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SectionⅢDiscoveringUsefulStructures限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句用适当的关系词填空1．(教材P4)Therecomesatimewhentheoldmustgivewa

ytothenew,anditisnotpossibletopreserveeverythingfromourpastaswemovetowardsthefuture．2．(教材P4)Afterlisteningto

thescientistswhohadstudiedtheproblem,andcitizenswholivednearthedam,thegovernmentturnedtotheUnitedNationsforhelpin1959．3．(教材P4

)Templesandotherculturalsitesweretakendownpiecebypiece,andthenmovedandputbacktogetheragaininaplacewherethe

yweresafefromthewater．4．(教材P8)Today,thecavesarejustasinternationalastheywereatthetimewhenpeopletravelledtheSilkRoad．定语从句的种类根

据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。1．限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略

。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as；关系副词有where,when,why。◆Thisisthecomputer(that/which)hebough

tforhissonyesterday．这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。◆Thewomanwho/thatsurvivedtheearthquakeisAmy’sEnglishteacher．在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。◆Ilivenextdoortoacouplewhosechildren

oftenmakealotofnoise．我隔壁住着一对夫妇，他们的孩子经常吵闹。2．非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制

性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。◆HeisEnglish,whichIknowfromhisaccent．他是英国人，那是我通过他的口音知道的。◆Iheardaterriblenoise,whichbr

oughtmyheartintomymouth．我听到了一个可怕的声音，这使我非常害怕。【即时演练1】——用适当的关系词填空①Holly,whoisfromAustralia,hasagoodcommandofChinese．②(2018·北

京卷)Sheandherfamilybicycletowork,whichhelpsthemkeepfit．③Hisparentswouldn’tmarryhertoanyonewhosefamilywaspoor．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法比较1．形式不

同限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。◆Hereisthemanwhohasbeenpunishedbytheboss．这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。(限制性定语从句)◆Theproject,

whichlastedthreeyears,costnolessthan$1billion．这个工程历时三年，耗资多达十亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)2．先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而

非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。试比较：◆ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread．这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是novel)◆Thenovel,whic

hIreadlastnight,isveryinteresting．我昨天晚上看过那部小说了，它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句，先行词为novel)◆Thenovelisveryinteresting,whichmakesmeveryexcited．那部小说

很有意思，这让我很兴奋。(非限制性定语从句，which指代前面整句话的内容)3．关系词的使用情况不同(1)that,why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，指物时要用which代替that,forwhich代替why◆Mostpeopledidn’tvoteforhim,whichdis

appointedhim．大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他感到失望。◆Ihavetoldthemthereason,forwhichIchangedmymind．我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。(2)关系代词替代情况不同①关系代词whom在限

制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。◆Thisistheman(whom/who/that)wearetalkingabout．这就是我们正在谈论的那

个人。(限制性定语从句)◆Theoldwomanhasthreesons,whomsheisproudof．这位老妇人有三个引以为豪的儿子。(非限制性定语从句)②在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性

定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。◆Shehasayoungerbrother,whoisanEnglishteacher．她有一个弟弟，他是一名英语老师。(3)关系代词省略情况不同关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均

不可省略。◆Thisisagoodfilm(which/that)Isawafewdaysago．这是我几天前看过的一部好影片。(限制性定语从句)◆Thesummerholiday,whichwe’relookingforwardto,isdrawingnear．我们盼望的暑假就要来了。(非限制性

定语从句)(4)非限制性定语从句由“介词＋关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词用which或whom◆SevenpeoplewerecaughtinthebigfirethatbrokeoutonFriday,fourofwhom(＝ofwhomfour)werebadlyinjured．七

人被困在星期五发生的大火里，其中四人严重受伤。◆Ihaveboughttwopens,bothofwhichwritewell．我买了两只钢笔，写起来都很好用。【即时演练2】——完成句子①她的姐姐明年将要出国，她教我们英语。Hersister,wh

o_teaches_us_English,_willgoabroadnextyear．②这就是怀特先生，你等了很久的人。HereisMr．White,whom_you’ve_been_waiting_foralongt

ime．③她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。Shehasfoundthenecklace(that)_she_lost_two_weeks_ago．Ⅰ用适当的关系词填空，必要时加介词1．Thepalacethat/whichwasbuiltthreehundredyearsagoi

snowinbadcondition．2．Haveyouseentheladyinthepicturewho/thathasapairofbrightblueeyes?3．Themanwho/whom/thatth

eheadmasteristalkingwithisfromFudanUniversity．4．TaiDong,whereIwasbornandgrewup,isasmallcityinsoutheasternTaiwan．5．Janelikedthecomput

erverymuch,whosepricewasmorethan1，000dollars．6．Mr．GreensaidthatSuzhouwasthefirstcitythathehadvisitedin

