高考必考语法精讲精练专题一:名词 Word版含解析

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高考必考语法精讲精练专题一:名词 Word版含解析
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高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题一:名词名词是英语中非常重要的一类词,也是高考必考内容之一。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对名词考查列了四项:①可数名词及其单复数②不可数名词③专有名词④名词所有格。纵观历年高考试题,试

题中出现的考点主要有:可数名词的单复数形式、名词的所有格的构成及应用、不可数名词的辨认、名词的功能、名词辨义、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题(语法填空)考查的是可数名词单复数,括号里给出painting,结合题意要将其变成paint

ings;第77题(短文改错)考查的是不可数名词air,原文给出的是airs,要求考生将其改成air。而在完形填空中,有7题(总共20小题)是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题(语法填空

)考查的是词性转换,括号里给出的是动词attract,根据题意要将其改成名词attraction;第69题(语法填空)考查的是可数名词单复数,括号里给出day,结合题意要将其变成复数形式days;第74题考查的是词性转换,题目中给的是形容词honest,根据题意需要将其改为名词h

onesty。而在完形填空中,有4题(总共20小题)是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题(语法填空)考查的是可数名词单复数,括号里给出effect,结合题意要将其变成effects,构成sideeffects(副作用);第75题(短文改错)考

查的是可数名词单复数,原句中给出的是word,结合题意要将其变成words。而在完形填空中,有5题(总共20小题)是考查名词词义以及对语境的理解。I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集

体名词抽象名词物质名词China,theGermans,Johnbook,studentteam,family,armyinformation,lovemilk,water,honeyII.名词的数:1.规则可数名词的复数形式:一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下:规则例词1一

般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-

fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,wolf-wolves,half-halves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾

的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-t

oys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes一些外来词加

-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradi

o-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths2.不规则可数名词复数:1

改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin

3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)class,family,crowd,couple,gr

oup,government,population,team,public,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),look

s(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),woods(树林);works(工厂、作品)forces(军队)7表示某国人加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Ch

inese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-t

ellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,mendoctorsIII.名词

的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分三种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,多表示有生命的东西;二是由介词of加名词构成,多表示无生命的东西;三是双重所有格。1.’s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sf

ather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dicke

ns’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbike

s表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法:1表示时

间、距离today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday,tenminutes’walk2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulat

ion,China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thel

ife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的构成及用法:of所有格是以"of+名词"构成的一种词组形式,主要用于表示无生命东西的名词,表示所有关

系。如:theworkshopofthefactory工厂的车间thedooroftheroom房间的门thelegsofthechair椅子腿thecoverofthebook这本书的封面表示有生命东西

的名词,也可用of所有格表示所有关系,或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。如:thedeathofStalin斯大林的逝世thearrivalofthechairman主席的到来thelawsofNewton牛顿定律4.

双重所有格:'s所有格有时可以和of所有格结合在一起表示所有关系,这叫做"双重所有格"。双重所有格的形式为:1)of十名词所有格:afriendofmybrother's.我弟弟的一位朋友;anewdesignofMr.Brown's.布朗先生的一

项新设计2)of+名词性物主代词:afriendofmine我的一位朋友;anecklaceofyours你的一条项链IV.名词的修饰语可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语,详见下表:注意:some在表示"某一",any在表示"任

何"时也可修饰可数名词单数。this和that只能修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词,last,next,theother和序数词只能修饰可数名词单数和复数。★★★★★短文改错中常考的不可数名词有:water,advice,air,work,time,homework,bread,milk,fun,in

formation,progress,practice,weather,news,wealth,voice,room(空间),knowledge等。V.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点分析及训练·名词考点规律分析:短文改错的名词考点

主要涉及名词的单复数问题,即在该用复数的地方误用其单数,或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。此外,还常考名词的所有格、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。语法填空主要考查名词的单复数以及名词与其他词类之间的转换。名词单句改错之真题训练:适应情况修饰语只修

饰可数名词单数a/an,one,another,either,neither,every,manya只修饰可数名词复数many,these,those,afew,agood/greatmany,agood/greatnumberof,both,seve

ral,two,three...只修饰不可数名词much,alittle,abitof,agreat/gooddealof,agreat/large/smallamountof既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词the,one's,some,any,no,all,alotof

