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第四讲主旨大意题题型1概括主旨大意类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅲ，C)Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.Fourteenwolveswerecaug

htinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.Graywolvesoncewereseenhereandt

hereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpractically

disappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedis

appearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.T

heseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyote

skilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttocons

iderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfea

redthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroduceth

ewolves.TheU．S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolf

isfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfp

rojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.8．Whati

sthetextmainlyabout?A．WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B．PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C．Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D．

ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.[解题思路]第一步速读文章，找出本篇主题句After__years__of__heated__debate,__gray__wolves__were__reintroduced__to__Yellowstone

__National__Park.第二步对比选项，确定答案关键词复现：wolves;__reintroduced;__Yellowstone__National__Park尝试解答____D____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(

1)What’sthemainideaofthepassage/text?(2)What’sthepassage/textmainlyabout?(3)Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthep

assage/text?2．“主题句定位”寻主旨概括文章主旨关键在于查找主题句。主题句是文章的核心，具有明确的概括性。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达

的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次

点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。3．找主题句的五个窍门(1)首段转折处常引出文章主题句；(2)主题句常包含文章主题词；(3)主题句常是定义型或总结型的句子；(4)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是

主题句；(5)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。题型2总结段落大意类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅱ，C)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompl

eteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—name

dtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1，400feetforeig

htminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhour

intheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.28．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B．Theadvantagesoffl

yingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D．ThedesignersoftheTransition.[解题思路]第一步读本段文字，试找出能总结段落大意的关键词has__two__seats;__

four__wheels__and__wings;__at__1，400__feet;__reach__around__70__miles__per__hour等。第二步归纳本段大意尝试解答____A____[答题技巧]1．识别

题干关键(1)Themainideaofthe...paragraphisprobably________．(2)The...paragraphtalksabout________．(3)What’sParagraph

...mainlyabout?2．“首尾兼顾”定选项(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落中心通常会在段首句体现出来。有些采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，段落中心会在段尾句体现。(2)注意某些段落没有明显的段落中心，需根据段落内容概括出中心。题型3标题归纳类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅲ

，D)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallen

gesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealtha

ndwell­beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-

vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom­madenavigation(导

航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particul

arlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtog

etoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidingan

ypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoples

topdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:“TheDriveLAB

ishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.”“Forexample,mostofusw

ouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelik

elytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeeda

sawayofpreventingthat.”“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdr

iversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”15．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ANewModelElectricCarB．ASolutiontoTrafficProb

lemsC．DrivingServicesforEldersD．KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad[解题思路]第一步速读全文，找出本文的信息句，并标出关键词LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcas

tleteamaredevelopingin­vehicletechnologiesforolder__driverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinue__dri

vingintolaterlife.第二步比对选项，确定答案关键词复现：old__drivers；continue尝试解答____D____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?(2)Themosts

uitabletitleofthispassageis________．(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?2．“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵

魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。3．文章标题三特点(1)一般为单

词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。[状元技法]大局为重——主旨大意题解题两注意1．主旨大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要最后做，需要通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，且文章中其

他题目的解答会有助于对主题的理解。2．注意主旨大意题干扰项的四个特征(1)范围过大：干扰项所归纳、概括的范围太大。(2)断章取义：干扰项常以文章的个别信息作为选项，或者以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。(3)以偏概全：干扰项只反映了文章的部分内容，也就

是范围太小。(4)无中生有：干扰项的内容和文章的内容毫无联系。,[学生用书P53])A(2017·云南昆明高三质检)Twoweeksago,a7­year-oldgirl,ChloeBridgewaterw

rotealettertoGoogle,expressingherinterestinworkingforthetechcompanywhenshegetsolder.“DearGoogleboss,mynameisChloeandwh

enIambiggerIwouldlikeajobwithGoogle,”shewrote.“IalsowanttoworkinachocolatefactoryanddoswimmingintheOlympics.”Thestudentsaidshelikedcomp

utersandhadatabletsheplayedgameson.Sheevenshowedoffarobotgamethatherdadgaveher.Itwasn’tlongbeforeSundarPichai,CEOofGoogle,repliedwith

hisownletteronGooglewebsite.InaletterdatedFeb.3,Pichaiwrote,“DearChloe,I’mgladthatyoulikecomputersandrobots,andhope

thatyouwillcontinuetolearnabouttechnology.Ithinkifyoukeepworkinghardandfollowyourdreams,youcanaccomplisheverythingyousetyourmindto.Ilookfor

wardtoreceivingyourjobapplicationwhenyouarefinishedwithschool!”Herfather,AndyBridgewatertoldABCNewshewascompl

etelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.Buthewasn’tsurprisedthatshedecidedtowritetheletterinthefirstplace.

