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第四讲主旨大意题题型1概括主旨大意类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅲ，C)Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark

.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.Graywolvesoncewer

eseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelop

ment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewer

efewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.These

animalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopul

ationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1

966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfa

rmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingup

withaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU．S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today

,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback

.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvesto

otherpartsofthecountryaswell.8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B．PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C．Theconflictbetwe

enfarmersandgraywolves.D．ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.[解题思路]第一步速读文章，找出本篇主题句After__years__

of__heated__debate,__gray__wolves__were__reintroduced__to__Yellowstone__National__Park.第二步对比选项，确定答案关键词复现：wolves;__reintroduced;__Yellowstone__Nat

ional__Park尝试解答____D____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)What’sthemainideaofthepassage/text?(2)What’sthepassage/textmainlyabout?(3)Whatdoesthea

uthormainlydiscussinthepassage/text?2．“主题句定位”寻主旨概括文章主旨关键在于查找主题句。主题句是文章的核心，具有明确的概括性。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓

展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为

：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。3．找主题句的五个窍门(1)首段转折处常引出文章主题句；(2)主题句常包含文章主题词；(3)主题句常是定义型或总结型的句子；(4)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是主题句；(5)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子

或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。题型2总结段落大意类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅱ，C)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecomp

anyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingst

hatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1，400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115in

theair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.28．Whatisthefirstparagrap

hmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B．Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D．ThedesignersoftheTra

nsition.[解题思路]第一步读本段文字，试找出能总结段落大意的关键词has__two__seats;__four__wheels__and__wings;__at__1，400__feet;__reach__around__70__miles__per__hou

r等。第二步归纳本段大意尝试解答____A____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)Themainideaofthe...paragraphisprobably________．(2)The...paragraphtalksabout

________．(3)What’sParagraph...mainlyabout?2．“首尾兼顾”定选项(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落中心通常会在段首句体现出来。有些采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，段落中心会在段尾句体现

。(2)注意某些段落没有明显的段落中心，需根据段落内容概括出中心。题型3标题归纳类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅲ，D)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturneda

nelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscov

erwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell­beingamongolderpeople,leadingtot

hembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehic

letechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom­madenavigation(导航)t

ools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particula

rlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyo

nothers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychal

lengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyr

eallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhattheke

ystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.”“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalway

sgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremo

relikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.”“Wehopethat

ourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”15．Whatisthebesttitleforthetex

t?A．ANewModelElectricCarB．ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC．DrivingServicesforEldersD．KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad

[解题思路]第一步速读全文，找出本文的信息句，并标出关键词LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin­vehicletechnologiesforolder__driverswhichtheyhopeco

uldhelpthemtocontinue__drivingintolaterlife.第二步比对选项，确定答案关键词复现：old__drivers；continue尝试解答____D____[答题技巧]1

．识别题干关键(1)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?(2)Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis________．(3)Whichofthefol

lowingcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?2．“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文

章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。3．文章标题三特点(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。[状元技法]大局为

重——主旨大意题解题两注意1．主旨大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要最后做，需要通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，且文章中其他题目的解答会有助于对主题的理解。2．注意主旨大意题干扰项的四个特征(1)范围过大：干扰

项所归纳、概括的范围太大。(2)断章取义：干扰项常以文章的个别信息作为选项，或者以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)以偏概全：干扰项只反映了文章的部分内容，也就是范围太小。(4)无中生有：干扰项的内容和

文章的内容毫无联系。,[学生用书P53])A(2017·云南昆明高三质检)Twoweeksago,a7­year-oldgirl,ChloeBridgewaterwrotealettertoGoogle,expressingherinterestinworking

forthetechcompanywhenshegetsolder.“DearGoogleboss,mynameisChloeandwhenIambiggerIwouldlikeajobwithGoogle,”shewrote.“Ialsowanttoworkinachocol

atefactoryanddoswimmingintheOlympics.”Thestudentsaidshelikedcomputersandhadatabletsheplayedgameson.Sheevenshowedoffarobotgamethatherdadgaveher.Itwasn

’tlongbeforeSundarPichai,CEOofGoogle,repliedwithhisownletteronGooglewebsite.InaletterdatedFeb.3,Pichaiwrote,“DearChloe

,I’mgladthatyoulikecomputersandrobots,andhopethatyouwillcontinuetolearnabouttechnology.Ithinkifyoukeepworkin

ghardandfollowyourdreams,youcanaccomplisheverythingyousetyourmindto.Ilookforwardtoreceivingyourjobapplicationwhenyouarefinishedwithschool!”Herfather,

AndyBridgewatertoldABCNewshewascompletelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.Buthewasn’tsurprisedthatshedecidedtowritetheletterinthefirstplace.

