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SectionⅡListeningandSpeaking&ReadingandThinking——LanguagePoints1．mentaladj.精神的；思想的→mentallyadv.精神地；思想地2．intelligenta

dj.有智慧的；聪明的；有智力的→intelligencen．智力；智慧；才智3．universen．宇宙；天地万物→universaladj.普遍的；全体的；全世界的→universallyadv.全体地，一致地4．determinevt.查明；

确定；决定→determinedadj.意志坚定的；有决心的→determinationn．决心；果断5．agency→n.(政府的)专门机构；服务机构；代理处→agentn．代理人；经纪人6．transmitvt.&vi.传输；发送→transm

issionn．传送；传递；发送；发射→transmittern．发射机；发射台；传播者，传输者7．disappointedadj.失望的；沮丧的→disappointvt.使失望；使沮丧→disappointmentn．失望；沮丧8．desiren．渴望；欲望vt.渴望；期望→desir

ableadj.合意的；可取的；值得拥有的9．independentadj.独立的；自立的→independentlyadv.独立地；自立地1．launchvt.&n.发射；发起；上市①Theenemylaunchedanattac

kagain.发起②ThenewmodelwillbelaunchedinJuly.上市③Chinawilllaunchanothersatelliteintospace.发射④TheofficiallaunchdateisinMay.上市，发行2．orbitn．(环绕

地球、太阳等运行的)轨道；势力范围vt.&vi.沿轨道运行；环绕„„运行①Anewsatellitehasbeenputintoorbitaroundtheearth.轨道②Youshouldcomewithin

hisorbit.势力范围③Theearthtakeayeartoorbitthesun.环绕„„运行3．signalvt.&vi标志者；标明；发信号n.信号；标志①Atanagreedsignaltheylefttheroom.信号②Don'tfireuntilIsignal.发信号③T

heannouncementsignalledaclearchangeofpolicy.标明WordsAndPhrases知识要点1determinedadj.有决心的；意志坚定的(教材P40)However，somescientistsweredeterminedt

ohelphumansrealisetheirdreamtoexplorespace.然而，一些科学家决意要帮助人类实现探索太空的梦想。[例1]Shewasdeterminedtoloseweightsuccessfull

ythistime.这一次，她下定决心一定要减肥成功。[例2]Hisfathermadeadeterminedefforttoquitsmoking.他爸爸戒烟是意志坚定的。[造句](2015·福建卷)决心努力学习后

，他在墙上挖了洞从邻居家“偷”光以便晚上读书。Determinedtostudyhard，heboredaholeinthewallto“steal”lightfromhisneighbortoreadatnight.[

知识拓展](1)determine＋从句决定„„determinetodosth.决定做某事(强调动作)determineon/upon(doing)sth.就(做)某事做出决定(2)determinedadj.有决心的；坚决的bedeterminedtodosth.决心做某事(

强调状态)(3)determinationn.决心[提示]bedetermined(not)todosth.表示状态，是一种延续状态，可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，而determinetodosth.表示动作，不能与表时间段的状语连用。类似用法的单词还有preparefor（表动作）b

epreparedfor（表状态），worryabout（表动作）beworriedabout（表状态）[即学即练]单句语法填空①Shedeterminedtowork(work)twiceashardasbeforetomakeupforthelosttime.②Ihavede

terminedon/uponworkingasavolunteerteacherinthecountrysideaftergraduation.③Withdetermination(determine)，I'msur

eIcanovercomewhateverhardshipsanddangersImaymeetwith.④Thedetermined(determine)lookintheireyestoldusthatnothingcouldmakethemchangetheirminds.[小片段

助记]HehasbeendeterminedtolearnEnglishwell.Sohedeterminedon/uponreadingEnglisheverymorningwiththisgreatdete

rmination.I'msurehewillsucceedinlearningitwelloneday.知识要点2transmitvt.&vi.传输；发送(教材P40)...anditstilltransmitsdatatoday„„时至今日它仍然能传送数据。[例1]Theceremonyw

astransmittedlivebysatellitetoover50countries.典礼通过卫星向50多个国家进行了实况转播。[例2]Wecanreceivethesignalstransmittedfrom

asatelliteinspace.我们可以接收通过太空的卫星传送的信号。[造句]为什么我们要把数据传到学校的电脑中？Whydowehavetotransmitthedatatothecomputerofourscho

ol?[知识拓展](1)transmitsth.(from)...to把某物(从„„)传到„„(2)transmittern.发射台；传播者(3)transmissionn.传播；发射[即学即练]单句语法填空①