“She’sgotdetermination.Shedoesn’tseethebarriersthatwefaceeveryday，”heexplained.“Ifshewantstodoit,shewil

lsetouttodoitandnothingwillstopher.”Thefatherremarkedthathisdaughterbeganjumpingupanddownafterreceivingtheletter.

Still,he’snotinarushtosendhiseldestdaughterofftowork.“Now,mydaughterisconfident,althoughshehasn’tyetfullyunderstoodthatitwilltakemoreeffor

tsthanfinishingherstudytomakeitwithGoogle，”hesaid.[解题导语]本文是一篇记叙文，七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌CEOSundarPichai写信，没想到却收到了Sundar的回信。1．Chloe’slettertoPi

chaishowsusthatshe________.A．expectstobeoneoftheGooglemembersB．hasatalentformakingrobotsC．makesuphermindtostud

yhardD．buriesherselfincomputergamesA解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“whenIambiggerIwouldlikeajobwithGoogle”可知，她写信给谷歌CEO是希望长大后能在谷歌工作，故A项正确。2．Wecanknowfromthet

extthat________．A．thegirlwrotethelettertoPichaionFebruary3B．therearetwochildreninBridgewater’sfamilyC．Andydidn’t

expectareplyfromPichaiatallD．GoogleissuretohireChloeafterhergraduationC解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句“Herfather,AndyBridgewatertoldABCNewshew

ascompletelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.”可知，Andy对于他的女儿能收到回信很惊讶，据此可推知，Andy根本没有指望会收到谷歌CEO的回信，故C项正确。

3．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．A7­year­oldgirlgetsajobwithGoogle.B．CEOofGooglerespondstoagirl’sletter.C．AfatherforbidshisgirltoworkforGoogle.D．Goo

gledecidestoemployitsyoungestclerk.B解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌CEO写信，希望长大后在谷歌公司工作，没想到谷歌CEO给她回了信，鼓励她努力学习，实现梦想。故选B项。B(2017·江西名校联盟检

测)Severaldecadesago,educatorsintheUSAbegantocallattentiontoanationalproblem:moststudentsleaveAmericanscho

olswithoutthemathematicalskillsneededforjobsorforhighereducation.Thiswasespeciallytrueforfemaleandmino

ritystudents.TheEducationalTestingServicereportedthat,inaninternationalsurvey,Americanteenagershadthelowestmathscores.Thissituation

hasbeendefinedas“innumeracy”，ortheinabilitytograspthebasicideaofmathematics.Mathematicians,teachers,andscientistsw

erealarmedbythesefindings.Theylookedforthereasonsanddecidedthat,inadditiontopooreducation,therearemanypsychologi

calblocks.Embarrassmentaboutnotknowingmathcanleadtofearintheclassroom.Fearcanleadtosilencebecausestudentsdonotwant

todrawattentiontotheirlackofknowledge.Asaresult,thosestudentsfallfurtherandfurtherbehind.Low__visibility__in__the__cla

ssroom__has__not__always__been__recognized__as__a__silent__call__for__help.Matheducatorsdecidedtotrytochange

that.Mathreformisbeginningwiththeeducatorsthemselves.Teachersarenowbeingtrainedtorecognizeandtohelpstudentsworkthrough“mathanxiety”—theroadb

lockontheirwaytogainingcompetenceinmathematics.Inaddition,mathtextbooksarebeingupdatedtohelpstudentsunderstandthatmathisnotasortofforeign

languageofnumbers.Mathisatoolthathelpsustoanalyzepatternsandstructures,andtodiscoverrelationships.Traditio

nalcomputingskillsofaddition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivisionarestillbeingtaught,ofcourse.However,thereisaddedempha

sisonlogicalthinkingandcreativeproblemsolving,towhichtheremaybeseveralequallyvalidsolutions.[解题导语]本文讲述了美国学生无法掌握

