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SectionⅡListeningandSpeaking&ReadingandThinking——LanguagePoints1．mentaladj.精神的；思想的→mentallyadv.精神地；思想地2．intelligentadj.有智慧的；聪明的；有智力的→intelligencen．智力

；智慧；才智3．universen．宇宙；天地万物→universaladj.普遍的；全体的；全世界的→universallyadv.全体地，一致地4．determinevt.查明；确定；决定→determinedadj.意志坚定的；有决心的→determinationn．

决心；果断5．agency→n.(政府的)专门机构；服务机构；代理处→agentn．代理人；经纪人6．transmitvt.&vi.传输；发送→transmissionn．传送；传递；发送；发射→transmittern．发射机；发射台；传播者，传输者7．disappointedadj.失望

的；沮丧的→disappointvt.使失望；使沮丧→disappointmentn．失望；沮丧8．desiren．渴望；欲望vt.渴望；期望→desirableadj.合意的；可取的；值得拥有的9．independentadj.独立的；自立的→independ

entlyadv.独立地；自立地1．launchvt.&n.发射；发起；上市①Theenemylaunchedanattackagain.发起②ThenewmodelwillbelaunchedinJuly.上市③Chinawilllaunchanothersatellit

eintospace.发射④TheofficiallaunchdateisinMay.上市，发行2．orbitn．(环绕地球、太阳等运行的)轨道；势力范围vt.&vi.沿轨道运行；环绕„„运行①Anewsatellitehasbeenputintoorbitaroundtheea

rth.轨道②Youshouldcomewithinhisorbit.势力范围③Theearthtakeayeartoorbitthesun.环绕„„运行3．signalvt.&vi标志者；标明；发信号n.信号；标志①Atanagreedsignaltheylefttheroom

.信号②Don'tfireuntilIsignal.发信号③Theannouncementsignalledaclearchangeofpolicy.标明WordsAndPhrases知识要点1determinedadj.有决心的；意志坚定的(教材P40)Howev

er，somescientistsweredeterminedtohelphumansrealisetheirdreamtoexplorespace.然而，一些科学家决意要帮助人类实现探索太空的梦想。[例1]

Shewasdeterminedtoloseweightsuccessfullythistime.这一次，她下定决心一定要减肥成功。[例2]Hisfathermadeadeterminedefforttoqu

itsmoking.他爸爸戒烟是意志坚定的。[造句](2015·福建卷)决心努力学习后，他在墙上挖了洞从邻居家“偷”光以便晚上读书。Determinedtostudyhard，heboredaholeinthewallto“steal”lightfromhisneigh

bortoreadatnight.[知识拓展](1)determine＋从句决定„„determinetodosth.决定做某事(强调动作)determineon/upon(doing)sth.就(做)某事做出决定(2)determin

edadj.有决心的；坚决的bedeterminedtodosth.决心做某事(强调状态)(3)determinationn.决心[提示]bedetermined(not)todosth.表示状态，是一种延续状态，可以与表

示一段时间的状语连用，而determinetodosth.表示动作，不能与表时间段的状语连用。类似用法的单词还有preparefor（表动作）bepreparedfor（表状态），worryabout（表动作）be

worriedabout（表状态）[即学即练]单句语法填空①Shedeterminedtowork(work)twiceashardasbeforetomakeupforthelosttime.②Ihavedetermin

edon/uponworkingasavolunteerteacherinthecountrysideaftergraduation.③Withdetermination(determine)，I'msureIcanovercomewhateverha

rdshipsanddangersImaymeetwith.④Thedetermined(determine)lookintheireyestoldusthatnothingcouldmakethemchanget

heirminds.[小片段助记]HehasbeendeterminedtolearnEnglishwell.Sohedeterminedon/uponreadingEnglisheverymorningwiththisgreatdetermination

.I'msurehewillsucceedinlearningitwelloneday.知识要点2transmitvt.&vi.传输；发送(教材P40)...anditstilltransmitsdatat

oday„„时至今日它仍然能传送数据。[例1]Theceremonywastransmittedlivebysatellitetoover50countries.典礼通过卫星向50多个国家进行了实况转播。[例2]Wecanreceivethesignalstransmi

ttedfromasatelliteinspace.我们可以接收通过太空的卫星传送的信号。[造句]为什么我们要把数据传到学校的电脑中？Whydowehavetotransmitthedatatothecomputerofourschool?[知识拓展](1)transmitsth.(from)..

