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专题08科技发展类PPPaaarrrttt111题题题型型型总总总览览览【题型综述】“科技发展”是高中新课程标准话题之一。该话题包括各领域最新科技知识、最新发明创造等方面。文章思想性和时代感强，题材涉及发明创造、科技创新、科技与生活、科学研究

等。文章体裁一般为说明文，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站，文章的遣词造句地道，思维逻辑独具英语语言的特点。这些文章和题目不仅能让考生体会到科学的无限趣味和实际功用，而且促使考生深入思考科技创新在人类生活和发展过程中起到

的重要作用。【技巧点拨】科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、篇幅长、生词多、句式结构复杂。文本结构一般包括五个部分：标题（headline）、导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主干（mainbody

）和结尾（ending）。标题高度精辟地概括文章中心思想。高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景则交代研究的起因或者问题现状。主干部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究的理论构架、研究对象、

研究方法、具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、后续研究的方向等，与导语相呼应。另外，谙熟选项设置规律，对比原文去伪存真。掌握选项设置的规律对甄别正确选项大有帮助。一般说来，正确选项为文中

内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。【读相关词】1.accessibleadj.易接近的；可得到的2.automaticadj

.自动的3.breakthroughn.重大进展；突破4.digitaladj.数字的；数码的5.privilegen.特权；特殊待遇6.proceduren.程序；手续序号内容Part1题型总览题型综述技巧点拨读相关词Part2真题感悟真题详解强重难词析长难句..Part3专题强化

真题自测新题模拟7.revolutionn.革命8.drawbackn.缺点；不利条件9.transformv.改造；改革；变换；改变10.laptopn.笔记本电脑11.systemn.系统；体系12.monitorn.监视器；显示屏13.datan.数据，资料14.downloadn．&vt

.下载15.astronautn.宇航员16.astronomern.天文学家17.atmospheren.大气，大气层18.astronomyn.天文学19.discoveryn．发现20.expe

rimentn.实验21.technologyn.科技22.advancedadj.高级的23..high-techadj高科技的24.systematicadj.有系统的,有计划有步骤的25.indicatev.表明26.representv.正式]描绘,展现27.mobile

payment移动支付28.ElectronicTollCollection全自动电子收费29.RFID:radiofrequencyidentificationdevices无线电射频标识、电子标签30.sensornetwork由传感

器组成的传感网31.cloudcomputing云计算32.readout数字读出33.transplantn.&vt.移植34..cyberspacen.网络空间35.WeChatn.微信36.mannedspaceship/spacecraft载人飞船37.artific

ialintelligence人工智能38.beequippedwith装备，配备39.onalargescale大规模地40.potentialadj.潜在的；可能的41.artificialadj.人工的；人造的42.haveanimpact/effecton对……有影响43.beavaila

bleto供……使用44.putforward提出45.besuitablefor适合46.toacertaindegree在某种程度上47.surftheInternet上网浏览信息48.haveaccessto/beaccessib

leto能使用49.withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology随着科技的发展50.chatonline在线聊天51.makee-friends交网友52.keep

intouchwith与……保持联系53.makeagreatdifference起很大作用54.changeone'slife改变某人的生活55.benefitfrom...得益于，从……获益56.relateto/beli

nkedto与……有关联57.taketheplaceof代替58.devoteoneselfto致力于59.cometrue实现60.keep/catchupwith赶上61.bedifferentfrom/differfrom与

……不同62.enablesb.todosth.使某人能做某事63.takesth.intoconsideration把某事考虑进去64.leadto/contributeto/resultin/bringabout导致65.playanimportantrolei

n在某方面起重要作用66.improvethequalityoflifeforhumans提高人们的生活质量67.beaddictedto对……上瘾68.distractone'sattention分散某人的注意力69.electricbooks电子读物70.textmessage手机短信PP