数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策。4．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceprobablymean?A．Studentswithlowscoresfeartoasktheirteachersforhelp.B．Poorequipmentinclas

sroomslimitsteens’chancestolearn.C．Mathanxiety,hardlynoticed,isactuallyasilentcallforhelp.D．Poor­sightedstudentscan’tseeclear

ly,whichisasilentcallforhelp.C解析：句意理解题。根据上下文及画线句前面的“Embarrassmentaboutnotknowingmathcanleadtofearintheclassroom.Fearcanleadto

silencebecausestudentsdonotwanttodrawattentiontotheirlackofknowledge.”可知，学生会因自己不懂某些数学知识感到尴尬，而这又会使他们产生恐惧心理，恐惧可能导致沉默，因为学生不想让人注意到自己

知识匮乏，相应地，老师也就会忽略学生这方面的不足，由此可知，C项最能传达该画线句的含义。5．WhichmayleadtoAmericanstudents’innumeracy?A．Themethodsofteaching.B．Thedifficulty

ofmathitself.C．Students’lackofinterestinmath.D．Schools’notattachingenoughvaluetoit.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“inaddition

topooreducation”及第四段的内容尤其是“Mathreformisbeginningwiththeeducatorsthemselves.Teachersarenowbeingtrainedtorecognizeandtohelpstudents.

..gainingcompetenceinmathematics.”可知，教学方法可能是美国学生不能掌握数学基本概念的原因。6．Whatmaybediscussedinthefollowingparagraph?A．WhattobetaughtinAmerica’srevise

dmathprograms.B．HowtomakemathreformactuallybenefitAmericanstudents.C．Howtoimproveteens’logicalthinkingandproblem-solvingabilities.D．Whytraditionalcom

putingskillsarenecessaryinmathematicseducation.C解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“thereisaddedemphasisonlogicalthinkingandcr

eativeproblemsolving,towhichtheremaybeseveralequallyvalidsolutions”可知，文章接下来可能会陈述有关怎样提高学生的逻辑思维能力及创造性地解决问题的能力方

面的内容，故选C。7．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Mathematicskillsneededforhighereducation.B．ThefeaturesofAmerica’smathema

ticseducation.C．ImprovementsinmathematicseducationintheU．S.D．TheimportanceofmathematicseducationintheU．S.C解析：

主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文作者就美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策进行了陈述，故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。专题强化训练15主旨大意题——概括主旨大意/段落大意类[学生用书P105(单独成册)]A(2017·长春监测)

LifeintheInternetageislonely—orisit?That’swhatexpertsinhumaninteractionaredebatingafteranewStanfordUniversitysurveyhasbeenp

ublished.Accordingtothestudy,themoretimepeoplespendonline,thelesstheycanspareforreal­liferelationshipswithfamilyandfriends.Th

eresearchersasked113peopleabouttheWeb’sinfluenceondailyactivities.36%ofthosepeopleareonlineformorethanfivehoursaweek.“AsIn

ternetusebecomesmorewidespread,itwillhaveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的)effectonsociety，”saysRobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.Scholar

sandWebloverscriticizedthestudyforstretchingitsdatatomakethe“isolating”point.While13%ofregularWebusersadmittedthelossoftimewithlovedones，60%reported

watchinglessTV.Thesurveyalsoshowsthate­mailisthemostpopularonlineactivity.Ifsomeofwebheads(网虫)spendwhatwasoncepassiveTVtimekeepingcom

panywithfriendsviae-mails,“that’samovetowardgreaterconnectedness，”saysPaulResnick，aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan.Thisisn’tthefirstclaim

thattheWebshouldbecriticized.A1998reportmonitored73Pittsburgh­areafamilies’Internetuseforayear.Peoplewhousedthe

Internetmore“talkedlesstofamilymembersandreportedbeinglonelierandmoredepressed，”saysRobertKraut.“It’struethattherehavebe

enbigdeclinesinsocialconnectednessoverthepastdecades,butthosedeclinesbeganbeforetheInternetwasinvented，”saysThomasPutnam.AsAmitayEtzi

onisays,theInternetgivesusadifferentkindofsociallife—notbetterorworsethanbefore,butjustdifferent.[解题导语]本文介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究，即网络是否会导致社会孤立以

