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高考英语写作的结构与表述宏观与微观阅读共识▲了解段落的基本结构和内部逻辑关系，分析文章的体裁类型及其结构，将有助于我们对文章的整体理解。▲领悟语篇，了解作者的写作意图、思路、目的，挖掘文章字里行间所隐藏的深层意思，把握全局，从鉴赏

的角度来理解文章的深刻内涵，才是在进行真正意义上的阅读。他山之石▲段落是文章的缩影，帮助我们把文章分割为各个小部分，便于我们对文章进行正确的理解。▲与汉语的螺旋式思维不同，英语段落的一个基本特点是按照直线展开，即先陈述段落的中

心意思，然后分别叙述说明。▲英语文章在展开中心意思的过程中，段落中的一个句子应该顺其自然地从它前面的句子产生出来。段落构成▲段落是由彼此关联的一组句子构成的。这些句子并非随意堆砌在一起，而是遵循一定的逻辑，组织在一起，共同表达一个中心思想。▲段落一般包括三个部分：主题句、推展句和结论句。▲主题句

是表达段落主题的句子；推展句式主题句的支持者，通常以事实、数据、证据以及观点的形式存在，其作用是证明并澄清主题句；结论句主要发挥总结、重申或强调主题的作用。▲主题句所出现的位置不同，作用也不同：在段首时，它统领全段；在段中时，它承上启下；在段尾时，它概括全段。段落

构成▲主题句在段首主题句推展句1推展句2推展句3结论句段落构成▲主题句在段中主题句推展句1推展句2推展句4推展句3段落构成▲主题句在段尾推展句1推展句2推展句3结论句/主题句段内逻辑•Everystud

entwillbefacedwiththequestionwhenhepassesthecollegeentranceexaminations:Shouldwechooseagoodmajororagooduniversityfirst?（1）Somestuden

tsprefertoconsidermajorsfirstsothattheycanlearnwhattheyareinterestedin.（2）Itwillalsomakeitpossibleforthemto

taketheirfavoritejobsinthefuture.（3）However,thosewhothinkdifferentlybelievethattheenvironmentisimportanttoone’sdevelopmen

tandthatgraduatesfromleadinguniversitiesareoftenmorelikelytofindagoodjob.（4）Inmyopinion,thebestchoiceisagoodmajoratagooduniversity

.（5）思考：五个句子之间的关系怎样？（主题句？推展句？结论句？）文本1段内逻辑▲比较与对照法句子1提出问题句子2句子3分析问题1（专业优先）句子4分析问题2（学校优先）(However)观点对比句子5得出结论（Opinion）分析1专业vs.大学▲比较与对照法比较法侧重两种事物之间的相似之处

。常用标志词语：also,like,same,as...as...,similarto,resemble,likewise,comparedwith,etc.对比法侧重两种事物之间的不同之处。常用标志词语：but,while,however,u

nlike,incontrast,notso...as...,ontheonehand...ontheother...,comparedto,etc.•Whatshouldthevolunteersforthe2008OlympicGamesinBeijing?（1）Firstly,theysh

ouldbepoliteandfriendlytotheathletesandvisitorsfromallovertheworld,andavoidimproperbehaviour.（2）Secondly

,theyshouldsticktotheirposts,offeringgoodservices,satisfyinganyreasonableneedsandbeingreadytohelpthoseindifficul

ty,andneverfailtodotheirduty.（3）Thirdly,theyshouldintroducetheChinesecultureandhistorytoforeignerssothattheymayknowChinabette

r,andneversayordoanythingthatharmstheimageofourmotherland.（4）So,aboveall,beingavolunteershouldputresponsibilityfirst.(5)文本2段内逻辑思

考：五句话的内在关系怎样？段内逻辑▲顺序法分析2So,aboveall,......Whatshouldthevolunteers...？Secondly......Thirdly......Firstly......提出问题分析问题解决问题▲顺