.to把某物(从„„)传到„„(2)transmittern.发射台；传播者(3)transmissionn.传播；发射[即学即练]单句语法填空①Themessagewastransmittedfromaradiostationtoaudience.②It'sgenerallybelievedth

atschoolaretransmitters(transmitter)ormoralvalues.③Thetransmission(transmit)ofthediseasehasbeencontrollednow.知识要点3disappointedadj.失望的；

沮丧的(教材P41)Thesedisastersmakeeveryonesadanddisappointed...这些灾难让每个人感到伤心和失望„„[例1]Shewasdeeplydisappointedatlosingtherace.比赛输了，她很沮丧。

[例2]Thesejobsdidn'tpaywell，andthepeoplefeltlonelyanddisappointedattheirnewlifeinthecity.这些工作报酬不高，而且人们感到孤独，对城市的新生活感到失望。[造句]这部影片被

吹捧为杰作，可是我觉得令人失望。Thefilmwasbuiltuptobeamasterpiece，butIfounditverydisappointing.[知识拓展](1)bedisappointedabout/at/in...对„„感到失望bed

isappointedtodosth.做某事失望bedisappointedthat...感到失望„„(2)disappointingadj.令人失望的disappointsb.使某人失望toone'sdisappointment令某人失望

的是[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thenextday，wegotadisappointing(disappoint)messagethatanotherbuyerhadofferedamuchhigher

price.②Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousanddisappointed(disappoint)．③Tomygreatdisappointment(disappoint)，thecounc

ilrefusedtoconsidermyproposal.[小片段助记]Muchtomydisappointment，hewasalsodisappointedatthedisappointingnewsthathewasrefusedbythecompan

y.知识要点4desiren．渴望；欲望vt.渴望；期望(教材P41)...butthedesiretoexploretheuniverseneverdied.„„但是(人们)探索宇宙的渴望从未泯灭。[例1]Evenso，

sheimpressedtheworldwithhercourageandstrongdesiretosucceed.即使如此，她的勇气和对成功的强烈渴望令世人印象深刻。[例2]IdesirethattheselettersshouldbeburnedafterIl

eave.我期望我走了以后把这些信件都烧掉。[造句]他总是强烈渴望着学习飞行。Healwayshadastrongdesiretolearnhowtofly.[知识拓展](1)haveastrongdesiretodosth.迫切想要做

某事forsth.急于想得到某物(2)desiretodosth.渴望做某事desiresb.todosth.想要某人做某事desirethat...(should)dosth.渴望„„(3)desirableadj.想要的；可取的；值得拥有的[提示]desire不用于

进行时态。意为“期望”时，后接宾语从句，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。另外，含desire的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句也要使用虚拟语气。[即学即练]单句语法填空①Wealwaysdesir

etolive(live)inpeacewithalltheothercountriesintheworld.②Shehasastrongdesireforknowledgeandwantstogotocollegeverymuch.③Hehadastrongdesi

retofree(free)herfamilyfromtrouble.④Shehadastrongdesireforfame.[小片段助记]Hehasastrongdesiretogethisdesirablethings，healsodesiredthathissonb

eadmittedbyakeyuniversity，sohedesiredhissontoworkhardatschool.知识要点5carryon继续做，坚持干(教材P41)Thisisbecausepeoplebelieveintheimportance

ofcarryingonspaceexplorationdespitethehugerisks.这是因为人们仍然坚信太空探索的重要性，哪怕面临巨大的风险。[例1]Whynotstudyatmedicalc

ollegelikeLinQiaozhiandcarryonhergoodwork?为什么不像林巧稚那样去读医学院，继续她的伟大事业呢？[例2]Don'tstop.Pleasecarryon.别停。请继续。[例3]Shethrewtheballb

acktotheboyandthencarriedonreadingherbook.她把球扔回给男孩，然后继续看她的书。[例4]CanyoucarryonwithyourworkwhileIamaway？我不在的时候你能继续干你的活吗？[造句]①他离开

后，我只管尽力像往常一样继续干。AfterheleftIjusttriedtocarryonasusual.②尽管条件极其困难，我们仍必须坚持下去，直到成功。Wemustcarryontillsuccessinspiteoftheextremelydifficult

conditions.[知识拓展]carryonwith...继续„„carryonaconversation继续对话carryout完成；实行；执行carryouttheplan实施计划carryoutanexperi

ment做试验carrythrough帮„„渡过(难关等)[即学即练]单句语法填空①Ifyoucarryonworking(work)likethat，youwillbreakdownsoonerorlate

r.②Ihateitwhenshecallsmeatwork—I'malwaystoobusytocarryonaconversationwithher.③Theycarryonwiththeirex

perimentdespitestrongopposition.[小片段助记]Youshouldcarryouttheorderandcarryonwiththetaskuntilitiscarried