及来自社会各界的讨论。1．WhoclaimedthattheWebhadnegativeinfluence?A．RobertKraut.B．PaulResnick.C．ThomasPutnam.D．AmitayEtzioni.A解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AsInt

ernetusebecomesmorewidespread,itwillhaveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的)effectonsociety，”saysRobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.可知，罗伯特·克劳特认为随着网

络使用越来越广泛，网络会导致社会孤立效应。故选A项。2．Theunderlinedword“This”inPara.4refersto________．A．thestudyconductedbyStanfordUniversityB．thesurveymadebytheUniversi

tyofMichiganC．theconclusioninareportwrittenin1998D．theopinionexpressedinBowlingAloneA解析：词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：这不是第一次有人称网络应该受到批评。这仍然是罗伯特·克劳特的观

点，也就是斯坦福大学开展的调查研究的结果。故选A项。3．Fromthepassagewelearnthat________．A．watchingTVusedtotaketimeawayfromstayingonlineB．36%ofWebusersspendmorethanfivehou

rsaweekonlineC．theWebwasblamedmorethanonceforcausinganisolatingeffectD．theWebhasthesameinfluenceasthetelephonean

dthetelevisionC解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句Thisisn’tthefirstclaimthattheWebshouldbecriticized.可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系减少，不止一次有人对

此进行谴责。故选C项。4．Thepassagemainlydiscusses________．A．howwecanmakeabetteruseoftheInternetB．whethertheInternetcausesanisolat

ingeffectC．howdeclinesinsocialconnectednessappearD．whatadifferentlifetheInternetbringstousB解析：主旨大意题。文章以一项调

查研究入题，进行了关于网络是否会导致社会孤立效应的讨论。故选B项。B(2017·广东佛山检测)Thetimesarechanging.OnThursdayOctober13th,singer­songw

riterBobDylanwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,markingthefirsttimethehighly­eyed­onliteraryawardhasgon

etosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician,andgivingrisetoheateddiscussions.The75­year­oldwontheprize“forhavingcreatednewpoeti

cexpressionswithinthegreatAmericansongtradition”，theSwedishAcademysaid.“For54yearshehasbeenatit,reinventinghimself，”saidSaraDanius,theacade

my’spermanentsecretary.“BobDylanwritespoetryfortheear.Butit’sperfectlyfinetoreadhisworksaspoetry.”AndwhilemanyDylan’sfanshavefoundgreatdeli

ghtatthenews,othersonlineandintheliterarycommunityare__cross__withtheCommittee,sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictio

nwritersforthesecondyear.NewYorkTimesBookRevieweditorPamelaPaulsaiditwasgoodnewsbutpointedouthowmany“deserving”nov

eliststhereare.DirectorMartinScorseseputoutastatementsayinghewas“overjoyed”thatDylanwasawardedtheprize.“Dylan’spoetry,hismusi

calgenius,hasmeantsomuchtomepersonallyandtogenerationsofpeoplearoundtheworld，”Scorsesesaid.“Hisworkhasinflu

encedandshapedculture,andhehasneverstoppedexploringandgrowingasanartist.TheNobelCommitteehasgivenDylanaformofrecognitio

nthatfitshisroleinourculture—inworldculture.”DylanwonaPulitzerPrizein2008forhis“greatinfluenceonpopularmusicandAme

ricanculture”.He’sthefirstAmericantowintheliteraryNobelsinceToniMorrisonin1993.[解题导语]作为一名歌手，鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多人

