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第四讲主旨大意题题型1概括主旨大意类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅲ，C)Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCan

adaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.Graywolvesoncewereseenherean

dthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisap

pearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyun

expectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),wh

ichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcomp

letelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatw

olveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentsp

entnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU．S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksi

nYellowstone.Today,thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyotepopulationsaredown,whilebeav

ersandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsde

cidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.8．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates

.B．PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C．Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D．ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.[解题思路]第一步速读文

章，找出本篇主题句After__years__of__heated__debate,__gray__wolves__were__reintroduced__to__Yellowstone__National__Park

.第二步对比选项，确定答案关键词复现：wolves;__reintroduced;__Yellowstone__National__Park尝试解答____D____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)What’sthemainideaofthepassage/text?(2)What

’sthepassage/textmainlyabout?(3)Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthepassage/text?2．“主题句定位”寻主旨概括文章主旨关键在于查找主题句。主题句是

文章的核心，具有明确的概括性。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在

文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。3

．找主题句的五个窍门(1)首段转折处常引出文章主题句；(2)主题句常包含文章主题词；(3)主题句常是定义型或总结型的句子；(4)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是主题句；(5)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例

子或假设后面的内容可能是主题句。题型2总结段落大意类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅱ，C)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstf

light,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwin

gsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1，400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.It

fliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.28．Whatisthefirstparagraphmain

lyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B．Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D．ThedesignersoftheTransition.[解题思

路]第一步读本段文字，试找出能总结段落大意的关键词has__two__seats;__four__wheels__and__wings;__at__1，400__feet;__reach__around__70__miles__per__hour等。第二步归纳本段大意尝试解答____A____

[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)Themainideaofthe...paragraphisprobably________．(2)The...paragraphtalksabout________．(3)What’s

Paragraph...mainlyabout?2．“首尾兼顾”定选项(1)每个段落通常都有一个中心，段落中心通常会在段首句体现出来。有些采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，段落中心会在段尾句体现。(2)注意某些段落没有明

显的段落中心，需根据段落内容概括出中心。题型3标题归纳类[示例](2017·全国卷Ⅲ，D)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedane

lectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodisco

verwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell­bein

gamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔绝)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin-vehicletech

nologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom­madenavigation(导航)tools,night

visionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneor

inthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonot

hers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsa

ndlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheold

erdriverstudy,explains:“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeystresspointsanddifficultiesareforolderdrivers

andhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.”“Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysg

oslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremoreli

kelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We’relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirsp

eedasawayofpreventingthat.”“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解决方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehi

ndthewheel.”15．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ANewModelElectricCarB．ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC．Drivin

gServicesforEldersD．KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad[解题思路]第一步速读全文，找出本文的信息句，并标出关键词LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamare

developingin­vehicletechnologiesforolder__driverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinue__drivingintolaterlife.第二步比

对选项，确定答案关键词复现：old__drivers；continue尝试解答____D____[答题技巧]1．识别题干关键(1)Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?(2)Themostsuitabletitl

eofthispassageis________．(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthispassage?2．“高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者

的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。3．文章标题三特点(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；(2)短小精悍，精确性强；

(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。[状元技法]大局为重——主旨大意题解题两注意1．主旨大意题难度较大，属于区分度很高的选拔性题目。注意无论此类题目出现在什么位置都要最后做，需要通读全文后才能更好地把握文章主题，且文章中

其他题目的解答会有助于对主题的理解。2．注意主旨大意题干扰项的四个特征(1)范围过大：干扰项所归纳、概括的范围太大。(2)断章取义：干扰项常以文章的个别信息作为选项，或者以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要

观点。(3)以偏概全：干扰项只反映了文章的部分内容，也就是范围太小。(4)无中生有：干扰项的内容和文章的内容毫无联系。,[学生用书P53])A(2017·云南昆明高三质检)Twoweeksago,a7­

year-oldgirl,ChloeBridgewaterwrotealettertoGoogle,expressingherinterestinworkingforthetechcompanywhen

shegetsolder.“DearGoogleboss,mynameisChloeandwhenIambiggerIwouldlikeajobwithGoogle,”shewrote.“Ialsowanttoworkinach

ocolatefactoryanddoswimmingintheOlympics.”Thestudentsaidshelikedcomputersandhadatabletsheplayedgameson.Sheevenshowedoffarobotgametha

therdadgaveher.Itwasn’tlongbeforeSundarPichai,CEOofGoogle,repliedwithhisownletteronGooglewebsite.InaletterdatedFeb