“She’sgotdetermination.Shedoesn’tseethebarriersthatwefaceeveryday，”heexplained.“Ifshewantstodoit,shewillsetouttodoitandnothi

ngwillstopher.”Thefatherremarkedthathisdaughterbeganjumpingupanddownafterreceivingtheletter.Still,he’snotinarushtosendhis

eldestdaughterofftowork.“Now,mydaughterisconfident,althoughshehasn’tyetfullyunderstoodthatitwilltakemoreeffortsth

anfinishingherstudytomakeitwithGoogle，”hesaid.[解题导语]本文是一篇记叙文，七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌CEOSundarPichai写信，没想

到却收到了Sundar的回信。1．Chloe’slettertoPichaishowsusthatshe________.A．expectstobeoneoftheGooglemembersB．hasatalentformakingrobots

C．makesuphermindtostudyhardD．buriesherselfincomputergamesA解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“whenIambiggerIwouldlikeajob

withGoogle”可知，她写信给谷歌CEO是希望长大后能在谷歌工作，故A项正确。2．Wecanknowfromthetextthat________．A．thegirlwrotethelettertoPichaionFebruary3B．therearetwochild

reninBridgewater’sfamilyC．Andydidn’texpectareplyfromPichaiatallD．GoogleissuretohireChloeafterhergraduationC解

析：推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句“Herfather,AndyBridgewatertoldABCNewshewascompletelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.”可知，Andy对于他的女儿能收到回信很惊讶，据此可推知，Andy根

本没有指望会收到谷歌CEO的回信，故C项正确。3．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．A7­year­oldgirlgetsajobwithGoogle.B．CEOofGooglerespondstoagirl’sletter.C．Afatherforbidshisgi

rltoworkforGoogle.D．Googledecidestoemployitsyoungestclerk.B解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌CEO写信，希望长大后在谷歌公司工作，没想到谷歌CEO给她回了信，鼓励她努力学习

，实现梦想。故选B项。B(2017·江西名校联盟检测)Severaldecadesago,educatorsintheUSAbegantocallattentiontoanationalproblem

:moststudentsleaveAmericanschoolswithoutthemathematicalskillsneededforjobsorforhighereducation.Thiswasespeciallytrueforfemaleandminoritystudent

s.TheEducationalTestingServicereportedthat,inaninternationalsurvey,Americanteenagershadthelowestmathscores.Thissituationhasbeendef

inedas“innumeracy”，ortheinabilitytograspthebasicideaofmathematics.Mathematicians,teachers,andscientis

tswerealarmedbythesefindings.Theylookedforthereasonsanddecidedthat,inadditiontopooreducation,therearemanypsyc

hologicalblocks.Embarrassmentaboutnotknowingmathcanleadtofearintheclassroom.Fearcanleadtosilencebecausest

udentsdonotwanttodrawattentiontotheirlackofknowledge.Asaresult,thosestudentsfallfurtherandfurtherbehind.Low__

visibility__in__the__classroom__has__not__always__been__recognized__as__a__silent__call__for__help.Matheducatorsdecidedtot

rytochangethat.Mathreformisbeginningwiththeeducatorsthemselves.Teachersarenowbeingtrainedtorecognizeandtohelpstudentsworkthrough“mathanxiety”—the

roadblockontheirwaytogainingcompetenceinmathematics.Inaddition,mathtextbooksarebeingupdatedtohelpstudentsunderstandt

hatmathisnotasortofforeignlanguageofnumbers.Mathisatoolthathelpsustoanalyzepatternsandstructures,andtodiscoverrelationships.Traditionalcomputin

gskillsofaddition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivisionarestillbeingtaught,ofcourse.However,thereisaddedemphasison

logicalthinkingandcreativeproblemsolving,towhichtheremaybeseveralequallyvalidsolutions.[解题导语]本文讲述了美国学生无