大感意外，从而引发热议。5．WhydoesBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrizecauseheateddiscussions?A．Hecreatedpoeticexpressions.B．H

eisknownasamusician.C．Hereinventshimself.D．Heis75yearsold.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的markingthefirsttimethehighly-eyed-onliteraryawardhasgon

etosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician可知，正是因为鲍勃·迪伦是一位歌手，所以获得诺贝尔文学奖才引发热议。故选B项。6．WhichisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpartinParagraph4?A．Arethankfult

o.B．Aresatisfiedwith.C．Areangrywith.D．Areworriedabout.C解析：词义猜测题。第四段开头的AndwhilemanyDylan’sfanshavefou

ndgreatdelightatthenews中while表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，所以后面的othersonlineandintheliterarycommunityare__cross__witht

heCommittee中的arecrosswith与foundgreatdelight意思应该相反。再根据最后的sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictionwritersforthesecondyear可判断，

arecrosswith应表示“对„„生气”，而不是D项中的“担心„„”。故选C项。7．WhatcanweknowaboutDylanaccordingtoMartinScorsese?A．DylaninfluencesMartinalot.B．Dylanishappywith

theaward.C．Dylanisapoetratherthanamusician.D．Dylanbenefitsalotfromworldculture.A解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的Dylan’spoetry,hismusicalgenius,hasmeantso

muchtomepersonallyandtogenerationsofpeoplearoundtheworld可知，鲍勃·迪伦对他影响很大。故选A项。8．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．AbriefintroductiontoBobDylan.B．Thereaso

nforBobDylan’ssuccess.C．BobDylan’sinfluenceonAmericanculture.D．DifferentviewsonBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrize.D解析：主旨大意题。文章开头就点明了鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖引起了热议，

接着说明了不同的人对此事的不同态度。故选D项。C(2017·江西名校联盟检测)BiologistRobertPitmanandhiscolleaguestrackedorcas，orkillerwhales,andhumpbackwhalesoffthecoastofWestern

Australia.Toresearchfurther,thescientistsattachedatrackertoafemaleorca,whichallowedthemtousesatellitestomonitorhe

rmovements.Theyfollowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaattackedeightyounghumpbackwhales.Duringtheseve

nattacks,theorcakilledthehumpbackwhalecalf(幼兽)onthreeoccasions.Butthestorydoesn’tendthere.Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargeb

utgenerally,passivecreatures.Pitman’sstudyfindingsmayletpeoplethinkotherwise.Whenchasedbyorcas,humpback

whalesareknowntotrytooutswimorcas.Theyarethoughttodothisathighspeedsothattheorcascan’tkeepup.Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwh

alessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallowwater,nearbyreefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.Thesewaysoftenreducedtheattack.Butatothe

rtimes,thehumpbackwhalesdecidedtostayandfight.Astheorcasapproached,themotherhumpbackwouldsometimesmovehercalftoherside,o

rliftitoutofthewaterusingherheadorflippers.Shealsoblewhugebreathsofairtodisturbtheorcas,andlungedorchargedatthem,slashing(劈)andslap

pinghertailandflippers.Perhapsmostsurprisingly,humpbackwhalesalsohaveadultescorts(护卫队)thattrytoprotectcalvestha

tarenottheirown,joiningthemotherindefendingthesmallerwhale.Theseescortwhaleseitherchargedattheorcas,orplacedthem

selvesbetweentheattackersandcalves,slashingtheirtailsandflippers.Despitetheeffortsofthemotherwhalesandescorts

,theorcasweremoreoftenthannotsuccessfulintheirattacks.Butthepresenceoftheescortsdidreducehowmanytimesawhalecalfwaskilled.[解题导语]本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家

使用科学仪器来观察杀人鲸是如何追杀驼背鲸及后者是如何反击和保护幼小的驼背鲸的。9．What’sthepurposeofthescientists’furtherresearch?A．Tokeeparecordofwhales’livi

nghabits.B．Toobserveorcas’huntinghumpbackwhales.C．Toseewhatlife-or-deathbattleswhalesmayface.D．Tofindoutthetechniquesorcasusewhenhunting.B解析：细节理解题。根