through.知识要点6onboard在宇宙飞船上；在船上；在飞机上(教材P41)ItorbitsEarthandhasastronautsfromdifferentcountriesonboard...它绕地球运行，上面搭乘着不同国家的宇航员„„[例1]Haveallthepassenger

sgoneonboardyet?所有乘客都登机了吗？[例2]Theyhavegoneonboard.他们已经上船了。[造句]飞机上所有的参观者都被要求出示护照。Allthevisitorsonboardwe

reaskedtoshowtheirpassports.[知识拓展](1)boardvt.&vi.上船/车/飞机等(2)aboardadv.&prep.上船/飞机/车；在船/飞机/车上goaboardtheship/theplane/thetrain＝boardtheship/th

eplane/thetrain上船/飞机/火车等(3)abroadadj.国外的goabroad出国homeandabroad国内外[即学即练]单句语法填空①Thatafternoonaboardthetrain，thecousinssettled

downintheirseats.②Pleaseboardthetrainimmediately.＝Pleasegoaboardthetrainrightaway.③Pleasepayattentiontothenewsfromhomeandabroad．知识要点

7independentlyadv.独立地；自立地(教材P41)Chinabecamethethirdcountryintheworldtoindependentlysendhumansintospacein2003...在2003年，中国成为世界上第三个独立把人类送入太空的

国家„„[例1]Thetwodepartmentsworkindependentlyofeachother.这两个部门独立运作。[例2]Itwasthefirsttimethathehadlivedinde

pendently.那是她第一次独立生活。[造句]警方应该不受政府的直接控制。Thepoliceforceshouldbeindependentofdirectgovernmentcontrol.[知识拓展](1)beindependentof独立于；不受„„约束(2

)independencen.独立；自主gainindependence(from)(脱离„„)获得独立(3)dependentadj.依靠的，依赖的bedependenton依靠，依赖dependon(＝relyon)依靠，依赖[即学即练

]单句语法填空①ThecountrygainedfullindependencefromBritainin1960，whenpeoplecouldn'thidetheirexcitement.②Asthesmalle

stchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent(depend)．③Whenthedelayedflightwilltakeoffde

pendsmuchontheweather.知识要点8signalvt.&vi.标志着；标明；发信号n.信号；标志(教材P41)ThissignalledonestepfurtherinChina'splantoestablishaspacestationinthe

future.这标志着中国未来建立空间站的计划又前进了一步。[例1]Assoonasitwasdark，MrsEvansgavethesignal.天一黑，埃文斯夫人就发出了信号。[例2]Youmustn'

tfirewithoutmysignal.没有我的信号不许开枪。[造句]为了不让别人听到自己的声音，她竖起手指示意有人正在楼上走动。Inordernottobeheard，shepointedherfingerupwardstosignalthatsome

onewasmovingaboutupstairs.[知识拓展](1)signaltosb.todosth.示意某人做某事signal(tosb.)that...示意(某人)„„(2)atrafficsignal交通信号sendouta

signal发出信号[明辨异同]signal/symbol/sign/marksignal指为某一目的而有意发出的信号symbol指象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物sign普通用词，指人们公认的事物的标志，也可指某种情况的征兆mark普通用词，含义广泛。既可指为便于辨认而有意做的标记，又

可指自然形成的标记或有别于其他事物的特征[即学即练]单句语法填空①Assoonashesatdownatthetable,hesignalledtothewaitertobringthemenu.②Thepolicemansignalledthedrivertostop(stop)hi

scarbyraisinghishand.③Hestoodup，signalling(signal)tothepoliceofficerthathehadfinishedtalkingwithhisclient.[小片段助记]Somethingwaswrongwit

hthetrafficsignalinthestreet，sothepolicemansignalledtothepedestrianstocomecrossthestreet.Hestoodtherewithhi

srighthandraised，signallingtoustostop.SentencePatterns重点句式1不定式作后置定语(教材P40)...on12April1961，YuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldtogointospace

.„„在1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上进入太空的第一人。句式分析：togointospace是不定式作后置定语，修饰thefirstperson。[例1]Shewasthefirstathletetowinthegoldmed

alinthe29thOlympicGames.她是在第29届奥运会上第一位获得金牌的运动员。[例2]ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColombia，closelyfollowedbyJuliaSmithfromBritain.第

一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼·加西亚，随后紧跟着的是英国的朱莉娅·史密斯。[知识拓展](1)当中心词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级、thenext，theonly，thelast等修饰时，常用不定式作后置定语。(2)动词不

定式作定语用来修饰的词是抽象名词，常见的有：ability，chance，ambition，offer，anxiety，answer，reply，attempt，belief等。[造句]①他是一个总是吃苦在前、享乐在后的人

。Heisalwaysthefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoycomforts.②远处的村子里没有信号，所有联系你的尝试也失败了。Therewasnosignalint

hatfarawayvillageandallmyattemptstocontractyoufailed.[即学即练]单句语法填空①Heisalwaysthefirsttocome(come)andthelasttoleave(le

ave)．②Shewasthefirstwomantowin(win)thegoldmedalintheOlympicGames.③Thankyouforgivingmethechancetomake(make)thespeech

.重点句式2Thisisbecause...句型(教材P41)Thisisbecausepeoplebelieveintheimportanceofcarryingonspaceexplorationd

espitethehugerisks.这是因为人们坚信太空探索的重要性，哪怕面临巨大的风险。句式分析：此句为主从复合句，because引导表语从句，句式结构为This/Thatwas/isbecause...[例1]Thisisbeca

useintheearlydaysofradio，thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。[例2]Hewaslateforschool.T

hiswasbecausehisbikewasbroken.他上学迟到是因为自行车坏了。[造句]他没有赶上早班车，那是因为他今天早上起晚了。Hemissedthefirstbusandthatwasbecausehegotupl

atethismorning.[知识拓展](1)This/Thatisbecause...意为“这/那是因为„„”，用来表示原因(2)This/Thatiswhy...意为“这/那是为什么„„”，用来表示结果(3)Thereasonwhy...isthat....意为“„„的

原因就是„„”，why引导定语从句，that引导表语从句[即学即练](1)单句语法填空①Hedidnotseethefilmlastnight.Thatisbecausehehadtohelphislittlesisterwithherhomework.②Thereasonwhywehav

etostudycomputeristhatitbecomesmoreandmoreusefulinourdailylife.③HeandIhaveworkedtogetherforacoupleofyears；

that'swhyIknowhimprettywell.(2)完成句子①他失望的原因是他考试失败。Thereasonwhyhewasdisappointedwasthathefailedintheex

am.②他起晚了，这就是他为什么没赶上第一班车的原因。Hegotuplate，andthisiswhyhemissedthefirstbusthismorning.重点句式3notonly...butalso句型(教材P41)Desp

itethedifficulties，scientistshopefuturediscoverieswillnotonlyenableustounderstandhowtheuniversebegan，butalsoh

elpussurvivewellintothefuture.尽管困难重重，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能够使我们了解宇宙的起源，而且帮助我们更好地进入未来。句式分析：notonly...butalso...用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，其意为“不仅„„而且„„”；其中的a

lso有时可以省略。[例1]Heworksnotonlyonweekdaysbutalsoonweekendsaswell.他不仅平时工作，周末也工作。[例2]Franklinwasconsiderednotonlyaninventor，butalsoasta

tesman.富兰克林不仅被看作发明家而且也是一名政治家。[造句]太阳不仅给我们光还给我们热。Notonlydoesthesungiveuslightbutitalsogivesusheat.[知识拓展]notonly...butalso...结构表示“不但/仅„„而且„„”，通常可以连接两

个并列的谓语、宾语、表语、状语等，还可以连接两个并列的句子(1)notonlyAbutalsoB＝BaswellasA(2)notonly...butalso...连接两个分句时，若notonly位于句首，notonly所在的分句要部分倒装，but

also后面的分句不倒装(3)notonly...butalso...连接并列主语时，遵守“就近原则”(4)notonly只能连用，而butalso既可连用，也可分开用，also也可省略[即学即练](1)单句语法填空①Toachieve“Chinesedream”

willbenefitnotonlyChinesepeoplebutalsopeopleacrosstheworld.②Notonlydidweforgettoturnoffthelightinthekitchen，butwealsofailedtolockthefrontdoor.

③Notonlythechildrenbutalsotheircoachlikes(like)playingfootball.(2)完成句子①古典名著不仅带给你快乐和刺激，还鼓励你批判性地思考。Classicworks

notonlyofferyoujoyandexcitement，butalsoencourageyoutothinkcritically.②观测未来主题公园不仅仅适合个人(旅游)，也适合学生全班出游，因为它是娱乐与学习的完美结合。Futuroscopeisnoton

lyforindividuals，butisalsotheperfectmixoffunandlearningforclassoutings.1．Aftermanyexperiments，theysuccee

dedinmakingrocketsthatcouldescapeEarth'sgravity.[分析]本句为复合句，after引导的短语作时间状语，that引导的定语从句修饰先行词rockets。[译文]经过