,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,other,half,one-third1.Westoppedtorestforawhileandtodrinksomewatersfromastream.2.Weclimbeverywhere,notonlyinAmer

ica.WehavebeentoEuropemanytime.3.Therearebranchlibraryinmanyvillages.4.Ihopethatyoutwocouldcomeandvisitussometimessoon.5.TodayIvi

sitedtheSmiths—myfirsttimevisittoanAmericanfamily.6.TheywereeagertoknoweverythingaboutChinaandaskedmelotsofquestion.7.Westudyquitea

fewsubject,suchasmaths,Chinese,Englishandphysics.8.…andoftenwatchfootballmatchonTVtogether.9.Happybirthday,Peter,andmanyhappyr

eturnoftheday!10.Shesaidthatsheandmyschoolmateallwishedmesuccess.11.Iusedtolovescienceclass—allofthem

—biology,chemistry,geography,physics.12.Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkatfamily.13.…sothatI’llgetgoodmarksinallmysubject.14.OnthewayupI

wasbusytakingpicturesincethescenerywassobeautiful.15.Nooneworriesmuchabouttheradioprogramyoungpeoplelistento.16.Theirwordwereagreatencouragemen

ttome.17.Youknow,thatwasadinnerwehadwaitedforseveralmonth.”18.…butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.19.Youcanfindallkindsofi

nformationinjustafewminuteontheInternet.20.Nowadaysmillionsofpeopleofallagetakepleasureinahobby…21.ShewasdoingherhomeworksoneSundaymorningwhen…

22.Withoutenoughknowledges,youcanneverteachwell.23..Theairswebreatheisgettingdirtieranddirtier.名词单句改错之模拟训练:1.Womenlivelong

erthanmeninmostcountry.2.Thefilmisveryinteresting.Ihaveseenitmanytime.3.It’ssaidthatallthetickethavebeensoldout.4.Thechildrenspendalotoftimeswatchin

gTV.5.Imetalotofinterestingpeoplesonholiday.6.Theflowerintheparkwereallpleasing.7.Asthedaywentby,shebecamelessa

nxious.8.Computerarebecomingmoreandmorepopularinthecountry.9.It’soneofthemostinterestingbookthatI’veeverread.10.

HemadehisfirsttimevisittoChinawhenhewas18.11.Hearingthenews,thewomanburstintotear.12.Hehasn’tlivedherelong,buthe

hasagreatmanyfriendhere.13.IwasafraidshewouldhaveleftforfamilywhenIgotthere.14.He’sgettingmarriednext

monthanddecidestobuysomefurnitures.15.There’sapaper’sfactorynearourschool.名词单句改错之提升训练:A级1.Fromthenon,webecamegoodfriendandoft

enplayedtogether.2.BothMarxandEngelswereGermen.3.Didyoutaketheiradvicesyesterday?4.Mostofthemarewomandoctors

.5.Wecanhavefunsattheseasidethisweekend.6.Therearefourbasketsofappleinthatroom.7.Thiscomputercostmeeightthousandsyuan.8.Tomlookshap

pytoday.He’sgotmanygoodnewsfromhere.9.Thishatofmyfatherisratherold.10.Hemademanymistakeintheexambecauseofcarelessness.11.Iwenttoa

nearbyfoodstoretobuysomebreadsthismorning.12.Iameighteenyearoldnow.13.Ihavecaringteachersandfriendlyclassmateinmyclass.14.Asstudent,Iwillstudyharda

ndtrytopasstheexam.15.Nowadays,wecangetmanyinformationontheinternet.B级1.Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside?2.Thenumberofthestuden

tsinourschoolareincreasing.3.ShehasmadesomeprogressesinEnglish.4.Hisworkisbetterthananyoneelse.5.We'vem

issedthelastbus.I'mafraidwehavenochoicesbuttotakeataxi.6.Hedroppedthecoffee'scupandbrokeit.7.Hegainedhiswealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.8.My

brotherhashadoneofhistoothtakenout.9.You'llfindthismapofgreatvaluableinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.10.Whatabeautifulweatherwearehavingrecently!11.T

ablesaremadeofwoods.12.It’simpossibleforsofewworkerstodosomanyworkinasingleday.13.Whathappenedtoyourvoices?Whycouldn’twehearyou?14.WhatalotofworksI

havetofinishtoday!15.Atmealtimes,somecustomerhavetowaitoutsidetherestaurant.16.Asawriter,heissuccessbecausehehaswrittenmanygreatworks.名词单句语法填