法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策。4．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceprobablymean?A．Studentswithlowscoresfeartoasktheirteachers

forhelp.B．Poorequipmentinclassroomslimitsteens’chancestolearn.C．Mathanxiety,hardlynoticed,isactuallyasilentcallforhelp.D．Poor­sightedstudentscan’t

seeclearly,whichisasilentcallforhelp.C解析：句意理解题。根据上下文及画线句前面的“Embarrassmentaboutnotknowingmathcanleadtofearintheclassroom.Fe

arcanleadtosilencebecausestudentsdonotwanttodrawattentiontotheirlackofknowledge.”可知，学生会因自己不懂某些数学知识感到尴尬，而这又会使他们产生恐惧心理，恐惧可能导致沉默，因为学

生不想让人注意到自己知识匮乏，相应地，老师也就会忽略学生这方面的不足，由此可知，C项最能传达该画线句的含义。5．WhichmayleadtoAmericanstudents’innumeracy?A．Themethodsofteaching.B．Thediffi

cultyofmathitself.C．Students’lackofinterestinmath.D．Schools’notattachingenoughvaluetoit.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的

“inadditiontopooreducation”及第四段的内容尤其是“Mathreformisbeginningwiththeeducatorsthemselves.Teachersarenowbeingtrainedtorecognizeandtohel

pstudents...gainingcompetenceinmathematics.”可知，教学方法可能是美国学生不能掌握数学基本概念的原因。6．Whatmaybediscussedinthefollowingparagraph

?A．WhattobetaughtinAmerica’srevisedmathprograms.B．HowtomakemathreformactuallybenefitAmericanstudents.C．Howtoimprov

eteens’logicalthinkingandproblem-solvingabilities.D．Whytraditionalcomputingskillsarenecessaryinmathematicseducation.C解析：推理判断题。

根据最后一段中的“thereisaddedemphasisonlogicalthinkingandcreativeproblemsolving,towhichtheremaybeseveralequallyvalidsolutions”可知，文

章接下来可能会陈述有关怎样提高学生的逻辑思维能力及创造性地解决问题的能力方面的内容，故选C。7．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Mathematicskillsneededforhighereducation.B．ThefeaturesofAmerica’sm

athematicseducation.C．ImprovementsinmathematicseducationintheU．S.D．Theimportanceofmathematicseducationi

ntheU．S.C解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文作者就美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策进行了陈述，故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。专题强化训练15主旨大意题——概括主旨大意/段落大意类[学生用书P105(单独成册)]A(2017·长春监测)Li

feintheInternetageislonely—orisit?That’swhatexpertsinhumaninteractionaredebatingafteranewStanfordUniver

sitysurveyhasbeenpublished.Accordingtothestudy,themoretimepeoplespendonline,thelesstheycanspareforreal­liferelationshipswithfamilyandfriends.Theresea

rchersasked113peopleabouttheWeb’sinfluenceondailyactivities.36%ofthosepeopleareonlineformorethanfivehoursaweek.“AsInternetusebecomes

morewidespread,itwillhaveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的)effectonsociety，”saysRobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.ScholarsandWeblove

rscriticizedthestudyforstretchingitsdatatomakethe“isolating”point.While13%ofregularWebusersadmittedthelossoftimewithlovedones，60%reportedwatchi

nglessTV.Thesurveyalsoshowsthate­mailisthemostpopularonlineactivity.Ifsomeofwebheads(网虫)spendwhatwasoncepassiveTVtimekeepingcompanywithfriendsvi

ae-mails,“that’samovetowardgreaterconnectedness，”saysPaulResnick，aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan.Thisisn’tthefir

stclaimthattheWebshouldbecriticized.A1998reportmonitored73Pittsburgh­areafamilies’Internetuseforayear.Peo

plewhousedtheInternetmore“talkedlesstofamilymembersandreportedbeinglonelierandmoredepressed，”saysRobertKraut.“