Themessagewastransmittedfromaradiostationtoaudience.②It'sgenerallybelievedthatschoolaretransmitters(transmitter)ormo

ralvalues.③Thetransmission(transmit)ofthediseasehasbeencontrollednow.知识要点3disappointedadj.失望的；沮丧的(教材P41

)Thesedisastersmakeeveryonesadanddisappointed...这些灾难让每个人感到伤心和失望„„[例1]Shewasdeeplydisappointedatlosingtherace

.比赛输了，她很沮丧。[例2]Thesejobsdidn'tpaywell，andthepeoplefeltlonelyanddisappointedattheirnewlifeinthecity.这些工作报酬不高，而且人们感到孤独，对城市的新生活感到

失望。[造句]这部影片被吹捧为杰作，可是我觉得令人失望。Thefilmwasbuiltuptobeamasterpiece，butIfounditverydisappointing.[知识拓展](1)bedisappointedabout/at

/in...对„„感到失望bedisappointedtodosth.做某事失望bedisappointedthat...感到失望„„(2)disappointingadj.令人失望的disappointsb.使某人失望toone'sdisappointment令某人失望的是[即学即练]单句语法

填空①Thenextday，wegotadisappointing(disappoint)messagethatanotherbuyerhadofferedamuchhigherprice.②Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebuss

top，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousanddisappointed(disappoint)．③Tomygreatdisappointment(disappoint)，thecouncilrefusedtoconsidermyproposal.[小片段助记]M

uchtomydisappointment，hewasalsodisappointedatthedisappointingnewsthathewasrefusedbythecompany.知识要点4desiren．渴望；欲望vt.渴望；期望(教材P41)...butthedesiret

oexploretheuniverseneverdied.„„但是(人们)探索宇宙的渴望从未泯灭。[例1]Evenso，sheimpressedtheworldwithhercourageandstrongdesiretosucceed.即使如此，她的勇

气和对成功的强烈渴望令世人印象深刻。[例2]IdesirethattheselettersshouldbeburnedafterIleave.我期望我走了以后把这些信件都烧掉。[造句]他总是强烈渴望着学习飞行。Healwayshadastrongdesiretolearnhowt

ofly.[知识拓展](1)haveastrongdesiretodosth.迫切想要做某事forsth.急于想得到某物(2)desiretodosth.渴望做某事desiresb.todosth.想要某人做某事desirethat...(shoul

d)dosth.渴望„„(3)desirableadj.想要的；可取的；值得拥有的[提示]desire不用于进行时态。意为“期望”时，后接宾语从句，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。另外，含desi

re的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句也要使用虚拟语气。[即学即练]单句语法填空①Wealwaysdesiretolive(live)inpeacewithalltheothercountriesintheworld.②Shehasastrongdesire

forknowledgeandwantstogotocollegeverymuch.③Hehadastrongdesiretofree(free)herfamilyfromtrouble.④Shehadastrongdesireforfame.[小片段助记]Hehasastron

gdesiretogethisdesirablethings，healsodesiredthathissonbeadmittedbyakeyuniversity，sohedesiredhissontoworkhardatschool.知识要点5carryon继续做，坚持干(教材P41)Thi

sisbecausepeoplebelieveintheimportanceofcarryingonspaceexplorationdespitethehugerisks.这是因为人们仍然坚信太空探索的重要性，哪怕面临巨大的风险。[例1]Whyn

otstudyatmedicalcollegelikeLinQiaozhiandcarryonhergoodwork?为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？[例2]Don'tstop.Pleasecarryon.别停。请继续。[例3]Shethrewtheballbackto

theboyandthencarriedonreadingherbook.她把球扔回给男孩，然后继续看她的书。[例4]CanyoucarryonwithyourworkwhileIamaway？我不在的时候你能继续干你的活吗？[造句]①他离开

后，我只管尽力像往常一样继续干。AfterheleftIjusttriedtocarryonasusual.②尽管条件极其困难，我们仍必须坚持下去，直到成功。Wemustcarryontillsuccessinspiteoftheextremelydifficultcondi

tions.[知识拓展]carryonwith...继续„„carryonaconversation继续对话carryout完成；实行；执行carryouttheplan实施计划carryoutanexperiment

做试验carrythrough帮„„渡过(难关等)[即学即练]单句语法填空①Ifyoucarryonworking(work)likethat，youwillbreakdownsoonerorlater.②Ihateitwhenshecallsmeatwor

k—I'malwaystoobusytocarryonaconversationwithher.③Theycarryonwiththeirexperimentdespitestrongopposition.[小片段助记