空之真题训练:1.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop______________(attr

act).2.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew______________(day)withhissister.3.Handlethemostimportanttasksfirs

tsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof______________(achieve).4.Recent_____________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregula

rly.5.Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyof______________(apple).6.Althoughthese_

_____________(measure)arenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow.7.Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant______________

(grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.8.The______________(life)ofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffectsofaFrenchmanfrom

PariscalledGin.9.Theweather______________(effect)bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.10.Someschoolswillhavetomake___________(adjust)inagreementwith

thenationalsoccerreform.11.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I'dliketo,butI'mafraidshewon'tbehappywithmy______________(apologize).12.Oneofthemostef

fectivewaystoreduce________(stressful)istotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.13.Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis_____________

_(balanced)andhadabadfall.14.Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome______________(think)andthenletmeknow.15.—Whynotbuyasecon

d-handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood_______________(suggest).16.Her______________(motivate)forwritingw

asadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.名词单句语法填空之模拟训练:1.Antsaregatheringintheirwinterfoodinthemiddleo

fsummerandmake______________(prepare)forthelongcoldwinter.2.Withgreat______________(satisfy),hesoonfellasleep.3.It'sstilla

usefulandpleasantformof_____________(communicate).4.Ihadno____________(choose)buttoprepareforit,though.5.Thestudentswithhobbiesleftschoolwit

hmanyextra_____________(skill).6.Ontheotherhand,chopsticksreflect_____________(gentle)andkindness.7.Soaremostof

the___________(express)madewiththewordhot.8.Actuallywecanencourageourselvestoworkefficiently,fullof______________(determine)

.9.Inamedthem“cookies”becauseIalwaysfeelthatchildrencanbringgreathappinessand______________(excite)tomylife.10.The________(change)aregradualand

requirealotofeffortsandwork,likecleaningupapollutedriver.学习札记:____________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________参考答案及解析语法专题一:名词名词单句改错之真题训练:1.waters改为water,因“水”为物质名词,不可数2.time

改为times,manytimes意为“许多次”3.library改为libraries,因其前的谓语are为复数4.times改为time,sometime意为“某时”5.去掉time,因first已含有“次”的意思6.

question改为questions,因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语lotsof7.subject改为subjects,因afew后应接复数可数名词8.match改为matches9.return改为returns,manyhappyreturnsoftheday!为

祝贺生日的惯用表达10.schoolmate改为schoolmates,因校友不只一个,另外根据其后的all也可推知11.class改为classes,指其后提到的所有课程12.family改为home,因athome为固定短语

13.subject改为subjects,请注意前面的all14.picture改为pictures,picture作为可数名词,其前应有限定词,或为复数形式15.program改为programs,从句意上看,此处应用复数16.word改为words,注意其后的复数动词

17.month改为months,因several后要用可数名词的复数形式18.stranger改为strangers,由本行前面的we可知应该用名词复数19.minute改为minutes,因为af

ew后面的名词一定是复数20.age改为ages,因谈到不止一个人的年龄,age用复数;ofallages指各个年龄阶段的人21.homeworks改为homework,因它是不可数名词,没有复数形式22.knowledges改为knowledge,因kn

owledge是不可数名词,没有复数形式23.airs改为air,因为air是不可数名词,没有复数形式名词单句改错之模拟训练:1.country改为countries,因其前的most意为“大多数”。2.time改为times,manytim

es意为“许多次”。3.ticket改为tickets,因它是可数名词,且受allthe的修饰。4.times改为time,因time表示“时间”时不可数。5.peoples改为people,因people表

示“人们”,本身是复数,其后不能再加词尾-s。(注:复数的peoples表示不同的民族)6.flower改为flowers,因为其后的谓语为复数。7.day改为days,句意为“随着时间的推移,她变得不那么焦急了”,此处的day应用复数。8.com

puter改为computers,根据句意和其后的谓语are,可知computer要用复数。9.book改为books,因oneof后表示范围的名词要用复数。10.去掉time,hisfirstvisit即为他第一次访问,其中已包含“次”的概念。11.tear改为tears,因tear为可数名词,