It’struethattherehavebeenbigdeclinesinsocialconnectednessoverthepastdecades,butthosedeclinesbeganbef

oretheInternetwasinvented，”saysThomasPutnam.AsAmitayEtzionisays,theInternetgivesusadifferentkindofsociallife—notbetterorworsethanbefore,but

justdifferent.[解题导语]本文介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究，即网络是否会导致社会孤立以及来自社会各界的讨论。1．WhoclaimedthattheWebhadnegativeinfluence?A．RobertKrau

t.B．PaulResnick.C．ThomasPutnam.D．AmitayEtzioni.A解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AsInternetusebecomesmorewidespread,itwillhaveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的

)effectonsociety，”saysRobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.可知，罗伯特·克劳特认为随着网络使用越来越广泛，网络会导致社会孤立效应。故选A项。2．Theunderli

nedword“This”inPara.4refersto________．A．thestudyconductedbyStanfordUniversityB．thesurveymadebytheUniversityofMichiganC

．theconclusioninareportwrittenin1998D．theopinionexpressedinBowlingAloneA解析：词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：这不是第一次有人称网络应该受到批评。这仍然是罗伯特·克劳特的观点，也就是斯坦福大学开展的调查研究的结果。故

选A项。3．Fromthepassagewelearnthat________．A．watchingTVusedtotaketimeawayfromstayingonlineB．36%ofWebusersspendmorethanfivehou

rsaweekonlineC．theWebwasblamedmorethanonceforcausinganisolatingeffectD．theWebhasthesameinfluenceasthetelephoneandthetelevisionC解析：推理判断题

。根据文章第四段第一句Thisisn’tthefirstclaimthattheWebshouldbecriticized.可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系减少，不止一次有人对此进行谴责。故选C项。4．Thepassagemainlydiscusses________．A．howw

ecanmakeabetteruseoftheInternetB．whethertheInternetcausesanisolatingeffectC．howdeclinesinsocialconnectednessappearD．

whatadifferentlifetheInternetbringstousB解析：主旨大意题。文章以一项调查研究入题，进行了关于网络是否会导致社会孤立效应的讨论。故选B项。B(2017·广东佛山检测)Thetimesarechanging.OnThursdayOctober13th,singe

r­songwriterBobDylanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,markingthefirsttimethehighly­eyed­onliteraryawardha

sgonetosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician,andgivingrisetoheateddiscussions.The75­year­oldwontheprize“forhavingcreatednewpoeticexpressionswithinthegrea

tAmericansongtradition”，theSwedishAcademysaid.“For54yearshehasbeenatit,reinventinghimself，”saidSaraDanius,theacademy’spermanentsec

retary.“BobDylanwritespoetryfortheear.Butit’sperfectlyfinetoreadhisworksaspoetry.”AndwhilemanyDylan’sfanshavefoundgreatdelightatthenews,othersonline

andintheliterarycommunityare__cross__withtheCommittee,sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictionwritersforthesecondyear.NewYorkTimesBookRevie

weditorPamelaPaulsaiditwasgoodnewsbutpointedouthowmany“deserving”noveliststhereare.DirectorMartinScorseseputoutasta

tementsayinghewas“overjoyed”thatDylanwasawardedtheprize.“Dylan’spoetry,hismusicalgenius,hasmeantsomuchtomepersonallyand

togenerationsofpeoplearoundtheworld，”Scorsesesaid.“Hisworkhasinfluencedandshapedculture,andhehasneverst

oppedexploringandgrowingasanartist.TheNobelCommitteehasgivenDylanaformofrecognitionthatfitshisroleinourculture—inworldcultu

re.”DylanwonaPulitzerPrizein2008forhis“greatinfluenceonpopularmusicandAmericanculture”.He’sthefirstAmericantowinthel

iteraryNobelsinceToniMorrisonin1993.[解题导语]作为一名歌手，鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多人大感意外，从而引发热议。5．WhydoesBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrizeca

useheateddiscussions?A．Hecreatedpoeticexpressions.B．Heisknownasamusician.C．Hereinventshimself.D．Heis75yearsold.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的markingthefirsttimet

hehighly-eyed-onliteraryawardhasgonetosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician可知，正是因为鲍勃·迪伦是一位歌手，所以获得诺贝尔文学奖才引发热议。故选B项。6．Whichisclosestinmeaningtot

heunderlinedpartinParagraph4?A．Arethankfulto.B．Aresatisfiedwith.C．Areangrywith.D．Areworriedabout.C解析：词义猜测题。第四段开头的Andwhi

lemanyDylan’sfanshavefoundgreatdelightatthenews中while表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，所以后面的othersonlineandintheliterarycommunityare__cross__withthe