.3,Pichaiwrote,“DearChloe,I’mgladthatyoulikecomputersandrobots,andhopethatyouwillcontinuetolearnabouttechnology.Ithinkifyoukeepworkin

ghardandfollowyourdreams,youcanaccomplisheverythingyousetyourmindto.Ilookforwardtoreceivingyourjobapplicationwhenyouarefinishedwithschool!”Herfathe

r,AndyBridgewatertoldABCNewshewascompletelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.Buthewasn’tsurprisedthat

shedecidedtowritetheletterinthefirstplace.“She’sgotdetermination.Shedoesn’tseethebarriersthatwefaceeveryday，”heexplained.“Ifshewantstodoit,shewills

etouttodoitandnothingwillstopher.”Thefatherremarkedthathisdaughterbeganjumpingupanddownafterreceivingtheletter.Still,he’snotinarushtosendhiseld

estdaughterofftowork.“Now,mydaughterisconfident,althoughshehasn’tyetfullyunderstoodthatitwilltakemoreeffor

tsthanfinishingherstudytomakeitwithGoogle，”hesaid.[解题导语]本文是一篇记叙文，七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌CEOSundarPichai写信，没想到却收到了Sundar的回信。1．Chloe’slet

tertoPichaishowsusthatshe________.A．expectstobeoneoftheGooglemembersB．hasatalentformakingrobotsC．makesuphermindtostudyhardD．buriesherselfinc

omputergamesA解析：细节理解题。根据第一段第二句中的“whenIambiggerIwouldlikeajobwithGoogle”可知，她写信给谷歌CEO是希望长大后能在谷歌工作，故A项正确。

2．Wecanknowfromthetextthat________．A．thegirlwrotethelettertoPichaionFebruary3B．therearetwochildreninBridgewa

ter’sfamilyC．Andydidn’texpectareplyfromPichaiatallD．GoogleissuretohireChloeafterhergraduationC解析：推理判断题。根据第三段的第一句“Herfather,AndyBr

idgewatertoldABCNewshewascompletelyshockedthathisdaughterreceivedareply.”可知，Andy对于他的女儿能收到回信很惊讶，据此可推知，A

ndy根本没有指望会收到谷歌CEO的回信，故C项正确。3．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．A7­year­oldgirlgetsajobwithGoogle.B．CEOofGooglerespondstoagirl’s

letter.C．AfatherforbidshisgirltoworkforGoogle.D．Googledecidestoemployitsyoungestclerk.B解析：主旨大意题。本文主要讲述七岁女孩ChloeBridgewater给谷歌C

EO写信，希望长大后在谷歌公司工作，没想到谷歌CEO给她回了信，鼓励她努力学习，实现梦想。故选B项。B(2017·江西名校联盟检测)Severaldecadesago,educatorsintheUSAbegantocallattentiontoanationalproblem:m

oststudentsleaveAmericanschoolswithoutthemathematicalskillsneededforjobsorforhighereducation.Thiswasespeciallytrueforfemaleandminoritystudents.T

heEducationalTestingServicereportedthat,inaninternationalsurvey,Americanteenagershadthelowestmathscores.Thissituationhasbeendefinedas“innumeracy”，ort

heinabilitytograspthebasicideaofmathematics.Mathematicians,teachers,andscientistswerealarmedbythesefindings.Theylookedforthereasonsandde

cidedthat,inadditiontopooreducation,therearemanypsychologicalblocks.Embarrassmentaboutnotknowingmathcanleadtofearinthecl

assroom.Fearcanleadtosilencebecausestudentsdonotwanttodrawattentiontotheirlackofknowledge.Asaresult,thosestudentsfal

lfurtherandfurtherbehind.Low__visibility__in__the__classroom__has__not__always__been__recognized__as__a__silent__call_

_for__help.Matheducatorsdecidedtotrytochangethat.Mathreformisbeginningwiththeeducatorsthemselves.Tea

chersarenowbeingtrainedtorecognizeandtohelpstudentsworkthrough“mathanxiety”—theroadblockontheirwaytogainingcompetenceinmathematics.