不要误认为它是不可数名词。12.friend改为friends,因agreatmany后要接复数名词。13.family改为home,leaveforhome意为“动身回家”。14.furnitures改为furniutre,因它是不可数名词。15.p

aper’s改为paper,表示“纸厂”、“纸花”、“纸飞机”等,直接用paper作定语。名词单句改错之提升训练:A级1.friend改为friends2.Germen改为Germans3.advices改为advice4.woman改

为women5.funs改为fun6.apple改为apples7.thousands改为thousand8.many改为much9.Father改为father’s10.mistake改为mistakes11.breads改为bread12.year改为years13.classmate改

为classmates14.student前面加a15.many改为muchB级1.去掉a2.are改为is3.progresses改为progress4.else改为else’s5.choices改

为choice6.coffee's改为coffee7.wealths改为wealth8.tooth改为teeth9.valuable改为value10.去掉a11.woods改为wood12.many改为much13.

voices改为voice14.works改为work15.customer改为customers16.success改为successful或者在success前面加a名词单句语法填空之真题训练:1.attraction[空格前有形容词和物主

代词,因此要用其名词形式。]2.days[few作来修饰可数名词复数,故答案为days。3.achievement[介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达asenseofachievement成就感。]4.studies[考查主谓一致。根据后面的谓语动词show可知,主

语应该是复数形式。]5.apples[在苹果节人们可以看到,并常常能尝到各种各样的苹果。avarietyof各种各样,后面跟复数形式。]6.measures[考查名词单复数,根据前面的these和后面的are,可以判断应用复数形式

。]7.growth[此处的growth和后面的development是并列关系,且用前面的important修饰。]8.lives[根据后面的谓语动词,可以判断此处需要用名词的复数形式。]9.effects[

根据后面的谓语动词,可以看出此处应该是复数形式。]10.adjustments[句意:为了与国家足球改革相一致,一些学校将做出调整。固定表达makeadjustments做出调整。]11.apology/apologies[句意:——去和你的妈妈

说对不起,Dave.——我想,但我怕妈妈不会接受我的道歉。作介词with的宾语和my的修饰语要用名词形式。]12.stress[句意:减少压力最有效的方法之一是与信任的人谈谈你的感受。作动词reduce的宾语要用名词形式,stress压力,紧张,为不可数名

词。]13.balance[句意:追赶哥哥时,小男孩失去了平衡,重重摔了一跤。作动词lose的宾语要用名词形式。losehisbalance失去平衡,失去均衡。]14.thought[句意:现在没有必要告诉我

你的答案。思考一下,然后让我知道。some后应跟名词,thought想法。]15.suggestion[句意:——如果你没有足够的钱买一辆新车的话,为什么不先买一辆二手车呢?——这是个不错的建议(suggestion)。形容词修饰名词,故用名词形式。]1

6.motivation[句意:她写作的动机是出于对女性获得高等教育权利的渴望。形容词性物主代词修饰名词。]名词单句语法填空之模拟训练:1.preparations[考查固定搭配。makepreparationsfor...为……作准备。]2.satisfaction[形容词gre

at修饰名词,所以填satisfaction。]3.communication[考查名词。介词of之后要用名词形式communication。]4.choice[考查词形变化。havenochoicebuttodosth是固定表达,意思是除了……别无选择。故答案为choice。]5.

skills[前面有many修饰,故用复数形式。]6.gentleness[考查名词。另一方面,筷子所反映的是彬彬有礼与友好。根据and连接两个并列成分以及名词kindness可知,此处要用名词作动词reflect的宾语。]7.expressions[考查名词。mosto

fthe后跟名词形式,而且此处要用复数形式。]8.determination[考查名词。介词of后面应该用名词作宾语。]9.excitement[考查名词。该处需要excite的名词形式和happiness一起作bring的宾语。]10.changes[考查名词。

变化是逐渐的,需要很多努力和工作。因为这里缺少的是句子的主语,根据谓语动词are可知主语应该是复数changes。]

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