Committee中的arecrosswith与foundgreatdelight意思应该相反。再根据最后的sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictionwritersforthesecondyear可判断，ar

ecrosswith应表示“对„„生气”，而不是D项中的“担心„„”。故选C项。7．WhatcanweknowaboutDylanaccordingtoMartinScorsese?A．DylaninfluencesMar

tinalot.B．Dylanishappywiththeaward.C．Dylanisapoetratherthanamusician.D．Dylanbenefitsalotfromworldculture.A解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的Dylan’spoetry,hi

smusicalgenius,hasmeantsomuchtomepersonallyandtogenerationsofpeoplearoundtheworld可知，鲍勃·迪伦对他影响很大。故选A项。8．Whatisthe

passagemainlyabout?A．AbriefintroductiontoBobDylan.B．ThereasonforBobDylan’ssuccess.C．BobDylan’sinflue

nceonAmericanculture.D．DifferentviewsonBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrize.D解析：主旨大意题。文章开头就点明了鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖引起了热议，接着说明了不同的人对此事的不同态度。故选D项。

C(2017·江西名校联盟检测)BiologistRobertPitmanandhiscolleaguestrackedorcas，orkillerwhales,andhumpbackwhalesoffthecoastofWesternAustralia.Toresearchfurther,th

escientistsattachedatrackertoafemaleorca,whichallowedthemtousesatellitestomonitorhermovements.Theyfollowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaatta

ckedeightyounghumpbackwhales.Duringthesevenattacks,theorcakilledthehumpbackwhalecalf(幼兽)onthreeoccasion

s.Butthestorydoesn’tendthere.Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargebutgenerally,passivecreatu

res.Pitman’sstudyfindingsmayletpeoplethinkotherwise.Whenchasedbyorcas,humpbackwhalesareknowntotrytooutswimorcas.Th

eyarethoughttodothisathighspeedsothattheorcascan’tkeepup.Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwhalessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallowwa

ter,nearbyreefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.Thesewaysoftenreducedtheattack.Butatothertimes,thehumpbackwhalesdecidedto

stayandfight.Astheorcasapproached,themotherhumpbackwouldsometimesmovehercalftoherside,orliftitoutofthewaterusingherheadorflippers.S

healsoblewhugebreathsofairtodisturbtheorcas,andlungedorchargedatthem,slashing(劈)andslappinghertailandflippers.Perhapsmos

tsurprisingly,humpbackwhalesalsohaveadultescorts(护卫队)thattrytoprotectcalvesthatarenottheirown,joiningthemotherindefe

ndingthesmallerwhale.Theseescortwhaleseitherchargedattheorcas,orplacedthemselvesbetweentheattackersandca

lves,slashingtheirtailsandflippers.Despitetheeffortsofthemotherwhalesandescorts,theorcasweremoreoftenthannotsuccessful

intheirattacks.Butthepresenceoftheescortsdidreducehowmanytimesawhalecalfwaskilled.[解题导语]本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家使用科学仪器来观察杀人鲸是如何追杀驼背鲸及后者是如何反击和保护幼小的驼背鲸的。9．

What’sthepurposeofthescientists’furtherresearch?A．Tokeeparecordofwhales’livinghabits.B．Toobserveorcas’huntinghumpbackwhales.C．Toseewhatlife-or-deathb

attleswhalesmayface.D．Tofindoutthetechniquesorcasusewhenhunting.B解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Toresearchfurther...

tousesatellitestomonitorhermovements.Theyfollowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaattackedeightyounghumpbackwhales.”可知，科学家进行进一步研

