistanttohelpsurgeonsdooperations.B．Itcanperformoperationsonpatientsautomatically.C．Itoffersdoctorsavirtualenvironme

nttopracticesurgeries.D．Itisapieceofsoftwaretohelpmedicalstudentsdoresearch.2．WhatmakesFarmersFridgedifferentandspecial?A．Whyitsadvertisementworks.B．

Whatitsvendingmachinessell.C．Howitsvendingmachinesoperate.D．Whereitsvendingmachinesserve.3．WhatattitudedoesKristopherHoholdt

owardAIR-INK?A．Doubtful.B．Casual.C．Disapproving.D．Positive.4．Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassage?A．Toencouragescientiststomaketechnologic

alinventions.B．Totellreaderssomeofthelatestinventionsintechnology.C．Tocallonpeopletokeepupwithtechnologicaldevelopme

nt.D．Toraiseeveryone'sawarenessoftheenvironmentalprotection.【答案】1．C2．C3．D4．B【解析】这是一篇说明文。《时代》杂志列出了2019年的顶级发明，有些肯定会在未来十年成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分。文章列举出几项我们最

期待的发明：虚拟手术；出售素食；污染物回收。1．细节理解题。根据Virtualsurgery部分的第二段中的ThisVRsoftwareismadetogivedoctorsvirtualoperating-roo

mexperiencesotheycanpracticeandprepareforsurgeries.(这个虚拟现实软件是为了给医生提供虚拟手术室的体验，让他们可以练习和准备手术。)可知OssoVR软件为医生提供了一个虚拟的手术环境。故选C项。2．细节理解题。根据Ve

ndingveggies部分的第二段中的It’stryingtochangemorethanjustfood,though.Italsowantstochangethedeliverymethod.(不过，它试图改变的不仅仅是食物。

它还想改变送货方式。)及Thesesuper-smartvendingmachinescanknowtheircontentsatanymoment,andcanallowcustomerstoreserveandpayina

dvance.(这些超级智能的自动售货机可以随时知道其货品，并允许客户提前预订和付款。)可知FarmersFridge(农民冰箱)的自动售卖机的运作方式是其与众不同之处。故选C项。3．推理判断题。根据Recyclingpollution部分的第二段中的“Idon’tknowifit’spoll

ution,butthequalityoftheinkisreallyspecial,”saidartistKristopherHo.“It’sblack,reallythickanddriesextremelyquickly.”可知KristopherHo提到墨水的质量真

的很特别。它是黑色的，非常厚，而且干得非常快。因此可以推断出KristopherHo对AIR-INK(空气墨水)持肯定态度。故选D项。4．推理判断题。根据第一段中的Timemagazinelisteditstopinventionsof2019,someofwhichwillsurelybecom

eabigpartofoureverydaylivesoverthenextdecade.Herearesomewe’remostlookingforwardto.(《时代》杂志列出了2019年的顶级发明，有些肯定会在未来十年成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分。

以下是我们最期待的。)及下文对一些发明物的介绍可推理知本文的意图在于向读者介绍一些最新的技术发明。故选B项。13.（2020届河南省郑州市高三第二次质量预测）"WhenIwas16yearsold,Iw

asdivinginGreece,butIwasdisappointedbecauseIsawmoreplasticbagsthanfish.”ThesearethewordsofBoyanSlat,ane

ngineerwhodesignedtheworld'sfirstoceanplasticcleanupsystem.Everyyear,morethan8milliontonsofplasticsendupinouroceans,accordingt

otheUNEnvironmentProgramme.Itispredictedthattheweightofoceanplasticswillmatchtheweightofallthefishinouroceansby2050.Topreventthisfrom

happening,in2013SlatcreatedtheOceanCleanup,anenvironmentalnon¬governmentalorganization,andputhisplanforanoceancleanupdeviceintoaction.Aftery

earsofresearchanddevelop¬mentintheNetherlands,adevicecalledSystem001/BsuccessfullystartedgatheringplasticsonOct

ober2,2019.Thedeviceusesa600-meter-longC-shapedtubetogatherallthefloatingrubbish.Unlikeothercleanupmethods,thesystemfloatsf

reelyaccordingtothedirectionofthewaves,whichallowswastetoflowintoandstaywithinthedevice.Aseaanchorisattachedtoei