Inaddition,mathtextbooksarebeingupdatedtohelpstudentsunderstandthatmathisnotasortofforeignlanguageofnumbers.Mathisatoolthathelpsustoanalyzepatt

ernsandstructures,andtodiscoverrelationships.Traditionalcomputingskillsofaddition,subtraction,multiplicationanddivi

sionarestillbeingtaught,ofcourse.However,thereisaddedemphasisonlogicalthinkingandcreativeproblemsolving,towhichtheremaybeseveralequa

llyvalidsolutions.[解题导语]本文讲述了美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策。4．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceprobablymean?A．Studentswithlowsc

oresfeartoasktheirteachersforhelp.B．Poorequipmentinclassroomslimitsteens’chancestolearn.C．Mathanxiety,hardlynoticed,isactuallyasi

lentcallforhelp.D．Poor­sightedstudentscan’tseeclearly,whichisasilentcallforhelp.C解析：句意理解题。根据上下文及画线句前面的“Embarrassmentaboutnotknow

ingmathcanleadtofearintheclassroom.Fearcanleadtosilencebecausestudentsdonotwanttodrawattentiontotheirlackofknowledge.”

可知，学生会因自己不懂某些数学知识感到尴尬，而这又会使他们产生恐惧心理，恐惧可能导致沉默，因为学生不想让人注意到自己知识匮乏，相应地，老师也就会忽略学生这方面的不足，由此可知，C项最能传达该画线句的含义。

5．WhichmayleadtoAmericanstudents’innumeracy?A．Themethodsofteaching.B．Thedifficultyofmathitself.C．Students’lackofinterestinmath.D．Schools’

notattachingenoughvaluetoit.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“inadditiontopooreducation”及第四段的内容尤其是“Mathreformisbeginni

ngwiththeeducatorsthemselves.Teachersarenowbeingtrainedtorecognizeandtohelpstudents...gainingcompetenceinmathematics.”可知，教学方法可能是美国学生不能

掌握数学基本概念的原因。6．Whatmaybediscussedinthefollowingparagraph?A．WhattobetaughtinAmerica’srevisedmathprograms.B．Howtomakem

athreformactuallybenefitAmericanstudents.C．Howtoimproveteens’logicalthinkingandproblem-solvingabilities.D．Whytraditio

nalcomputingskillsarenecessaryinmathematicseducation.C解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“thereisaddedemphasisonlogicalthinki

ngandcreativeproblemsolving,towhichtheremaybeseveralequallyvalidsolutions”可知，文章接下来可能会陈述有关怎样提高学生的逻辑思维能力及创造性地解决问题的能力方面的内容，故选C。7．Whati

sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Mathematicskillsneededforhighereducation.B．ThefeaturesofAmerica’smathematicseducation.C．Improvementsinmathematics

educationintheU．S.D．TheimportanceofmathematicseducationintheU．S.C解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文作者就美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策进行了陈述，故C项最能概括文章的

主要内容。专题强化训练15主旨大意题——概括主旨大意/段落大意类[学生用书P105(单独成册)]A(2017·长春监测)LifeintheInternetageislonely—orisit?That’swhatexpertsinhumaninteractionaredebati

ngafteranewStanfordUniversitysurveyhasbeenpublished.Accordingtothestudy,themoretimepeoplespendonline,thelesstheycanspareforreal­liferela

tionshipswithfamilyandfriends.Theresearchersasked113peopleabouttheWeb’sinfluenceondailyactivities.36%ofthosepeopleareon

lineformorethanfivehoursaweek.“AsInternetusebecomesmorewidespread,itwillhaveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的)effectonsociety，”says

RobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.ScholarsandWebloverscriticizedthestudyforstretchingitsdatatomakethe“isolating”poi

nt.While13%ofregularWebusersadmittedthelossoftimewithlovedones，60%reportedwatchinglessTV.Thesurveyalsoshowsthate­mailisthemost

popularonlineactivity.Ifsomeofwebheads(网虫)spendwhatwasoncepassiveTVtimekeepingcompanywithfriendsviae-mails,“tha

t’samovetowardgreaterconnectedness，”saysPaulResnick，aprofessorattheUniversityofMichigan.Thisisn’tthefirstclaimthattheWebshouldbecriticized.A