China．7．Lucydidn’ttellhimthereasonwhy/for_whichsheleftherhometownforNewYork．8．Ourfather,agreatdoctor,savedadyin

gpatienttoday,whichmadeusproud．9．Thebigshipsankintheareawhere/in_whichtherewerenotmanystorms．10．Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim

．11．Mr．Chenisnowinasituationwhere/in_whichhewillhavetoleavethecompanyassoonaspossible．12．Ourteacher,whoteachesusgeogra

phy,isveryinterestedinmusic．Ⅱ语法与写作(用关系词升级为定语从句)1．Wevisitedtheastronaut．Theastronauthadstayedinspacefortendays．We_visited

_the_astronaut_that/who_had_stayed_in_space_for_ten_days．2．RoseandIlivedinthesameroom．Weoftenspentnightstalkingintheroom．Rose_and_I_lived_in

_the_same_room_where_we_often_spent_nights_talking．3．Thelakewon’tdisappointyou．Thelakehassuchwonderfulscen

ery．The_lake,_which_has_such_wonderful_scenery,_won’t_disappoint_you．4．Thesoldiersarrivedatthefarmhouse．Infrontofthefarmhousesataboy．The_soldiers_ar

rived_at_the_farmhouse,_in_front_of_which_sat_a_boy．5．I’mgratefultoPeter．Peter’scarehelpedmethroughmyhardtimes．I’m_grateful_to_Peter,_whose_

care_helped_me_through_my_hard_times．6．Theprimaryschoolhascloseddown．Istudiedintheprimaryschoolforfiveyears．The_primary_school,_where_I

_studied_for_five_years,_has_closed_down．7．Hisbedroomisverybright．Thebedroom’swindowfacessouth．His_bedroom,_whose_window_faces_south,_is_very_bright

．8．Thefactorywassetupbyhisuncletenyearsago．Wevisitedthefactorylastweekend．The_factory,_which_we_visite

d_last_weekend,_was_set_up_by_his_uncle_ten_years_ago．9．Thisisaphotoofourfriends．Wewentonholidaywithth

em．This_is_a_photo_of_our_friends,_with_whom_we_went_on_holiday．10．Itishelpfultohaveafewwiseandreliablefriends．Youca

nturntothemforadvice．It_is_helpful_to_have_a_few_wise_and_reliable_friends,_whom_you_can_turn_to_for_advice．Ⅰ单句语法填空1．Hetalkedabouttheteachersandsch

oolsthathevisitedafewdaysago．2．Someoftheroadswereflooded,whichmadeourjourneymoredifficult．3．Naturalresourcesareth

ingsthat/whicharefoundinnatureandcanbeusedbyhumans．4．TheGermanFootballTeamlefttheWorldCuphalfway,whichmadeitsfansheartbroken．5．Therearetworeasonsw

hyI’vedecidedtoreadoneofhisletterstotheaudiencenationwide．6．AsyouknowfromwhatIsaid,mymothertakesahealthydietseriously．7．Spo

rts,withoutwhichyoumaybeweak,meanalotinlife．8．Tellusthedaywhenyouarecoming,andwe’llprepareyourroom．9

．IboughtabookwhichIthinkcouldhelpmewithmygrammar．10．I’mlookingforastorewhereorganicvegetablesaresold．Ⅱ阅读理解Raccoonsaresmallerrelativ

esofbears．TheyarenativetoNorthAmerica,buttheycanalsobefoundinAsiaandEurope．Raccoonsliveinwoodedareasclosetowate

r,buttheycanbeoftenfoundnearurbanareas．Thereareabout7differentspeciesofraccoons．Pygmyraccoonistheonlyendangeredspecies．Raccoonsusuallyreach40t

o70cminlengthandweighbetween5－26kg．Raccoonsthatliveincolderclimatesarelargerandheavier．Theyhavegrayishfur,blackmasksaroundeyesandlongtailscoveredwith

blackandbrownbands．Becauseoftheirtails,theyarealsocalled“ringtail”．Raccoons_are_omnivores．Theyliketoeatinsec

ts,eggs,smallmammals,fruit,berries,garbage,andsoon．Raccoon’shandslooklikehuman’s．Theyeachhavefivefingersandareusedtocollectfood,openshells,dooror

trashcans．Raccoonsoftenplacefoodinwaterbeforetheystarttoeatit．Theyhavehighlysensitivesenseoftouchandwaterincreasestheirsensitivityevenmore．Bytouchi

ngthefood,theygetbetterinsightaboutthingstheywilleat．Theyareeasilyadaptable(适应的)tovariousenvironments