据文章第一段中的“Toresearchfurther...tousesatellitestomonitorhermovements.Theyfollowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaattackedeightyounghumpbackw

hales.”可知，科学家进行进一步研究的目的是观察杀人鲸追杀驼背鲸的活动。故选B。10．Whydidthehumpbackwhalesswimtoshallowwater?A．Toavoidbeingattacked.B．Tohuntforfoo

d.C．Toprotecttheiryoung.D．Totrickthechasers.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwhalessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallowwate

r,nearbyreefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.”可知，驼背鲸游至浅水区是出于自身的安全考虑，为了避免被攻击。故选A。11．WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraph4?A．Whyhumpbackwhales

fallvictimtoorcas.B．Howhumpbackwhalesprotecttheircalves.C．Thegreatmotherloveofhumpbackwhales.D．Small

erhumpbackwhales’waysofsurviving.B解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是在面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸是如何进行反击来保护自己的幼崽的。故B项最能概括本段的主旨要义。12．WhatdoesPitman’sstudyfin

d?A．Orcasaresuccessfulintheirattacks.B．It’snoteasyfororcastoobtainfood.C．Humpbackwhalesswimfasterthanorcas.D．H

umpbackwhalescouldbeactiveanimals.D解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的“Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargebutgenera

lly,passivecreatures.Pitman’sstudyfindingsmayletpeoplethinkotherwise.”可知，驼背鲸一般被认为是大型的、通常被动的生物，Pitman的研究发现可能会让人不这么认为。下文接着讲了面对

杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸所采取的一些应对方式，其中包含积极迎击。故选D。专题强化训练16主旨大意题——标题归纳类[学生用书P107(单独成册)]A(2017·江西师大附中、临川一中联考)“Myneighbordoesn’tspeakEnglish,butherkindnessneed

snotranslation.”AngieMorris,an81­year­oldCanadianwomanwhogrewupinwartimeBritainandnowlivesinVancouver,BritishColumbia,wasdescr

ibinghowhernext­doorneighbor,Ms.Wing,a68­year­oldChinesewoman,voluntarilycooksmealsforhereveryday.Shecalledit“theultimatehome-deliveryservice”．M

orris’smoving,first­personnarrativewhichwaspublishedlastweekbytheCanadiannewspaperTheGlobeandMail,hasgonepopular，w

ithmorethan24，000onlinereposts.“Iknowwhatisinsidethepapercarrierbag，”shewrote.“Athermoswithhotsoupandastainless­steelcontainerwithamealofri

ce,vegetablesandeitherchicken,meatorshrimp，sometimeswithakindofpancake.Thishasbecomeanalmostdailyoccur

rence.”WingstartedheractofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatMorrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.Shetookituponherselftobeginfeedingherneighbor,ev

enthoughthetwowomenhavenowayofcommunicatingverbally.WingspeaksonlyMandarin,andMorris’sMandarinislimitedtonihao(hello)．“Sohereweare,t

wograndmothersaworldawayfromwherewewereraised,neitherofusabletospeaktheother’slanguage,butcommunicatingonewayoranothe

r(withsomehelpfromtechnology).Thedoorbellkeepsringingandthereisthefamiliarbrownpapercarrierbag,handedsmilinglytomebyWing，”Morriswrote.Readersandne

tizensaroundtheworldhavebeentouchedbythisrelationshipthatcrossesnationalboundariesandfocusesonhumankindness.“Youknowthatmostpeopleinthiswo

rldjustwanttoliveagoodlife，”onereadercommented.“IcomefromoldIreland,soIcantellyouathingortwoaboutconflict.Thepoin

tis,mostpeopleareverygoodwithbigheartsandwanttheirchildrentogrowupsafeandinplaceslikethiscountrycanoffer.”[解题导语]互为邻居的两位老人

温女士与安吉·莫里斯虽然语言不通无法交流，但温女士在得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，主动为其做饭。她的善举感动了很多读者和网友。1．WhydidMs.WingcookmealsforMorris?A．Morri

shadsomehealthproblems.B．Wingwasanexpertcook.C．Ms.Winghadnothingelsetodo.D．Theywereraisedinthesameplace.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句Wingstartedherac

tofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatMorrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.可知，温女士因为知道莫里斯要做手术，所以做饭给她吃。故选A项。2．Whichofth

efollowingwordscanbestdescribeMs.Wing?A．Kind­hearted.B．Sensitive.C．Communicative.D．Arrogant.A解析：推理判断题。通读文

章可知，温女士一直自愿为邻居做饭，所以推断她是一位善良、热心的女士，故选A项。sensitive意为“敏感的”；communicative意为“爱说话的，好社交的”；arrogant意为“傲慢的；自大的”。3．W

hatcanbeconcludedfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Mostpeopleinthisworldarehavingagoodlife.B．Peoplefromdifferentcountrieseasilyhaveconflicts.C