Paaarrrttt222真真真题题题感感感悟悟悟Passage1【真题详解】【2020天津】Forpeople,whoareinterestedinsound,thefieldofsoundtechn

ologyisdefinitelymakingnoise.Inthepast,soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudios,butmanyoftoday’ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheirkno

wledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproductsbasedonthephenomenonwecallsound.Soundcanbeused

asaweapon.Imaginethatapoliceofficerischasingathief.Thethieftriestoescape.Andtheofficercan’tlethimgetaway.Hepullsoutaspecialdevice,point

sitatthesuspect,andswitchesiton.Thethiefdropstotheground.ThisnewweaponiscalledaLongRangeAcousticDevice(LRAD,远程定向声波发射器).Itproducesad

eafeningsoundsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.ThenoisefromtheLRADisdirectedlikearayoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearsofthatperso

n,butitisnotdeadly.Forthosewhohungerforsomepeaceandquiet,soundcannowcreatesilence.Let’ssayyouareattheairport,andthelittleboyontheseatnexttoyouishum

ming(哼唱)ashortcommercialsong.Hehumsitoverandoveragain,andyouareabouttogocrazy.ThankstotheSilenceMachine,aBritis

hinvention,youcangetridofthesoundwithoutupsettingtheboyorhisparents.OnemaywonderhowtheSilenceMachineworks.

Well,itfunctionsbyanalyzingthewavesoftheincomingsoundandcreatingasecondsetofoutgoingwaves.Thetwosetsofwavescancele

achotherout.Simplyturnthemachineorpointitatthetarget,andyourpeaceandquietcomesback.Directedsoundisanewtechnologythatallowscompanies

tousesoundinmuchthesamewayspotlights(聚光灯)areusedinthetheater.Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofastage;simi

larly,―spotsound‖createsacircleofsoundinontargetedarea.Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestaurantsandstoresbecauseitoffersanewwaytoattractcustome

rs.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphere

inwhichtheyaredining.Directedsoundisalsobeginningtoappearinshoppingcentersandevenathomes.46．WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph2abouttheeffectoftheL

RAD?A．Itcausestemporaryhearingloss.B．Itslowsdownarunningman.C．Itmakesiteasytoidentifyasuspect.D．Itkeepsthesuspectfromhurtingothers.47．T

heSilenceMachineisadevicespeciallydesignedto________.A．silencethepeoplearoundyouB．removethesoundofcommercialsC．blocktheincomingsoundwavesD．stopunwant

edsoundfromaffectingyou48．Whatfeaturedospotsoundsandspotlightsshare?A．Theytravelincircles.B．Theycleartheatmosphere.C．Theycanbetransformedintoenergy.

D．Theycanbedirectedontoaspecificarea.49．Directedsoundcanbeusedfor________.A．creativedesignsofrestaurantmenusB．idealsoun

deffectsonthetheaterstageC．differentchoicesofmusicforbusinessesD．strictcontroloveranysuspiciouscustomer50．Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?A．Ho

wprofessionalsinventedsoundproducts.B．Inventionsinthefieldofsoundtechnology.C．Thegrowinginterestinthestudyofsound.D．Howsou

ndengineersworkintheirstudios.【答案】46．A47．D48．D49．C50．B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学设

备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。46．推理判断题。根据第二段中的‖Itproducesadeafeningsoundsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.ThenoisefromtheLRADisdirectedlik

earayoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearsofthatperson,butitisnotdeadly.‖可知它发出震耳欲聋的声音，这种声音令人如此痛苦以至于它会使人暂时丧失能力。LRAD发出的

噪音像光线一样被引导，只进入那个人的耳朵，但不会致命。由此可推知，LRAD会导致暂时性听力损失。故选A。47．细节理解题。根据第三段中的‖Well,itfunctionsbyanalyzingthewavesoftheincomingsoun

dandcreatingasecondsetofoutgoingwaves.Thetwosetsofwavescanceleachotherout.Simplyturnthemachineonpointitatthetarget,andyourpeaceandquietcomesback.‖可知，

它的功能是通过分析传入声音的波，并产生第二组传出的波。这两组波会相互抵消。只要打开机器对准目标，你的宁静就会回来。由此可知，静音机是一种专门设计用来阻止有害声音影响你的设备。故选D。48．细节理解题。根据

最后一段中的‖Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofastage;similarly,a―spotsound‖createsacircleofsoundinonetargetedarea.‖可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一

个‖spotsound‖在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。由此可知，spotsounds和聚光灯的共同特性是它们可以被定向到一个特定的区域，故选D。49．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的‖Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofas

tage;similarly,‖spotsound‖createsacircleofsoundinontargetedarea.Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestaurantsandstoresbecauseitoffersanewwa

ytoattractcustomers.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoiceonthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphereinwhichthey

aredining.‖可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个‖spotsound‖在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。这对餐馆和商店等企业很有用，因为它提供了一种吸引顾客的新方式。餐厅可以提供音乐选择与菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地