究的目的是观察杀人鲸追杀驼背鲸的活动。故选B。10．Whydidthehumpbackwhalesswimtoshallowwater?A．Toavoidbeingattacked.B．Tohuntforfood.C．Toprotecttheiryoung.D．Tot

rickthechasers.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwhalessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallowwat

er,nearbyreefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.”可知，驼背鲸游至浅水区是出于自身的安全考虑，为了避免被攻击。故选A。11．WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraph4?A．Whyhumpbackwhalesfallv

ictimtoorcas.B．Howhumpbackwhalesprotecttheircalves.C．Thegreatmotherloveofhumpbackwhales.D．Smallerhumpbackwhales’waysofsurvi

ving.B解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是在面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸是如何进行反击来保护自己的幼崽的。故B项最能概括本段的主旨要义。12．WhatdoesPitman’sstudyfind?A．Orcasaresu

ccessfulintheirattacks.B．It’snoteasyfororcastoobtainfood.C．Humpbackwhalesswimfasterthanorcas.D．Humpbackwhalescouldbeactiveanimals.D解析：

推理判断题。由第二段中的“Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargebutgenerally,passivecreatures.Pitman’sstu

dyfindingsmayletpeoplethinkotherwise.”可知，驼背鲸一般被认为是大型的、通常被动的生物，Pitman的研究发现可能会让人不这么认为。下文接着讲了面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸所采取的一些应对方式，其中包含积极迎击。故选D。专题强化训练16主旨大意

题——标题归纳类[学生用书P107(单独成册)]A(2017·江西师大附中、临川一中联考)“Myneighbordoesn’tspeakEnglish,butherkindnessneedsnotranslation.”AngieMorris,an8

1­year­oldCanadianwomanwhogrewupinwartimeBritainandnowlivesinVancouver,BritishColumbia,wasdescribinghowhernext­doorneighb

or,Ms.Wing,a68­year­oldChinesewoman,voluntarilycooksmealsforhereveryday.Shecalledit“theultimatehome-deliveryservice”．Morris’smoving

,first­personnarrativewhichwaspublishedlastweekbytheCanadiannewspaperTheGlobeandMail,hasgonepopular，withmorethan24，000onlinereposts.“Iknoww

hatisinsidethepapercarrierbag，”shewrote.“Athermoswithhotsoupandastainless­steelcontainerwithamealofrice,vegetablesandeitherchick

en,meatorshrimp，sometimeswithakindofpancake.Thishasbecomeanalmostdailyoccurrence.”WingstartedheractofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatM

orrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.Shetookituponherselftobeginfeedingherneighbor,eventhoughthetwowomenhavenowayofcommunicatingverbally.WingspeaksonlyMand

arin,andMorris’sMandarinislimitedtonihao(hello)．“Sohereweare,twograndmothersaworldawayfromwherewewereraised,

neitherofusabletospeaktheother’slanguage,butcommunicatingonewayoranother(withsomehelpfromtechnology).The

doorbellkeepsringingandthereisthefamiliarbrownpapercarrierbag,handedsmilinglytomebyWing，”Morriswrote.Readersandnetizensaroundtheworldhavebee

ntouchedbythisrelationshipthatcrossesnationalboundariesandfocusesonhumankindness.“Youknowthatmostpeopleinthisworldjustwanttoliveagoodlife，”

onereadercommented.“IcomefromoldIreland,soIcantellyouathingortwoaboutconflict.Thepointis,mostpeopleareverygoodwithbigheartsandwanttheir

childrentogrowupsafeandinplaceslikethiscountrycanoffer.”[解题导语]互为邻居的两位老人温女士与安吉·莫里斯虽然语言不通无法交流，但温女士在得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，主动为其做饭。她的善举感动了很多读者和网友。1．Whyd

idMs.WingcookmealsforMorris?A．Morrishadsomehealthproblems.B．Wingwasanexpertcook.C．Ms.Winghadnothingelsetodo.D．Theywereraisedinthesameplace.A解析：

细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句WingstartedheractofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatMorrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.可知，温女士因为知道莫里斯要做手术，所以做饭给她吃。故选A项。2．W

hichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeMs.Wing?A．Kind­hearted.B．Sensitive.C．Communicative.D．Arrogant.A解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，温女士