．OldIrelandisaplacewherechildrencangrowupsafe.D．PeopleareimpressedandmovedbyMs.Wing’sbehavior.D解析：细节理解题。根据文章第七段以及第八段网友的留言可知，很多读者和网友都被温女士的善举所感动，感受到

了跨越国界和语言的人性之善。故选D项。4．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?A．AVoluntaryCook.B．ServingYourNeighbor.C．Kin

dnessBeyondLanguage.D．NutritiousMeals.C解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述一位来自中国的温女士虽与邻居莫里斯言语不通，但是得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，一直自愿为她做饭，这一超越语言和国

界的善举感动了很多读者和网友。由此可知，C项最适合用作文章标题。B(2017·河北衡水中学高三大联考)ScientistsinBritainhavemanagedtoteachbumblebees(大黄蜂)topullstrin

gstogettofoodandthenpassonwhattheyhavelearnedtoothersintheircolony(群体)—showingahighlevelofintelligencedespitetheirtinybrains.Researc

hersatQueenMaryUniversityofLondonsaidtheexperiments,oftenusedtotesttheintelligenceofapes(猿)andbirds,showedforthefirsttimethatsomeinse

ctsareuptothetask，andcanalsopassskillsonthroughseveralgenerations.Thefindingsaddtotheevidencesuggestingtheabilityfor“cul

turespread”—theabilitytolearnandpassonknowledgeandskills—maynotbeexclusivetohumans.Intheresearch,publishedinthej

ournalPLOSBiologyonTuesday,thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupof40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet.

Thestringswereattachedtodiscs—orartificial“flowers”—containingfoodattheircenterbutplacedunderatransparen

tscreen.Thebees,spottingthefoodbeneaththescreen,learnedtopullthe“flowers”outbypullingthestringwiththeirlegsandfeettobeabletogettoit.Fr

omanothergroupofbeesgiventhechancetosolvethetaskwithoutanytraining,onlytwoof110weresuccessful.Anothergroupofbeeswasthenallowedtoo

bservethetrainedbeespullingthestrings,and60percentofthemsuccessfullylearnedtheskill.Finally,trainedbeeswerep

utincolonies,andthescientistsfoundthetechniquespreadsuccessfullytoamajorityofthecolony’sworkerbees.LarsChittka,aQueenM

aryUniversityprofessorwhoguidedtheproject,saidtheteamisinterestedinfiguringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthebees’learningandt

eachingskills.[解题导语]本文介绍了大黄蜂经过训练可以习得某种技能，还会传播自己所学的技能。5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exclusive”inParagraph3probably

mean?A．Ordinary.B．Unique.C．Beneficial.D．Widespread.B解析：词义猜测题。第二段中提出，不仅猿和鸟类有学习和传播知识的能力，一些昆虫也有这样的能力。第二段和第三段中的关键词also和addtotheevidence提示，

这种能力并非人类独有的。故选B项。6．Whatdidtheresearchersfindaboutbees?A．Beeslearnbestininsects.B．Beesareascleverasbirds.C．Beesareborn

goodlearners.D．Beescanbetrainedtolearnskills.D解析：细节理解题。依据第四段中的thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupof40beestopullstringswi

ththeirlegsandfeet可知，科学家发现大黄蜂经过训练可以学会技能。故选D项。7．Whatmaytheresearchteamfocusonnext?A．Whatelsebeescando.B．Wherebeeslearnskills.