1998reportmonitored73Pittsburgh­areafamilies’Internetuseforayear.PeoplewhousedtheInternetmore“talkedlesstofamilymembersandreportedbeinglonelier

andmoredepressed，”saysRobertKraut.“It’struethattherehavebeenbigdeclinesinsocialconnectednessoverthepastdecades,butthose

declinesbeganbeforetheInternetwasinvented，”saysThomasPutnam.AsAmitayEtzionisays,theInternetgivesusadifferent

kindofsociallife—notbetterorworsethanbefore,butjustdifferent.[解题导语]本文介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究，即网络是否会导致社会孤立以及来自社会各界的讨论。1．WhoclaimedthattheWebhadn

egativeinfluence?A．RobertKraut.B．PaulResnick.C．ThomasPutnam.D．AmitayEtzioni.A解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“AsInternetusebecomesmorewidespread,itwillh

aveanincreasinglyisolating(孤立的)effectonsociety，”saysRobertKraut,oneoftheresearchers.可知，罗伯特·克劳特认为随着网络使用越来越广泛，

网络会导致社会孤立效应。故选A项。2．Theunderlinedword“This”inPara.4refersto________．A．thestudyconductedbyStanfordUniver

sityB．thesurveymadebytheUniversityofMichiganC．theconclusioninareportwrittenin1998D．theopinionexpressedinBowlingAloneA解析：词义猜测题。画线词所在句句意为：这不是第一次有

人称网络应该受到批评。这仍然是罗伯特·克劳特的观点，也就是斯坦福大学开展的调查研究的结果。故选A项。3．Fromthepassagewelearnthat________．A．watchingTVusedtotaketimeawayfro

mstayingonlineB．36%ofWebusersspendmorethanfivehoursaweekonlineC．theWebwasblamedmorethanonceforcausinganisolatingeffectD．theWebhasthesameinfluen

ceasthetelephoneandthetelevisionC解析：推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句Thisisn’tthefirstclaimthattheWebshouldbecriticized.可知，因为网络使人们之间的联系

减少，不止一次有人对此进行谴责。故选C项。4．Thepassagemainlydiscusses________．A．howwecanmakeabetteruseoftheInternetB．whethertheIntern

etcausesanisolatingeffectC．howdeclinesinsocialconnectednessappearD．whatadifferentlifetheInternetbringstousB解析：主旨大意题。文章以一项调查研究入题，进行了关于网络是否会导致社会孤立效应的讨

论。故选B项。B(2017·广东佛山检测)Thetimesarechanging.OnThursdayOctober13th,singer­songwriterBobDylanwasawardedtheNobelPriz

einLiterature,markingthefirsttimethehighly­eyed­onliteraryawardhasgonetosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician,andgivingr

isetoheateddiscussions.The75­year­oldwontheprize“forhavingcreatednewpoeticexpressionswithinthegreatA

mericansongtradition”，theSwedishAcademysaid.“For54yearshehasbeenatit,reinventinghimself，”saidSaraDanius,theacademy’spermanentsec

retary.“BobDylanwritespoetryfortheear.Butit’sperfectlyfinetoreadhisworksaspoetry.”AndwhilemanyDylan’sfanshavefoundgreatdelightatthenews,othersonlin

eandintheliterarycommunityare__cross__withtheCommittee,sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictionwritersforthesecondyear.NewYorkTimesBookReviewed

itorPamelaPaulsaiditwasgoodnewsbutpointedouthowmany“deserving”noveliststhereare.DirectorMartinScorseseputoutastatementsayi

nghewas“overjoyed”thatDylanwasawardedtheprize.“Dylan’spoetry,hismusicalgenius,hasmeantsomuchtomepersonallyandtogenerations

ofpeoplearoundtheworld，”Scorsesesaid.“Hisworkhasinfluencedandshapedculture,andhehasneverstoppedexploringandgrowingasanartist.TheN

obelCommitteehasgivenDylanaformofrecognitionthatfitshisroleinourculture—inworldculture.”DylanwonaPulitzerPrizein2008forhis“greati

nfluenceonpopularmusicandAmericanculture”.He’sthefirstAmericantowintheliteraryNobelsinceToniMorrisonin1993.[解题导语]作为一名歌手，鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文

学奖的消息让很多人大感意外，从而引发热议。5．WhydoesBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrizecauseheateddiscussions?A．Hecreatedpoeticexpression

s.B．Heisknownasamusician.C．Hereinventshimself.D．Heis75yearsold.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的markingthefirsttimethehighly-eyed-o

nliteraryawardhasgonetosomeonewhoismainlyseenasamusician可知，正是因为鲍勃·迪伦是一位歌手，所以获得诺贝尔文学奖才引发热议。故选B项。6．Whichi

sclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpartinParagraph4?A．Arethankfulto.B．Aresatisfiedwith.C．Areangrywith.D．Areworriedabout.C解析：词义猜测题。第四段开头的An

dwhilemanyDylan’sfanshavefoundgreatdelightatthenews中while表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，所以后面的othersonlineandintheliterarycommunityare__cross