一直自愿为邻居做饭，所以推断她是一位善良、热心的女士，故选A项。sensitive意为“敏感的”；communicative意为“爱说话的，好社交的”；arrogant意为“傲慢的；自大的”。3．Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelas

ttwoparagraphs?A．Mostpeopleinthisworldarehavingagoodlife.B．Peoplefromdifferentcountrieseasilyhaveconflicts.C．OldIrelandisaplacewherec

hildrencangrowupsafe.D．PeopleareimpressedandmovedbyMs.Wing’sbehavior.D解析：细节理解题。根据文章第七段以及第八段网友的留言可知，很多

读者和网友都被温女士的善举所感动，感受到了跨越国界和语言的人性之善。故选D项。4．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?A．AVoluntaryCook.B．ServingYourNeighbor.C．KindnessBeyondLanguage.D

．NutritiousMeals.C解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述一位来自中国的温女士虽与邻居莫里斯言语不通，但是得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，一直自愿为她做饭，这一超越语言和国界的善举感动了很多读者和网

友。由此可知，C项最适合用作文章标题。B(2017·河北衡水中学高三大联考)ScientistsinBritainhavemanagedtoteachbumblebees(大黄蜂)topullstringstogettofoodandthenpassonwhattheyhavelearnedto

othersintheircolony(群体)—showingahighlevelofintelligencedespitetheirtinybrains.ResearchersatQueenMaryUniversityofLon

donsaidtheexperiments,oftenusedtotesttheintelligenceofapes(猿)andbirds,showedforthefirsttimethatsomeinsectsareuptothetask，andcanal

sopassskillsonthroughseveralgenerations.Thefindingsaddtotheevidencesuggestingtheabilityfor“culturespread”—theabilitytolearn

andpassonknowledgeandskills—maynotbeexclusivetohumans.Intheresearch,publishedinthejournalPLOSBiologyonTuesday,thescientistswereabletotrain23out

ofagroupof40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet.Thestringswereattachedtodiscs—orartificial“flowers”—containingfoodattheircenterbutplaced

underatransparentscreen.Thebees,spottingthefoodbeneaththescreen,learnedtopullthe“flowers”outbypulling

thestringwiththeirlegsandfeettobeabletogettoit.Fromanothergroupofbeesgiventhechancetosolvethetaskwithoutanytraining,onl

ytwoof110weresuccessful.Anothergroupofbeeswasthenallowedtoobservethetrainedbeespullingthestrings,and6

0percentofthemsuccessfullylearnedtheskill.Finally,trainedbeeswereputincolonies,andthescientistsfoundthetechniquespreadsuccessf

ullytoamajorityofthecolony’sworkerbees.LarsChittka,aQueenMaryUniversityprofessorwhoguidedtheproject,saidtheteamisinterestedin

figuringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthebees’learningandteachingskills.[解题导语]本文介绍了大黄蜂经过训练可以习得某种技能，还会传播自己所学的技能。5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“excl

usive”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Ordinary.B．Unique.C．Beneficial.D．Widespread.B解析：词义猜测题。第二段中提出，不仅猿和鸟类有学习和传播知识的能力，一些昆虫也有这样的能力。第二段和第三段中的关键词also和addt

otheevidence提示，这种能力并非人类独有的。故选B项。6．Whatdidtheresearchersfindaboutbees?A．Beeslearnbestininsects.B．Beesareasclev

erasbirds.C．Beesareborngoodlearners.D．Beescanbetrainedtolearnskills.D解析：细节理解题。依据第四段中的thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroup

of40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet可知，科学家发现大黄蜂经过训练可以学会技能。故选D项。7．Whatmaytheresearchteamfocusonne

xt?A．Whatelsebeescando.B．Wherebeeslearnskills.C．Howbeesteachothers.D．Howbees’brainswork.D解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句．..theteamisinterest

edinfiguringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthebees’learningandteachingskills.可知，科研团队对大黄蜂学习和传播技能的大脑思考过程很感兴趣，因此，接下来他们应该会研究大黄蜂大脑的工作原理。故选D项。8．Whatmaybethebe

sttitleforthetext?A．SmallBees,GreatAbilitiesB．BeesCanLearnandTeachC．BeesAreSmarterD．LetBeesLearnB解析：标题归纳题。综