控制气氛，在他们用餐。由此可知，定向音响可以用于不同的商业音乐选择。故选C。50．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的‖Inthepast,soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudio

s,butmanyoftoday'ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheirknowledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproductsbasedonthephenomenonwe

callsound.‖可知，在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。结合下文具体内容可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明

创造。故选B。【强重难词】1.definitelyadv.清楚地，当然；明确地，肯定地2.professionaladj.专业的；职业的；职业性的3.phenomenonn.现象；奇迹；杰出的人才4.chasevt.追逐；追捕vi.追逐；追赶；奔跑5.suspect

_v.怀疑；猜想n.嫌疑犯6.deafenvt.使聋；淹没7.temporarilyadv.临时地，临时8.commercialadj.商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的9.analyzevt.对…进行分析，分解（等于analyse10.inotherfields在其他领域11.let

…getaway让离开12.pullout离开，撤离；拔出；渡过难关；恢复健康；折叠的大张插页；飞机进场重新飞起13.switchon接通，开启14.droptotheground.倒在地上;卧倒15.gocrazy发疯；疯狂【析长难句】1.Inthepast,sound

engineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudios,butmanyoftoday’ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheirknowledgeandexperiencewith

professionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproductsbasedonthephenomenonwecallsound.【解析】本句包含由but连接的两个并列分句。第一个分句为简单句；第

二个分句为一个复杂的主从复合句。第二个分句使用了share…with这一固定结构，动词不定式短语tocreatenewproducts做目的状语，过去分词短语basedonthephenomenon做定语，定语从句wecalls

ound修饰thephenomenon.【译文】在过去，声音工程师在录音室的密室里工作，但今天的许多声音专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们称之为声音现象的基础上创造新产品。【仿写】___________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________2.Directedsoundisanewtechnologythatallowscompaniestousesoundinmuchthesamewayspotlights(聚光灯)areusedinthet

heater.【解析】本句中的thatallowscompaniestousesoundinmuchthesamewayspotlights(聚光灯)areusedinthetheater.是定语从句，修饰anewtechnology。【译文】定向声音是一项新技术，它可以让公

司像在剧院使用聚光灯一样使用声音。【仿写】__________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________3.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevarious

foodchoicesonthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphereinwhichtheyaredining.【解析】allowingcustomersmoreco

ntrolovertheatmosphereinwhichtheyaredining是现在分词短语做结果状语。【译文】餐厅可以提供音乐和菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制他们用餐的氛围。【仿写】_____________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________Passage2【真题详解】【2019全国卷1】Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)te

chnologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.Rese

archersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkey

boardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecurityby

analyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandet

erminepeople’sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhetherso

meonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn’trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen’talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeve

rybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword―touch‖fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Da

tacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerror

rates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhope

stomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.1．Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?A．Toreducepressureonkeys.B．Toimproveaccuracyintypi

ng.C．Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D．Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.2．Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?A．Computersaremucheasi

ertooperate.B．Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.C．Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D．Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.3．Wh

atdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It’llbeenvironment-friendly.B．It’llreachconsumerssoon.C．It’llbemadeofplastics

.D．It’llhelpspeeduptyping.4．Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A．AdiaryB．AguidebookC．Anovel.D．Amagazine【答案】1-4DCBD文章大意：主题：人与社会(科学与

技术)；话题：智能键盘。本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。1．D解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句―ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecom

eupwithalow－costdevicethatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.‖以及第一段最后一句―Atpresent，thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive，though.‖可推知，研究者研

发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。注意题干、正确选项以及原文中一些词汇的多次呼应现象：develop与comeupwith是同义词，expensive与low－cost是反义词，cutthecost与low－c

ost相呼应。2．C解析：推理判断题。题干问的是―是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能‖，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。根据第二段中的―Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，

thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities...‖可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客，故C项符合题意。解答该题的关键是看懂题干的意思，即智能键盘的核心依据是什么

。3．B解析：细节理解题。根据题干―研究者对于智能键盘有什么期望‖可直接定位到最后一段的最后一句话―Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.‖，该团队希望在不久的

将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B项。注意：题干中的expect与原文中的hope呼应，答案选项中的consumers与原文中的market呼应。4．D解析：文章出处题。根据本文的话题―智能键盘‖以及第二段中的―ResearchersfromGeorgiaTe

chsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow－costdevice...‖，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，low－costdevice等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有