多次实验之后，他们成功地造出了能够逃脱地球引力的火箭。2．Chinabecamethethirdcountryintheworldtoindependentlysendhumansintospacein2003，whenYangLiweisuccessfull

yorbitedEarthinShenzhou5spacecraft.[分析]本句为复合句，when引导一个非限制性定语从句，对2003年进行补充说明，toindependentlysendhumansintospace是不定式作后置定语修饰country。[译文]在2003年，中国

成为世界上第三个独立把人类送入太空的国家，当时杨利伟乘着神舟五号宇宙飞船成功地进行了绕地飞行。3．Despitethedifficulties，scientistshopefuturediscoveriesw

illnotonlyenableustounderstandhowtheuniversebegan，butalsohelpussurvivewellintothefuture.[分析]本句为复合句。hope后跟一个宾语

从句，从句中两个动词enable和help由notonly...butalso连接起来；另外how又引导一个宾语从句作understand的宾语。[译文]尽管困难重重，科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能够使我们了解宇宙的起源，而且还帮助我们更好地走向未来。教材高考1....andit

stilltransmitsdatatoday.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon...2.Despitethedifficulties，scientistshop

efuturediscoverieswillnotonlyenableustounderstandhowtheuniversebegan，butalsohelpussurvivewellintothefutur

e.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes，butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes，too.3.Listentotwointerviewsw

ith(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Bacteriaareanastronautsandlearntotalkaboutastronauts'lifeinspace.annoyingproblemforastronauts

.4.Space：TheFinalFrontier(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Space：theFinalHomeworkFrontier5.ItorbitsEarthandhasastronautsfromdifferentcountriesonboard...(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Ima

gineachildstandingonadivingboardfourfeethighandaskinghimselfthequestion...Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Theyaretalkingaboutas

tronauts'(astronaut)lifeinspace.2．Hedesiredallthestudents(should)wear(wear)theschooluniformtoattendthep

arty.3．Muchtoherdisappointment(disappoint)，hewasrefusedbythecompany.4．Thetransmission(transmit)ofthesatellitecostthecountriesalotofmon

ey.5．Withgreatdetermination(determine)，heovercameallthedifficultyhemetinclimbingthehighmountain.6．Afterhavingashortrest，hecarriedonwithhiswork.7

．Hedesiredtoliveindependently(independent)aftergraduatingfromcollege.8．Theteachersignalled(signal)tot

heboytostopinfrontofclassmates.9．Hewasthefirstpersontoarrive(arrive)attheairportyesterdayafternoon.10．Hedidn'tcometoschoolthis

morningandthatisbecausehewasill.Ⅱ.语境填空carryon；onboard；inthehopeof；soasto；findout；focuson；bedeterminedtodo；forexamp

le；believein；leadto1．Asweallknow，carelessdrivingwillleadtoaccident.2．NowmankindarefocusingonsendingpeopleintoMars

.3．Hehasbeendeterminedtogiveupsmoking，sohethrewawayhisremainingcigarettes.4．Itisunbelievablethatsomanypeoplebelieveingoodinsuchalittlecountry.

5．Hecarriedonuntilsuccessdespitethedifficulties.6．Theydidtheresearchinthehopeoffindingtherealmurdereroftheaccident.7．Peoplewilla

lwayscontinuetoexplorespacesoastolearnitssecrets.8．Tofindoutthesecretsoftheuniverse，weconstantlysendbravepeopleintospace.9．Thepassenger

sonboardareaskednottousetheirphoneswhentheplanetakesoff.10．Forexample，somestudentsshouldstudyingroup，whilesomeshouldstudyalone.Ⅲ.课文

语法填空Mankindisexploringspaceinthehopeof1.finding(find)outmoresecretsoftheuniverse.Exploringspaceisbothdanger

ous2.andchallenging，butthedesire3.toexplore(explore)theuniverseneverdied.On4October1957，theSputnik1satellite4.waslaunched(launch)bytheUSSRands

uccessfullyorbitedaroundEarth.Afterwards，YuriGagarinbecamethefirstperson5.togo(go)intospaceintheworld.On20July，1969，

AmericanastronautNeilArmstrongsteppedontothemoon，6.famously(famous)saying，“That'sonesmallstepforaman，onegiantleapformankind.”Chinahasmad

egreatprogressinexploringspacein2003，andhassuccessfullysentYangLiweiintospaceandorbitedEarthintheShenzhou5spacecraft，7.becoming(become)thet

hirdcountryintheworldto8.independently(independent)sendhumansintospace.Peoplewillcontinuetoexploreth

isfinalfrontier，andthisis9.becausetheybelieveintheimportanceofcarryingonspaceexploration10.despitetheh

ugerisk.