__withtheCommittee中的arecrosswith与foundgreatdelight意思应该相反。再根据最后的sayingtheawardhasskippedoverfictionwritersforthesecondyear可判断，arec

rosswith应表示“对„„生气”，而不是D项中的“担心„„”。故选C项。7．WhatcanweknowaboutDylanaccordingtoMartinScorsese?A．DylaninfluencesMartinalot.B

．Dylanishappywiththeaward.C．Dylanisapoetratherthanamusician.D．Dylanbenefitsalotfromworldculture.A解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的

Dylan’spoetry,hismusicalgenius,hasmeantsomuchtomepersonallyandtogenerationsofpeoplearoundtheworld可知，鲍勃·迪伦对他影响很大。故选A项。8．Whatisthep

assagemainlyabout?A．AbriefintroductiontoBobDylan.B．ThereasonforBobDylan’ssuccess.C．BobDylan’sinfluenceonAmericanc

ulture.D．DifferentviewsonBobDylan’swinningtheNobelPrize.D解析：主旨大意题。文章开头就点明了鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖引起了热议，接着说明了不同的人对此事的不同

态度。故选D项。C(2017·江西名校联盟检测)BiologistRobertPitmanandhiscolleaguestrackedorcas，orkillerwhales,andhumpbackwhalesoffthecoastofWesternAustralia.Toresea

rchfurther,thescientistsattachedatrackertoafemaleorca,whichallowedthemtousesatellitestomonitorhermovements.Theyfol

lowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaattackedeightyounghumpbackwhales.Duringthesevenattacks,theorcakilledthehumpbackwhalecalf(幼兽)onthreeoccasi

ons.Butthestorydoesn’tendthere.Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargebutgenerally,passivecreatures.Pitman’sstudyfindingsmay

letpeoplethinkotherwise.Whenchasedbyorcas,humpbackwhalesareknowntotrytooutswimorcas.Theyarethoughttodothisathighspeedso

thattheorcascan’tkeepup.Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwhalessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallowwater,nearby

reefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.Thesewaysoftenreducedtheattack.Butatothertimes,thehumpbackwhalesde

cidedtostayandfight.Astheorcasapproached,themotherhumpbackwouldsometimesmovehercalftoherside,orliftitoutofthewaterusingher

headorflippers.Shealsoblewhugebreathsofairtodisturbtheorcas,andlungedorchargedatthem,slashing(劈)andslappingher

tailandflippers.Perhapsmostsurprisingly,humpbackwhalesalsohaveadultescorts(护卫队)thattrytoprotectcalvesthatarenottheirown,joiningthemotherindefendin

gthesmallerwhale.Theseescortwhaleseitherchargedattheorcas,orplacedthemselvesbetweentheattackersandcalves,slashingthei

rtailsandflippers.Despitetheeffortsofthemotherwhalesandescorts,theorcasweremoreoftenthannotsuccessfulintheirattacks.Butth

epresenceoftheescortsdidreducehowmanytimesawhalecalfwaskilled.[解题导语]本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是科学家使用科学仪器来观察杀人鲸是如何追杀驼背鲸及后

者是如何反击和保护幼小的驼背鲸的。9．What’sthepurposeofthescientists’furtherresearch?A．Tokeeparecordofwhales’livinghabits.B．Toobser

veorcas’huntinghumpbackwhales.C．Toseewhatlife-or-deathbattleswhalesmayface.D．Tofindoutthetechniquesorcasusewhenhunting.B解析：细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Toresearch

further...tousesatellitestomonitorhermovements.Theyfollowedherforsixdays.Duringthattime,theorcaattackedeightyounghumpbackwhales.