可能出现在杂志上。【强重难词】1．identityn.身份；同一性，一致；特性2．theftn.盗窃；偷；赃物3．fingerprintn.指纹；手印4．preciselyadv.精确地；恰恰5．la

yern.层，层次；膜；[植]压条；放置者，计划者6．securityn.安全；保证；证券；抵押品7．analyzevt.对…进行分析，分解（等于analyse）8．uniqueadj.独特的，稀罕的；[数]唯一的，独一无二的9

．participantn.参与者，参加者_10．straightforwardadj.简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的11．commercializevt.使商业化；使商品化12．beuniqueto....对......来说是独特的13．by

extension相关地；引申开来14．giveaccessto...接见；进入【析长难句】1.Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketis

growingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.【解析】本句为主从复合句。As引导时间状语从句；不定式短语tokeepot

hersoutofprivatee-spaces.做目的状语。【译文】随着数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,为了阻止他人进入私人的电子空间，像指纹扫描这种生物测量技术的市场正在兴起。。【仿写】____________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________2.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople’sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputer

it’sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.【解析】句中的whethertheyshouldbegivena…做determine的宾语，第二个wh

ethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.做regardlessof的宾语。【译文】因此，键盘可以决定一个人的身份，进而决定他们是否应该被允许访问所连接的计算机，而不管某人是否获得

了正确的密码。【仿写】_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________3.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsarou

ndthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.【解析】本句为主从复合句，第一个that引导宾语从句；第二个that引导定语从句。【译文】佐治亚理工学院的研究人员说，他们已经发明了低成本解决这个问题的设备:智能键盘。【

仿写】___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________PPPaaarrrttt333专专专题题题强强强化化化Passage1【真题自测】【2018全国卷1】Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsrido

fourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(

装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothe

samethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenviron

mentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforh

owhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsd

efined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforet

abletsande-readersshowedupin2007.[来源:学科网]Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn’tthrowoutouroldones.―Theliving-roomtelevisionis

replacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,‖saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectron

icdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetouseth

em.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributionto

greenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,but

theresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanone

function,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputersc

ouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyarenob

etterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.33.WhydidBabbitt’steamconducttheresearch?A.Toreducethecostofminerals.B.Tote

stthelifecycleofaproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.34.Whichofthefollowing

usestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV.B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledo

aboutoldelectronicdevices?A.Stopusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.【答案】32-35ADBA【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、

不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。33.D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechno

logyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife可知，Babbitt’steam研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。34.B【解

析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergy

consumptionby44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。35.A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧

的电子设备。故选A。Passage2【真题】【2018天津卷】There’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepo

ssiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedc

hocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,

butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito―re-createformsandpieces‖offoodthatare―exactlythesame,‖freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.I

nanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.Sustainability(可持续性)The

globalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentle

vels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldu

sehydrocolloids(水解胶体)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻类)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹饪原料).3Dpr

intingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransport

ationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaU

niversity,said,―Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’s

breadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.‖ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustry

hasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊状物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,

becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmil

kproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrest

aurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.46.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B

.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.47.Whatcanwel

earnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.B.Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C.Itneedsn

ospaceforthestorageoffood.D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood.48.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood_____________.A.ismoreavailabletocons

umersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials49.Whatisthemainfactortha

tprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A.Theprintingprocessiscomplicated.B.3Dfoodprintersaretooexpen

sive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.50.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.3DFoodPrinting:Delic

iousNewTechnologyB.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFoodProductionD.3DFoodPrinting:F

romFarmtoTable【答案】46-50BDBCA【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。46.B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章Foodproduction中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力

雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。[来源:Z|xx|k.Com]48.B【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段Foodprinti

ngcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需

求。故选B。49.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一

步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。50.A【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3DFoodPrinting:Deliciou

sNewTechnology，故选A。Passage3【新题模拟】（2021·天津静海区·静海一中高三期末）Oneperiodofourliveswhenbetterresultsaredemandedofusis