．Theycanliveinhollow(中空的)treesequallyhappilyliketheycaninuselesscars．Raccoonsliveontheirownandhuntatnight．Theydon’thibernate(

冬眠),buttheyspendthecoldestdaysofwintersintheirholes．Mating(交配)seasontakesplacefromJanuarytomidMarch．Twomonthslater,femalewillgivebirthto3－4babies．T

heirtailsdon’thavebands,andthemaskaroundeyesisstillmissing．Motherisveryprotectiveandshewillteachthemhowtosurviveandwhattoeatastheyb

ecomereadytoleavethehole．Raccoonsusuallycanliveonly1．8to3．1yearsinthewild,buttheycanliveupto20yearsatazoo．Raccoons

canpassrabies,akindofdisease,tohome-raisedanimalsandpeople,whichisverydangerous．What’smore,theirwasteoftenhasroundworms．【解题导语】本文是一篇说明

文。文章主要向我们介绍了与浣熊有关的一些知识。1．Whatdowelearnaboutraccoons?A．Theylovelivingnearwater．B．Theyareatriskofdyingout．C．Theylovegettingc

losetohumans．D．Theyonlyliveinareasfarfromurbanareas．A解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的Raccoonsliveinwoodedareasclosetowater以及第三段的Raccoonsofte

nplacefoodinwaterbeforetheystarttoeatit．可推断，浣熊喜欢住在水边。2．Whatdoestheauthormostprobablymeanbysaying“Raccoonsareomnivores．”

？A．Theydon’thibernate．B．Theyareverylargeanimals．C．Theyaresensitivetofoods’tastes．D．Theyfeedonmanydifferenttypesoffood．D解析：句意理解题。根据第三段

的Theyliketoeatinsects,eggs,smallmammals,fruit,berries,garbage,andsoon．可推测，作者是想说明浣熊是杂食动物。3．Whatareraccoonsgoodat?A．Findingfoodindeepwater．B

．Usingtheirfeettoopenfood．C．Adaptingtoanewenvironment．D．Tellingdifferencesamongsmells．C解析：细节理解题。根据第四段的Theyareea

silyadaptable(适应的)tovariousenvironments．可知，浣熊很擅长在新的环境里生活。4．Afterreadingthetext,wecansaythat________．A．raccoonslikeattackinghumansB．peopleconsiderra

ccoonsverylovelyC．raccoonsandbearshavealotincommonD．it’sbetterthathumanskeepawayfromraccoonsD解析：推理判断题。根据末段Raccoonscanpassrabies,akin

dofdisease,tohome-raisedanimalsandpeople,whichisverydangerous．What’smore,theirwasteoftenhasroundworms．可推测，人还是不要接触浣熊比较好。Ⅲ七

选五Self-loveissometimesconsideredasselfish．1．________Ifyouwanttoteachotherstolovethemselves,youshouldhe

lpthembuildtheirself-esteem(自尊心)．Herearesometipsforyou．Stressthattheyshouldn’tfeelguilty(惭愧的)aboutlovin

gthemselves．Somepeoplethinkthatself-loveisselfish．Ifthepersonyou’rehelpingisguiltyaboutself­love,emphasizethatthere’snothingwrongwithh

avingapositiveself-image．Remindthemthatself-loveisnotthesameasselfishness．Instead,describeitasbeing“self-full”．2