”可知，科学家进行进一步研究的目的是观察杀人鲸追杀驼背鲸的活动。故选B。10．Whydidthehumpbackwhalesswimtoshallowwater?A．Toavoidbeingattacked.B．Tohuntforfood.C．Toprote

cttheiryoung.D．Totrickthechasers.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“Onsomeoccasions,thehumpbackwhalessoughtoutprotection.Theyswamtoshallo

wwater,nearbyreefs,orevenundertheresearchers’boats.”可知，驼背鲸游至浅水区是出于自身的安全考虑，为了避免被攻击。故选A。11．WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraph4?A．Why

humpbackwhalesfallvictimtoorcas.B．Howhumpbackwhalesprotecttheircalves.C．Thegreatmotherloveofhumpbackwhales.D．

Smallerhumpbackwhales’waysofsurviving.B解析：段落大意题。根据第四段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是在面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸是如何进行反击来保护自己的幼崽的。故B项最能概括本段

的主旨要义。12．WhatdoesPitman’sstudyfind?A．Orcasaresuccessfulintheirattacks.B．It’snoteasyfororcastoobtainfood.C．Humpbackwhalesswi

mfasterthanorcas.D．Humpbackwhalescouldbeactiveanimals.D解析：推理判断题。由第二段中的“Humpbackwhalesthemselvesarepopularlythoughttobelargebutgeneral

ly,passivecreatures.Pitman’sstudyfindingsmayletpeoplethinkotherwise.”可知，驼背鲸一般被认为是大型的、通常被动的生物，Pitman的研究发现可能会让人不这么认为。下文接着讲了面对杀人鲸的攻击时，驼背鲸所采取的一些应对方式，其中包含

积极迎击。故选D。专题强化训练16主旨大意题——标题归纳类[学生用书P107(单独成册)]A(2017·江西师大附中、临川一中联考)“Myneighbordoesn’tspeakEnglish,butherkindnessneedsno

translation.”AngieMorris,an81­year­oldCanadianwomanwhogrewupinwartimeBritainandnowlivesinVancouver,BritishColumbia,wasdescri

binghowhernext­doorneighbor,Ms.Wing,a68­year­oldChinesewoman,voluntarilycooksmealsforhereveryday.Shecalledit“theultimatehome-deliv

eryservice”．Morris’smoving,first­personnarrativewhichwaspublishedlastweekbytheCanadiannewspaperTheGlobeandMail,ha

sgonepopular，withmorethan24，000onlinereposts.“Iknowwhatisinsidethepapercarrierbag，”shewrote.“Athermoswithhotsoupa

ndastainless­steelcontainerwithamealofrice,vegetablesandeitherchicken,meatorshrimp，sometimeswithakindofpancake.Thishasbecomeanalmostdailyo

ccurrence.”WingstartedheractofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatMorrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.Shetookituponherselftobeginfeedingherneighbor,eventho

ughthetwowomenhavenowayofcommunicatingverbally.WingspeaksonlyMandarin,andMorris’sMandarinislimitedtonihao(hello)．“Soherewea

re,twograndmothersaworldawayfromwherewewereraised,neitherofusabletospeaktheother’slanguage,butcommunicatingone

wayoranother(withsomehelpfromtechnology).Thedoorbellkeepsringingandthereisthefamiliarbrownpapercarrierbag,handedsmilinglytomebyWing

，”Morriswrote.Readersandnetizensaroundtheworldhavebeentouchedbythisrelationshipthatcrossesnationalboundariesandfocus

esonhumankindness.“Youknowthatmostpeopleinthisworldjustwanttoliveagoodlife，”onereadercommented.“IcomefromoldIreland,soIcantellyouathing

ortwoaboutconflict.Thepointis,mostpeopleareverygoodwithbigheartsandwanttheirchildrentogrowupsafeandinplaceslikethiscountrycan

offer.”[解题导语]互为邻居的两位老人温女士与安吉·莫里斯虽然语言不通无法交流，但温女士在得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，主动为其做饭。她的善举感动了很多读者和网友。1．WhydidMs.WingcookmealsforMorris?A．Morrishadsomeh

ealthproblems.B．Wingwasanexpertcook.C．Ms.Winghadnothingelsetodo.D．Theywereraisedinthesameplace.A解析：细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句Wingstartedh

eractofkindnesswhenshelearnedthatMorrishadtoundergoheartsurgery.可知，温女士因为知道莫里斯要做手术，所以做饭给她吃。故选A项。2．Whichofthefollowin

gwordscanbestdescribeMs.Wing?A．Kind­hearted.B．Sensitive.C．Communicative.D．Arrogant.A解析：推理判断题。通读文章可知，温女士一直自愿为邻居做饭，所以推断她是一位善良、热心的女士，故选A项。sensitiv

e意为“敏感的”；communicative意为“爱说话的，好社交的”；arrogant意为“傲慢的；自大的”。3．Whatcanbeconcludedfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Mostpeopleinthisworldarehavingago

odlife.B．Peoplefromdifferentcountrieseasilyhaveconflicts.C．OldIrelandisaplacewherechildrencangrowupsafe.