合全文尤其第一段可知，文章主要介绍了一项科学发现，即大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能，故选B项。C(2017·安徽百所重点高三二模)Ihadthehonourofbeingelectedchiefofmytribe(部落)．Withtheti

tlecamegreatresponsibility.ItwasmyjobtomakepeacewiththeMaoriTamakitribe,whosevillagewevisited.Theirsoldiersjumpedfromacanoeandfacedusd

ownwithfiercecrying,stickingeyesandmuchnoiseofsticks.Theylaidapalmleafonthegroundand,ashead,Iwasforcedtoacce

ptthispeaceofferingbypickingitup,thentouchingnoseswiththeirchief.“Kiaora，”hesaid,welcomingusintothewoodlandhomeofhispeople.My“tri

be”wasmyNewZealandcoachtourgroup,whohadforcedmeintobeingtheirleader.We’dbeenwarnedthattheceremonywasaseriousoccasionandthattolau

ghorevensmilewouldbeconsideredrudetotheTamaki.Afterthatitwasnon-stopfunastheydemonstratedtheirancientcustomsandIreceivedinstructioninperformingtheha

ka,thewardanceimmortalized(使不朽)bytheAllBlacksrugbyteam.Thentheypulledourdinneroflamb,beefandvegetablesoutoftheground.Ithadbee

nslow-cookedintheheatjustbelowthesurfaceinthegeothermal(地热的)areaofNorthIsland,aMaoritraditionknownasahan

githatgoesbackanextremelylongperiodoftime.Obviously,thisformofitisputonfortouristsbutitwashugelyenjoyable.Thejourneybacktothehotelwasalone

worththeeffort,ourelderMaoridriverbeingdeservingofhisowntelevisionshow.“Thewheelsonthebusgoroundandround，”hego

tussinging,whilehecircuitedaroundaboutthreetimes.Acoupleofdaysfromtheendofourtrip,therewasstillsomethingmissing,aN

ewZealandiconIwantedtoseetomakemygrandtourcomplete.Ridingoveraridge,thereitwas—Aotearoa.TheMaorinameforNewZealandtranslates

as“thelandofthelongwhitecloud”.CanIsay“Kiaora,Aotearoa？”YoubetIcan.[解题导语]本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了他去新西兰旅游时接触到的毛利文化。9．Howwerethevisitorsgreetedint

hetribe?A．Thesoldiersmadeapalmleafroad.B．Thesoldierstouchedtheirnoses.C．Thesoldiersshooksticksfiercely.D．Thesoldiersmadenoisewithshuteyes

.C解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Theirsoldiersjumpedfromacanoeandfacedusdownwithfiercecrying,stickingeyesandmuchnoiseofsticks.Theylaidapal

mleafonthegroundand”可知，毛利部落的勇士们从独木舟上跳下来，用狂热的叫喊、瞪大的眼睛和巨大的棍棒晃动声将作者一行人镇住了，他们还在地面上放置一片棕榈叶。这些都是毛利人对游客表示欢迎的方式。故选C。10．WhichreferstotheMaoricookingcustom?A．K

iaora.B．Haka.C．Hangi.D．Tamaki.C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thentheypulledourdinneroflamb,beefandvegetablesoutoftheground.Ithadbeenslow­cookedin

theheat...aMaoritraditionknownasahangi...”可知，在地下土炉中烹制食物是毛利饮食传统，这被称为hangi。11．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedriver?A．Hewasgood

atsinging.B．Hemadethejourneymemorable.C．Hewasnotfamiliarwiththeroad.D．HeperformedwellonaTVshow.B解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的“Thejourneybacktotheh

otelwasaloneworththeeffort，ourelderMaoridriverbeingdeservingofhisowntelevisionshow.”可知，作者一行人的回宾馆之旅让他们难忘：有表演天赋的毛利老司机让作者他们一路欢歌，故选B。12．W

hatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ATasteofMaoriCultureB．Hello,NewZealandC．TheHonourofBeingaTribeChiefD．TheBestofNewZealandA解析：标题归纳题。作者作为赴新西兰的旅游团的队

长，在旅游中有幸接触毛利文化，这给作者留下了深刻的印象，故A项“体验毛利文化”作标题最佳。