．________3．________Havethemwritedowntheirtalents,theirpositivecharacteristics,andthehobbiestheyenjoy．Examplesmightincludegardening,havingagr

eatsenseofhumor,orbeinggoodatasport．Iftheyhavetroublecomingupwithpositivetraits,letthemknowwhatyouadmireaboutthem．Remindthemthatthey

shouldn’tcomparethemselvestoothers．Everyonehasdifferentabilities,qualities,andpassions．4．________Tellthemthattheyshouldn’tfeelbadabout

themselvesbecauseofsomeoneelse’stalentsortraits．Encouragethemtohelpothers．Inadditiontoteachingyourlovedonestodevelopapositive

attitude,suggestthattheyhelpotherswheneverpossible．Helpinglovedonesisaconcretewayofavoidinglowself-esteem．5．________Theycouldalsovolunte

erfortheirfavoritethings,suchasfortheanimalshelterandsoupkitchen．A．Thismeanslovingandcaringforthemselves．B．Tellthemtom

akealistoftheirpositivequalities．C．Explainthatself-esteemshouldn’tbebasedonothers’opinions．D．However,it’sanimpor

tantbutoftenoverlookedpartofmentalhealth．E．Forexample,theycouldhelptheirfriendsstudyorhelpwithhouseholdprojects．F．Spendingtoomuch

timeonsocialmediacanalsoleadtounhealthycomparisons．G．Therefore,youshouldtellyourlovedonestoaccepttheirstrengthsandweaknesses．【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主

要介绍了如何教别人要爱自己，建立自己的自尊心。1．D解析：此空设于段中，与上文之间存在逻辑上的转折关系。自爱有时候被认为是自私的。但是，它却是心理健康中很重要却容易被忽视的一部分。2．A解析：此空设于段末，与上文之间存在逻辑

上的解释关系。此空是对“self-full”的解释说明。3．B解析：此空设于段首，是本段的主旨句。后面提到的内容都是围绕要让他们列出他们积极的品质展开的。4．G解析：此空设于段中，与上文之间存在逻辑上的因果关系。每个人都有不同的能力、品格和激情。因此，你应该告诉他们要敢于接受自己的优点和缺点。5

．E解析：此空设于段中，与上文之间存在逻辑上的解释关系。此空是在举例说明帮助他人的方式。Ⅳ语法填空Doyouknowpolarbearswell?Inthisarticle,wewilldiscusssome1．____________(amaze)factsaboutpolar

bears．Blackskinandwhitefur．Interestingly,polarbearsusuallyhaveblackskinwhich2．____________(cover)withfur．Whenyouseethebear

white,itisbecause3．____________(it)furisahollowtransparenttube(中空透明管)thatonly4．____________(reflect)light．Thisfeaturegivespolarbearsgreatadvantagei

ntheirenvironmentespeciallywhentheyarehunting．Polarbearsliveincold5．____________(place)．Thenaturalhabit

at(栖息地)ofpolarbearsisintheArcticinCanada,Russia,andsoon．WhiletheArcticisknownforextremelyfreezingtemp

eratures,bearsstillmanagetoremainwarmthanks6．____________the10cmthicklayeroffatundertheirskinandtheirthickfurrycoat．Theirpopulation．Itisestimated(估计

)thatthereareabout20，000polarbears．Polarbearsareusedtofreezingtemperatures．However,becausetheglobaltemperatur

eisrising,iceontheseameltsabit7．____________(fast)thanusual．Thisway,bearsdon’thaveenoughtime8．_______

_____(hunt)forfood,sotheyareeasytogethurt．Eachofthecountries9．____________bearshavetheirnaturalhabitatfollowsstr

ictrulesonhuntingpolarbearstopreventthem10．____________facingextinction．【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关北极熊的一些有趣的知识。1．amazing解析：考查形容词。此处用来修饰物，意为令

人惊奇的，故填amazing。2．iscovered解析：考查动词的语态。which指代主语blackskin，故谓语动词用单数，又因为blackskin与cover构成动宾关系，故填iscovered。3．its解析：考查代词。因为后面跟名词，故

用其形容词性物主代词，故填its。4．reflects解析：考查主谓一致。主语是that，指代ahollowtransparenttube(中空透明管)，因此谓语动词用单数形式，故填reflects。5．places解析：考查名词的数。此处泛指“寒冷的地方”，因为place是可数名词，故填

places。6．to解析：考查固定搭配。thanksto是固定搭配，意为“多亏；由于”，故填to。7．faster解析：考查副词的比较级。因为前面有abit修饰，后面跟than，且用来修饰动词melt，故用副词的比较级形

式。8．tohunt解析：考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作后置定语，故填tohunt。9．where解析：考查定语从句的引导词。先行词是countries，在从句中作状语，故填where。10．from解析：考查介词。preventsb．fromdoingsth

．是固定句式，故填from。