D．PeopleareimpressedandmovedbyMs.Wing’sbehavior.D解析：细节理解题。根据文章第七段以及第八段网友的留言可知，很多读者和网友都被温女士的善举所感动，感受到了跨越国界和语言的人性之善。故选D项。4．Whatcanbethebestt

itleofthispassage?A．AVoluntaryCook.B．ServingYourNeighbor.C．KindnessBeyondLanguage.D．NutritiousMeals.C解析：标题归纳题。文章主要讲述一位来自中国的温女士虽与邻居莫

里斯言语不通，但是得知莫里斯要做手术的消息后，一直自愿为她做饭，这一超越语言和国界的善举感动了很多读者和网友。由此可知，C项最适合用作文章标题。B(2017·河北衡水中学高三大联考)ScientistsinBritainhavem

anagedtoteachbumblebees(大黄蜂)topullstringstogettofoodandthenpassonwhattheyhavelearnedtoothersintheircolony(群体)—showingahighlevelofintelligencedespi

tetheirtinybrains.ResearchersatQueenMaryUniversityofLondonsaidtheexperiments,oftenusedtotesttheintelligenc

eofapes(猿)andbirds,showedforthefirsttimethatsomeinsectsareuptothetask，andcanalsopassskillsonthroughseveralgenerations.Thefindingsaddtotheevid

encesuggestingtheabilityfor“culturespread”—theabilitytolearnandpassonknowledgeandskills—maynotbeexclusivetohumans.Intheresearch,publishedint

hejournalPLOSBiologyonTuesday,thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupof40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet.Thes

tringswereattachedtodiscs—orartificial“flowers”—containingfoodattheircenterbutplacedunderatransparentscreen.Th

ebees,spottingthefoodbeneaththescreen,learnedtopullthe“flowers”outbypullingthestringwiththeirlegsandfeettobeablet

ogettoit.Fromanothergroupofbeesgiventhechancetosolvethetaskwithoutanytraining,onlytwoof110weresuccessful.Anothergroupofb

eeswasthenallowedtoobservethetrainedbeespullingthestrings,and60percentofthemsuccessfullylearnedtheskil

l.Finally,trainedbeeswereputincolonies,andthescientistsfoundthetechniquespreadsuccessfullytoamajorityofthecolony’sworkerb

ees.LarsChittka,aQueenMaryUniversityprofessorwhoguidedtheproject,saidtheteamisinterestedinfiguringout

thebrainprocessesbehindthebees’learningandteachingskills.[解题导语]本文介绍了大黄蜂经过训练可以习得某种技能，还会传播自己所学的技能。5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“e

xclusive”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Ordinary.B．Unique.C．Beneficial.D．Widespread.B解析：词义猜测题。第二段中提出，不仅猿和鸟类有学习和传播知识的能力，一些昆虫也有这样的能

力。第二段和第三段中的关键词also和addtotheevidence提示，这种能力并非人类独有的。故选B项。6．Whatdidtheresearchersfindaboutbees?A．Beeslearnbestininsects.B．Beesa

reascleverasbirds.C．Beesareborngoodlearners.D．Beescanbetrainedtolearnskills.D解析：细节理解题。依据第四段中的thescientistswereabletotrain23outofagroupo

f40beestopullstringswiththeirlegsandfeet可知，科学家发现大黄蜂经过训练可以学会技能。故选D项。7．Whatmaytheresearchteamfocusonnext?A．Whatelsebeescand

o.B．Wherebeeslearnskills.C．Howbeesteachothers.D．Howbees’brainswork.D解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一句．..theteamisinterestedinfiguringou

tthebrainprocessesbehindthebees’learningandteachingskills.可知，科研团队对大黄蜂学习和传播技能的大脑思考过程很感兴趣，因此，接下来他们应该会研究大黄蜂大脑的工作

原理。故选D项。8．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．SmallBees,GreatAbilitiesB．BeesCanLearnandTeachC．BeesAreSmarterD．LetBeesLearnB解析：标题归纳题。综合全文尤其第一