序法在英文段落和文章中，事件的发生、发展都是按照一定的时间、空间以及逻辑等顺序来组织的。阅读者头脑中有了一个明确的逻辑顺序，把握了事件的时间、空间发展上的连续性，有助于快速地理解和抓住中心思想。▲顺序法时间顺序first(ly),second(ly),atfirst,t

hen,next,after,later,finally,atlast,intheend,etc.空间顺序on,in,under,above,below,beside,to,behind,inthemiddle,ontheleft(right),nextto,op

posite,over,up,down,ontopof,atthebottom,etc.逻辑顺序and,also,besides,furthermore,inaddition,mostimportantly,prima

ry,top,chief,etc.•Therearethreekindsofbookowners.(1)Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbestsellers---unread,untouched.(2)Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks---

afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.(3)Thethirdhasafewbooksor

many---everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenbycontinualuse,markedandscribbledinfromfront

toback.(4)段内逻辑文本3思考：你属于哪种书的拥有者？分析3段内逻辑▲分类法afew/readthrough,most/dippedinto,all/ascleanandshinyThethird...Thesecond...Thefirst

...Threekindsofbooksdog-eared,dilapidated,shaken,scribbledunread,untouched分述[层次1]总述分述[层次2]▲分类法分类的基本原则▲依据同一个标准分类▲所分类别之间互不包容▲所分类别完整▲依据熟悉程度排列▲使用分类词

和例举符号表示分类关系的标志词：kind,type,group,thought,way,class,part,element,factor,aspect,division,reasons,characteristics,subdivision,category,etc.•Knowledge

andpowerarethetwothingsmostdesiredbyman.(1)Ontheonehand,powerdependsonknowledge.(2)Knowledgetopowerisjustlikeacompasstoash

ip,bywhichhersailingismadesafelyacrossanunknownocean.(3)Agreatstatesmanoralearnedscholarcangivehisgoodservice

stohiscountryjustbecausehehasperfectandprofoundknowledge.(4)Ontheotherhand,poweronlyfollowsknowledge.(5)Amancannotdoanythingwellunlessheha

ssomeinformationashowtodoitwell.(6)Amanwillsometimeslosehiswayinastrangeland;anapprenticecannotproduceanydelicatework.(7)Whyaretheseso

?(8)Becausetheyareinwantofknowledge.(9)Butallinall,howcanwefulfillourfuturetasks?(10)Togetmoreknowledg

eistheonlyanswer.(11)段内逻辑文本4段内逻辑分析4▲因果关系Knowledgeandpower//mostdesiredbyman.Powerdependsonknowledge.Poweronlyfollowsknowledge.Knowledgetopower//ac

ompasstoaship.Amancannotdoanythingwellunless...Togetmoreknowledge陈述观点解释[层次1]解释[层次2]得出结论▲因果关系表示因果关系的标记词：be

cause(of),as,for,so,since,dueto,owingto,nowthat,inthat,onaccountof,resultfrom/in,therefore,asaresult,inconsequence,accord

ingly,thus,hence段内逻辑文本5Aforeigner'sfirstimpressionoftheU.S.islikelytobethateveryoneisinarush---oftenunderp

ressure.(1)Citypeoplealwaysappeartobehurryingtogetwheretheyaregoingrestlessly,seekingattentioninastore,andelbowingothersasth

eytrytocompletetheirerrands(任务).(2)Racingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinthiscountry.(3)Workingtimeisconsideredprecious.(4)Othersinpublic

eatingplacesarewaitingforyoutofinishsothattheytoocanbeservedandgetbacktoworkwithinthetimeallowed.(5)Eachpersonhurriesto

makeroomforthenextperson.(6)Ifyoudon’t,waiterswillhurryyou.(7)Youalsofinddriverswillbeabruptandpeoplewillpushpastyou.(8)Youwillmisssmil

es,briefconversations,andsmallcourtesieswithstrangers.(9)Don'ttakeitpersonally.(10)Thisisbecausepeoplevaluetimehighly,andtheyresentsomeoneelse"wa

sting"itbeyondacertaincourtesypoint.(11)段内逻辑分析5▲举例法Aforeigner'sfirstimpressionoftheU.S//everyoneisinarushCitypeoplealwaysappeartobehurrying..

.Workingtimeisconsideredprecious...driverswillbeabruptandpeoplewillpushpastyou...主题句举例论述举例1举例2举例3▲举例法举例法就是段落开始就给出中心句，

开门见山，点明主题，然后以具体事例为基本材料阐述主题句的思想，支持主题句的观点，以生动的例子使抽象的观点具体化。段落发展格式为：主题句+事例1+事例2+事例3+......常用标志词语：forexample,forins

tance,toillustrate,suchas,take...asamexample,acaseinpoint,etc.