]Youshouldcarryouttheorderandcarryonwiththetaskuntilitiscarriedthrough.知识要点6onboard在宇宙飞船上；在船上；在飞机上(教材P41)ItorbitsEarthandhasastr

onautsfromdifferentcountriesonboard...它绕地球运行，上面搭乘着不同国家的宇航员„„[例1]Haveallthepassengersgoneonboardyet?所有乘客都登机了吗？[例2]Theyhavegoneonboar

d.他们已经上船了。[造句]飞机上所有的参观者都被要求出示护照。Allthevisitorsonboardwereaskedtoshowtheirpassports.[知识拓展](1)boardvt.&vi.上船/车/飞机等(2)aboardadv

.&prep.上船/飞机/车；在船/飞机/车上goaboardtheship/theplane/thetrain＝boardtheship/theplane/thetrain上船/飞机/火车等(3)abroadadj.国外的goabroad出国

homeandabroad国内外[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thatafternoonaboardthetrain，thecousinssettleddownintheirseats.②Pleaseboardt

hetrainimmediately.＝Pleasegoaboardthetrainrightaway.③Pleasepayattentiontothenewsfromhomeandabroad．知识要点7independentlyad

v.独立地；自立地(教材P41)Chinabecamethethirdcountryintheworldtoindependentlysendhumansintospacein2003...在2003

年，中国成为世界上第三个独立把人类送入太空的国家„„[例1]Thetwodepartmentsworkindependentlyofeachother.这两个部门独立运作。[例2]Itwasthefirsttimethathehadlivedindependently.那是她第一次独立生活。[造句

]警方应该不受政府的直接控制。Thepoliceforceshouldbeindependentofdirectgovernmentcontrol.[知识拓展](1)beindependentof独立于；不受„„约束(2)independencen.独立；自主ga

inindependence(from)(脱离„„)获得独立(3)dependentadj.依靠的，依赖的bedependenton依靠，依赖dependon(＝relyon)依靠，依赖[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thecountrygainedfullind

ependencefromBritainin1960，whenpeoplecouldn'thidetheirexcitement.②Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobe

independent(depend)．③Whenthedelayedflightwilltakeoffdependsmuchontheweather.知识要点8signalvt.&vi.标志着；标明；发信号n.信号；标志(教材P41)Thissignalledonestepfurtheri

nChina'splantoestablishaspacestationinthefuture.这标志着中国未来建立空间站的计划又前进了一步。[例1]Assoonasitwasdark，MrsEvansgavethesignal.天一黑，埃文斯夫人就发出了信号。[例2

]Youmustn'tfirewithoutmysignal.没有我的信号不许开枪。[造句]为了不让别人听到自己的声音，她竖起手指示意有人正在楼上走动。Inordernottobeheard，shepointedherfingerupwardstosignalthatsomeonewasm

ovingaboutupstairs.[知识拓展](1)signaltosb.todosth.示意某人做某事signal(tosb.)that...示意(某人)„„(2)atrafficsignal交通信号sendoutasignal发出信号[明辨异同]signal/s

ymbol/sign/marksignal指为某一目的而有意发出的信号symbol指象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物sign普通用词，指人们公认的事物的标志，也可指某种情况的征兆mark普通用词，含义广泛。既可

指为便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于其他事物的特征[即学即练]单句语法填空①Assoonashesatdownatthetable,hesignalledtothewaitertobringthemenu.②Thepolicemansignalledth

edrivertostop(stop)hiscarbyraisinghishand.③Hestoodup，signalling(signal)tothepoliceofficerthathehadfini

shedtalkingwithhisclient.[小片段助记]Somethingwaswrongwiththetrafficsignalinthestreet，sothepolicemansignalledtothepedestrianst

ocomecrossthestreet.Hestoodtherewithhisrighthandraised，signallingtoustostop.SentencePatterns重点句式1不定式作后置

定语(教材P40)...on12April1961，YuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldtogointospace.„„在1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林

成为世界上进入太空的第一人。句式分析：togointospace是不定式作后置定语，修饰thefirstperson。[例1]Shewasthefirstathletetowinthegoldmedalinthe29thOlympicGames.她

是在第29届奥运会上第一位获得金牌的运动员。[例2]ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColombia，closelyfollowedbyJuliaSmithfromBritain.第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼·加西亚，随

后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。[知识拓展](1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级、thenext，theonly，thelast等修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语。(2)动词不定式作定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的有：

ability，chance，ambition，offer，anxiety，answer，reply，attempt，belief等。[造句]①他是一个总是吃苦在前、享乐在后的人。Heisalwaysthefirsttobearhardship

sandthelasttoenjoycomforts.②远处的村子里没有信号，所有联系你的尝试也失败了。Therewasnosignalinthatfarawayvillageandallmyattemptstocontractyoufailed