段可知，文章主要介绍了一项科学发现，即大黄蜂经过训练可以学习并传播所学技能，故选B项。C(2017·安徽百所重点高三二模)Ihadthehonourofbeingelectedchiefofmytribe(部落)．Withthetitlecamegreatresponsibil

ity.ItwasmyjobtomakepeacewiththeMaoriTamakitribe,whosevillagewevisited.Theirsoldiersjumpedfromacanoeandfacedusdownwithfiercecrying,stickingeyesandmuc

hnoiseofsticks.Theylaidapalmleafonthegroundand,ashead,Iwasforcedtoacceptthispeaceofferingbypickingitup,thentouchingn

oseswiththeirchief.“Kiaora，”hesaid,welcomingusintothewoodlandhomeofhispeople.My“tribe”wasmyNewZealandcoachtourgroup,whohadfor

cedmeintobeingtheirleader.We’dbeenwarnedthattheceremonywasaseriousoccasionandthattolaughorevensmilewouldbeconsideredrudetotheTamaki.Afterthatitw

asnon-stopfunastheydemonstratedtheirancientcustomsandIreceivedinstructioninperformingthehaka,thewardanceimm

ortalized(使不朽)bytheAllBlacksrugbyteam.Thentheypulledourdinneroflamb,beefandvegetablesoutoftheground.Ithadbeenslow-cookedin

theheatjustbelowthesurfaceinthegeothermal(地热的)areaofNorthIsland,aMaoritraditionknownasahangithatgoesbackanextremelylongpe

riodoftime.Obviously,thisformofitisputonfortouristsbutitwashugelyenjoyable.Thejourneybacktothehotelwasaloneworththeeffort,o

urelderMaoridriverbeingdeservingofhisowntelevisionshow.“Thewheelsonthebusgoroundandround，”hegotussinging,whilehecircuitedar

oundaboutthreetimes.Acoupleofdaysfromtheendofourtrip,therewasstillsomethingmissing,aNewZealandiconIwantedtoseetomakemygrandt

ourcomplete.Ridingoveraridge,thereitwas—Aotearoa.TheMaorinameforNewZealandtranslatesas“thelandofthelongwhitecl

oud”.CanIsay“Kiaora,Aotearoa？”YoubetIcan.[解题导语]本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述了他去新西兰旅游时接触到的毛利文化。9．Howwerethevisitorsgreetedinthetribe?A．Thesoldiersmadeapalmleaf

road.B．Thesoldierstouchedtheirnoses.C．Thesoldiersshooksticksfiercely.D．Thesoldiersmadenoisewithshuteyes.C解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Theirsoldiersjumpedfromac

anoeandfacedusdownwithfiercecrying,stickingeyesandmuchnoiseofsticks.Theylaidapalmleafonthegroundand”可知，毛利

部落的勇士们从独木舟上跳下来，用狂热的叫喊、瞪大的眼睛和巨大的棍棒晃动声将作者一行人镇住了，他们还在地面上放置一片棕榈叶。这些都是毛利人对游客表示欢迎的方式。故选C。10．WhichreferstotheMaoricookingcustom?A．Kiaora.B

．Haka.C．Hangi.D．Tamaki.C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thentheypulledourdinneroflamb,beefandvegetablesoutoftheground.Ithadbeenslow­cookedi

ntheheat...aMaoritraditionknownasahangi...”可知，在地下土炉中烹制食物是毛利饮食传统，这被称为hangi。11．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthedrive

r?A．Hewasgoodatsinging.B．Hemadethejourneymemorable.C．Hewasnotfamiliarwiththeroad.D．HeperformedwellonaTVshow.B解析

：推理判断题。根据第四段的“Thejourneybacktothehotelwasaloneworththeeffort，ourelderMaoridriverbeingdeservingofhisowntelevisionshow.”可知，作者一行人的回宾馆之旅让他

们难忘：有表演天赋的毛利老司机让作者他们一路欢歌，故选B。12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ATasteofMaoriCultureB．Hello,NewZealandC．TheHonourofBeingaTribeChiefD．TheBestofNe

wZealandA解析：标题归纳题。作者作为赴新西兰的旅游团的队长，在旅游中有幸接触毛利文化，这给作者留下了深刻的印象，故A项“体验毛利文化”作标题最佳。