C．Howbeesteachothers.D．Howbees’brainswork.D解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句．..theteamisinterestedinfiguringoutthebrainprocessesbehindthe

bees’learningandteachingskills.可知，科研团队对大黄蜂学习和传播技能的大脑思考过程很感兴趣，因此，接下来他们应该会研究大黄蜂大脑的工作原理。故选D项。8．Whatmaybet

hebesttitleforthetext?A．SmallBees,GreatAbilitiesB．BeesCanLearnandTeachC．BeesAreSmarterD．LetBeesLearnB解析：标题归纳题。综合全文尤其第一段可知

，文章主要介绍了一项科学发现，即大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能，故选B项。C(2017·安徽百所重点高三二模)Ihadthehonourofbeingelectedchiefofmytribe(部落)．Withthetitlecamegreatrespons

ibility.ItwasmyjobtomakepeacewiththeMaoriTamakitribe,whosevillagewevisited.Theirsoldiersjumpedfromacanoeandfacedusdownwithfiercecrying,

stickingeyesandmuchnoiseofsticks.Theylaidapalmleafonthegroundand,ashead,Iwasforcedtoacceptthispeaceofferingbypickingitup,thentouchingnoseswiththeir

chief.“Kiaora，”hesaid,welcomingusintothewoodlandhomeofhispeople.My“tribe”wasmyNewZealandcoachtourgroup,whohadforcedmeintobeingth

eirleader.We’dbeenwarnedthattheceremonywasaseriousoccasionandthattolaughorevensmilewouldbeconsideredrude

totheTamaki.Afterthatitwasnon-stopfunastheydemonstratedtheirancientcustomsandIreceivedinstructioninperformingthehaka,thewardanceimmortalized(使不朽)

bytheAllBlacksrugbyteam.Thentheypulledourdinneroflamb,beefandvegetablesoutoftheground.Ithadbeenslow-cookedintheheatjustbelow

thesurfaceinthegeothermal(地热的)areaofNorthIsland,aMaoritraditionknownasahangithatgoesbackanextremelylongperio

doftime.Obviously,thisformofitisputonfortouristsbutitwashugelyenjoyable.Thejourneybacktothehotelwasaloneworththeeffort,ourelderMa

oridriverbeingdeservingofhisowntelevisionshow.“Thewheelsonthebusgoroundandround，”hegotussinging,whilehecircuitedaroundaboutthr

eetimes.Acoupleofdaysfromtheendofourtrip,therewasstillsomethingmissing,aNewZealandiconIwantedtoseetomakemygran

dtourcomplete.Ridingoveraridge,thereitwas—Aotearoa.TheMaorinameforNewZealandtranslatesas“thelandofthelongwhitecloud”.CanIsay“Kiaora,Aotearoa？”Youb

etIcan.[解题导语]本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了他去新西兰旅游时接触到的毛利文化。9．Howwerethevisitorsgreetedinthetribe?A．Thesoldiersmadeapalmleafroa

d.B．Thesoldierstouchedtheirnoses.C．Thesoldiersshooksticksfiercely.D．Thesoldiersmadenoisewithshuteyes.C解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Theirsoldi

ersjumpedfromacanoeandfacedusdownwithfiercecrying,stickingeyesandmuchnoiseofsticks.Theylaidapalmleafonthegroundand”可

知，毛利部落的勇士们从独木舟上跳下来，用狂热的叫喊、瞪大的眼睛和巨大的棍棒晃动声将作者一行人镇住了，他们还在地面上放置一片棕榈叶。这些都是毛利人对游客表示欢迎的方式。故选C。10．Whichreferstothe

Maoricookingcustom?A．Kiaora.B．Haka.C．Hangi.D．Tamaki.C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thentheypulledourdinneroflamb,beefandvegetablesoutoftheground.It

hadbeenslow­cookedintheheat...aMaoritraditionknownasahangi...”可知，在地下土炉中烹制食物是毛利饮食传统，这被称为hangi。11．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedriv

er?A．Hewasgoodatsinging.B．Hemadethejourneymemorable.C．Hewasnotfamiliarwiththeroad.D．HeperformedwellonaT

Vshow.B解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的“Thejourneybacktothehotelwasaloneworththeeffort，ourelderMaoridriverbeingdeservingofhisowntelevisionshow.”可知，

作者一行人的回宾馆之旅让他们难忘：有表演天赋的毛利老司机让作者他们一路欢歌，故选B。12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ATasteofMaoriCultureB．Hello,NewZ

ealandC．TheHonourofBeingaTribeChiefD．TheBestofNewZealandA解析：标题归纳题。作者作为赴新西兰的旅游团的队长，在旅游中有幸接触毛利文化，这给作者留下了深刻的印象，故A项“体验毛利文化”作标题最佳。