.[即学即练]单句语法填空①Heisalwaysthefirsttocome(come)andthelasttoleave(leave)．②Shewasthefirstwomantowin(win)thegoldmedalintheOlympicGames.③Thanky

ouforgivingmethechancetomake(make)thespeech.重点句式2Thisisbecause...句型(教材P41)Thisisbecausepeoplebelieveintheimp

ortanceofcarryingonspaceexplorationdespitethehugerisks.这是因为人们坚信太空探索的重要性，哪怕面临巨大的风险。句式分析：此句为主从复合句，because引导表语从句，句式结构为This/Thatwa

s/isbecause...[例1]Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio，thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最

好的英语。[例2]Hewaslateforschool.Thiswasbecausehisbikewasbroken.他上学迟到是因为自行车坏了。[造句]他没有赶上早班车，那是因为他今天早上起晚了。Hemissedthefirstbusandthatwasbecauseh

egotuplatethismorning.[知识拓展](1)This/Thatisbecause...意为“这/那是因为„„”，用来表示原因(2)This/Thatiswhy...意为“这/那是为什么„„”，用来表示结果(3)Ther

easonwhy...isthat....意为“„„的原因就是„„”，why引导定语从句，that引导表语从句[即学即练](1)单句语法填空①Hedidnotseethefilmlastnight.Thatisbecausehehadto

helphislittlesisterwithherhomework.②Thereasonwhywehavetostudycomputeristhatitbecomesmoreandmoreusefulinourdailylife.③HeandIhaveworkedto

getherforacoupleofyears；that'swhyIknowhimprettywell.(2)完成句子①他失望的原因是他考试失败。Thereasonwhyhewasdisappointedwasthathefail

edintheexam.②他起晚了，这就是他为什么没赶上第一班车的原因。Hegotuplate，andthisiswhyhemissedthefirstbusthismorning.重点句式3notonly...butalso句型

(教材P41)Despitethedifficulties，scientistshopefuturediscoverieswillnotonlyenableustounderstandhowtheun

iversebegan，butalsohelpussurvivewellintothefuture.尽管困难重重，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能够使我们了解宇宙的起源，而且帮助我们更好地进入未来。句式分析：notonly...butalso...用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，

其意为“不仅„„而且„„”；其中的also有时可以省略。[例1]Heworksnotonlyonweekdaysbutalsoonweekendsaswell.他不仅平时工作，周末也工作。[例2]Franklinwasconsiderednotonlyaninventor，but

alsoastatesman.富兰克林不仅被看作发明家而且也是一名政治家。[造句]太阳不仅给我们光还给我们热。Notonlydoesthesungiveuslightbutitalsogivesusheat.

[知识拓展]notonly...butalso...结构表示“不但/仅„„而且„„”，通常可以连接两个并列的谓语、宾语、表语、状语等，还可以连接两个并列的句子(1)notonlyAbutalsoB＝BaswellasA(2)notonly...butalso.

..连接两个分句时，若notonly位于句首，notonly所在的分句要部分倒装，butalso后面的分句不倒装(3)notonly...butalso...连接并列主语时，遵守“就近原则”(4)notonly只能连用，而butalso既可连用，也可分开用，also也可省略[即学即练](

1)单句语法填空①Toachieve“Chinesedream”willbenefitnotonlyChinesepeoplebutalsopeopleacrosstheworld.②Notonlydidweforg

ettoturnoffthelightinthekitchen，butwealsofailedtolockthefrontdoor.③Notonlythechildrenbutalsotheircoachlikes(like)playi

ngfootball.(2)完成句子①古典名著不仅带给你快乐和刺激，还鼓励你批判性地思考。Classicworksnotonlyofferyoujoyandexcitement，butalsoencourageyoutothinkcritically.②观测未来主题公园不仅仅适合

个人(旅游)，也适合学生全班出游，因为它是娱乐与学习的完美结合。Futuroscopeisnotonlyforindividuals，butisalsotheperfectmixoffunandlearningforclassoutings.1．Aftermanyexperiments，

theysucceededinmakingrocketsthatcouldescapeEarth'sgravity.[分析]本句为复合句，after引导的短语作时间状语，that引导的定语从句修饰先行词rockets。[译文]经过多次实验之后，他们成