therend.Thisslowsdownthesystemasitfloatsthroughthewaterandallowsthefaster-movingrubbish,carriedbythewaves,toflow

intoitsmouth.System001/Bcanalsocollectwastebelowthesurfaceusinga3-meter-deepskirt（挡板）attachedtotheend.Afterbeinggathered,thetrashwillbe

draggedbacktoshorebyboatandrecycled.Rightnow,thesystemoperatesintheGreatPacificGarbagePatch,anareathatis3tim

esthesizeofFrance.Onceoperational,theOceanCleanupexpectsafullfleettobeabletoclear50%oftheGreatPacificGarbagePatchin5years."It

remainstobeseenwhetherthisdreamwillbecomeareality,butitisundeniablethathumanitymustworktogethertoreduceourplasticuseandr

epairthedamageourwastehascaused,"Slatsaid."Wearestartingtoseeayounggenerationthatgetsitandisexcitedabou

tasustainable（可持续的）future,butthequestionstillcomesdownto:Arewegoingfastenough,andhowmuchdamagewillhavebeendonebeforewegetthere?"12．Theund

erlinedword“match”inParagraph2probablymeans“_________”.A．compareB．equalC．measureD．cover13．WhydidBoyanSlatcreatetheOceanClean

up?A．Tocollectoceanplasticwaste.B．TohelptoinventSystem001/B．C．Toprotectthelivingenvironmentoffish.D．Todoresearchontheoceanenviro

nment.14．WhatcanweknowaboutSystem001/B?A．Itcancollectandrecyclegarbageatthesametime.B．Itcanonlygatherocean

wastewhichfloatsonthewater.C．ItaimstoclearuptheGreatPacificGarbagePatchinfiveyears.D．Itisanocean-cleaningdevicewhichhasalreadybeenputtouse.15．Whatdo

esSlatwanttotellusaccordingtothelastparagraph?A．Younggenerationscarelessabouttheenvironment.B．Thefutureecologyoftheoceansisdeeplyworrying.C．Peoplesho

uldworkhardtodecreaseplasticpollution.D．It'squitedifficulttorepairthedamagetotheenvironment.【答案】12．B13．A14．D15．C【

解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了海洋塑料污染严重，工程师斯莱特设计了世界上第一个海洋塑料清理系统。一种名为System001/B的装置于2019年10月2日成功地开始收集塑料。目前，该系统在太平洋垃圾场运行。人类必须共同努力，减少塑

料的使用，并修复我们的废物造成的破坏。12．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的Everyyear,morethan8milliontonsofplasticsendupinouroceans,accordingtotheUNEnvironmen

tProgramme.(根据联合国环境规划署的数据，每年有超过800万吨的塑料最终进入我们的海洋。)及match前的theweightofoceanplastics(海洋塑料的重量)及其后的theweightofallthefi

shinouroceans(我们海洋中所有鱼类的重量)可知每年都有许多的塑料进入海洋，根据逻辑推理知海洋塑料的重量将会与鱼类的重量相等，可推测知match在此处意为“相等”，故选B项。13．细节理解题。根据第二段中的Itispredictedthatthe

weightofoceanplasticswillmatchtheweightofallthefishinouroceansby2050.Topreventthisfromhappening,in2013SlatcreatedtheOceanCleanup(据预测，到2050年，海洋塑

料的重量将与我们海洋中所有鱼类的重量相匹配。为防止这种情况，Slat创立了TheOceanCleanup)可知Slat创立TheOceanCleanup是为了收集海洋塑料垃圾，防止塑料重量与鱼类重量相等的状况发生。故选A项。14．细节理解题。根据第三段中的adevicec

alledSystem001/BsuccessfullystartedgatheringplasticsonOctober2,2019.(一种名为System001/B的设备于2019年10月2日成功开始收集塑料)可知System001/B是一种已经投入使用的海

洋清洁设备。故选D项。15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的itisundeniablethathumanitymustworktogethertoreduceourplasticuseandrepairthedamageourwastehascaused

(不可否认的是，人类必须共同努力减少塑料的使用并修复我们的废物造成的破坏。)可知Slat想传达出人们应该努力减少塑料污染。故选C项。