功地造出了能够逃脱地球引力的火箭。2．Chinabecamethethirdcountryintheworldtoindependentlysendhumansintospacein2003，whenYangLiweisuccessfullyorbitedEarthinShenzh

ou5spacecraft.[分析]本句为复合句，when引导一个非限制性定语从句，对2003年进行补充说明，toindependentlysendhumansintospace是不定式作后置定语修饰country。[译文]在2003年，中国成为世界上第三个独立把人类送

入太空的国家，当时杨利伟乘着神舟五号宇宙飞船成功地进行了绕地飞行。3．Despitethedifficulties，scientistshopefuturediscoverieswillnotonlyenableustounderstandhowtheuniversebe

gan，butalsohelpussurvivewellintothefuture.[分析]本句为复合句。hope后跟一个宾语从句，从句中两个动词enable和help由notonly...butalso连接起来；另外how又引导一个

宾语从句作understand的宾语。[译文]尽管困难重重，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能够使我们了解宇宙的起源，而且还帮助我们更好地走向未来。教材高考1....anditstilltransmitsdatatoday.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Asdataandidentitythe

ftbecomesmoreandmorecommon...2.Despitethedifficulties，scientistshopefuturediscoverieswillnotonlyenableustounderstandhowtheu

niversebegan，butalsohelpussurvivewellintothefuture.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes，butitisalsoresponsibl

eforthoseoutcomes，too.3.Listentotwointerviewswith(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Bacteriaareanastronautsandlearntotalkaboutastronauts'lifeinspace.an

noyingproblemforastronauts.4.Space：TheFinalFrontier(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Space：theFinalHomeworkFrontier5.ItorbitsEarthandhasastronautsfromdifferent

countriesonboard...(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Imagineachildstandingonadivingboardfourfeethighandaskinghimselfthequestion...Ⅰ.

单句语法填空1．Theyaretalkingaboutastronauts'(astronaut)lifeinspace.2．Hedesiredallthestudents(should)wear(wear)theschooluniformtoattendthepa

rty.3．Muchtoherdisappointment(disappoint)，hewasrefusedbythecompany.4．Thetransmission(transmit)ofthesatellitecostthecountriesalotofmoney.5．With

greatdetermination(determine)，heovercameallthedifficultyhemetinclimbingthehighmountain.6．Afterhavingashortrest，hecarriedonwithhiswork.7．Hedesiredtoli

veindependently(independent)aftergraduatingfromcollege.8．Theteachersignalled(signal)totheboytostopinfronto

fclassmates.9．Hewasthefirstpersontoarrive(arrive)attheairportyesterdayafternoon.10．Hedidn'tcometoschoolthismo

rningandthatisbecausehewasill.Ⅱ.语境填空carryon；onboard；inthehopeof；soasto；findout；focuson；bedeterminedtodo；fo

rexample；believein；leadto1．Asweallknow，carelessdrivingwillleadtoaccident.2．Nowmankindarefocusingonsendingpeoplein

toMars.3．Hehasbeendeterminedtogiveupsmoking，sohethrewawayhisremainingcigarettes.4．Itisunbelievablethatsomanypeoplebelieveingoodinsuchal

ittlecountry.5．Hecarriedonuntilsuccessdespitethedifficulties.6．Theydidtheresearchinthehopeoffindingthere

almurdereroftheaccident.7．Peoplewillalwayscontinuetoexplorespacesoastolearnitssecrets.8．Tofindoutthesecretsoftheuniverse，weconstan

tlysendbravepeopleintospace.9．Thepassengersonboardareaskednottousetheirphoneswhentheplanetakesoff.10．Forexampl

e，somestudentsshouldstudyingroup，whilesomeshouldstudyalone.Ⅲ.课文语法填空Mankindisexploringspaceinthehopeof1.fi

nding(find)outmoresecretsoftheuniverse.Exploringspaceisbothdangerous2.andchallenging，butthedesire3.toexplore(explore)theuniverseneverdied.On4Oct

ober1957，theSputnik1satellite4.waslaunched(launch)bytheUSSRandsuccessfullyorbitedaroundEarth.Afterwards，YuriGagarinbecame

thefirstperson5.togo(go)intospaceintheworld.On20July，1969，AmericanastronautNeilArmstrongsteppedontothemoon，6.famously(famous)saying，“That'sonesm

allstepforaman，onegiantleapformankind.”Chinahasmadegreatprogressinexploringspacein2003，andhassuccessfullysentYangLiweiintospaceandorbited

EarthintheShenzhou5spacecraft，7.becoming(become)thethirdcountryintheworldto8.independently(independent)sendhumansintospace.Peoplewi

llcontinuetoexplorethisfinalfrontier，andthisis9.becausetheybelieveintheimportanceofcarryingonspaceexploration10.despitethehu

gerisk.