,strangelyenough,childhood.Despitebeingyoungweareexpectedtoachievegoodgrades,stayoutoftrouble,makefr

iendsatschool,dowellontests,performchores(家务事)athomeandsoon.It’snoteasy.Thegoodnewsisthatbeinglikeab

lecanhelpachildperformbetter.Likeablechildrenenjoymanyadvantages,includingtheabilitytocopemoreeasilywithstressesofgrowingup.I

nherbookUnderstandingChildStress,Dr.CarolynLeonardstatesthatchildrenwhoarelikeableandoptimisticareabletogainsupportfromothers.Thisleadstofocusandre

silience(适应力),theabilitytorecoverfromoradjustearlytolifestress;achildwhohasadequateemotionalarmorcancontinued

ownthepathtosuccess.Muchresearchshowsthatresiliencehasenabledchildrentosucceedinschool,avoiddrugabuse,anddevel

opahealthyself-awareness.Whydoesalikeablechildmoreeasilyhandlestressanddobetterinhisorherlife?Becauseli

keabilityhelpscreatewhat’sknownasapositivefeedbackloop(回馈圈).Thepositivefeelingsyouwanttoseeinotherpeoplearereturnedtoyou,creatingconstantencourag

ementandmotivation,todealwiththedailystressoflife.Thisfeedbackloopcontinuesintoadulthood.Toreturnonceagaintotheexampleofteaching,learning

becomeseasierwithalikeablepersonality.MichaelDeluecchioftheUniversityofHawaiirevieweddozensofstudiestodetermineiflikeableteachersreceivedgoodra

tingsbecauseoftheirlikeabilityorbecausetheyinfacttaughtwell.Deluecchifoundthat―studentswhoperceiveateacheras

likeable,incontrasttothosewhodonot,maybemoreattentivetotheinformationthattheteacherdelivers,andthey’llworkhardero

nassignments,andtheywilllearnmore‖.Youmayhavenoticedthispatterninyourownlifewhenyoutrytogivesomeadvice.Themorepositiveyourrelations

hipwiththatperson,themoreheorsheseemstolisten,andthemoreyoufeelcertainthatthatpersonhasheardyouandintendstoactonyourwords.1．Th

ewriterimpliesinthefirstparagraphthat________.A．childrenareexpectedmorethanweusuallythinkB．lifeisnoteasyforeveryoneofusC．bettereducationresults

insmarterchildrenD．tobealikeablechildisalmostimpossible2．AccordingtoDr.Leonard,likeablechildren________.A．can

copemoreeasilywithstressindependentlyB．knowhowtoavoidtroubleandunpleasanteventsC．arealwaysoptimisticandreadytohelpthoseinneedD．canachievemoreandund

erstandthemselvesbetter3．Theterm―emotionalarmor‖inParagraph3means________.A．mentalsupportfromfriendsB．mentalsupportfromadultsC．failuresi

nlifeD．abilitytohandlelifestress4．ThemainpurposeofthestudiesdonebyMichaelDelucchiistofind________.A．ifalikeableteacherha

sapositivepersonalityB．ifalikeableteacherdrawsmoreattentionC．howateacher’slikeabilitygainspopularityD．howalikeableteacher’steachings

tyleisformed5．Thepassageaimsatprovingthat________.A．likeablepeopledobetterinlifegenerallyB．likeablepeop

ledobetterintheirchildhoodC．socialcreaturesenjoyfeweradvantagesD．likeablepeoplegivebetteradvice【答案】1．A2

．D3．D4．B5．A【分析】本文是一篇说明文。短文通过讨人喜欢的孩子和讨人喜欢的老师对孩子的影响的例子来说明讨人喜欢的人通常在生活中做得更好。1．推理判断题。根据第一段中Despitebeingyoungweareexpectedtoachievegoodgrades

,stayoutoftrouble,makefriendsatschool,dowellontests,performchores(杂务)athomeandsoon.―尽管还年轻，我们被期望取得好成绩，远离麻烦，在学校交朋友，在考试中取得好成绩，在家里做家务等等。‖由此可知，作者在第一段暗示

孩子们比我们通常认为的更受期待。故选A。2．推理判断题。根据第二段中Dr.CarolynLeonardstatesthatchildrenwhoarelikeableandoptimisticareabletogainsupportfromothers.Thisleadstofoc

usandresilience（适应力）,theabilitytorecoverfromoradjustearlytolifestress.―卡洛琳·伦纳德博士指出，可爱、讨人喜欢的孩子能够获得他人的支持。这将导致专注力和恢复力，以及从生活压力中恢复或及早调

整的能力。‖由此可知，伦纳德博士说，可爱的孩子可以取得更多成就，也能更好地了解自己。故选D。3．词义猜测题。根据第二段中Thisleadstofocusandresilience(适应力),theabilitytorecoverfromoradjustearl

ytolifestress;―这就导致了专注力和恢复力，即及早从生活压力中恢复或调整的能力。所以一个处理生活压力的能力的孩子可以在通往成功的道路上继续前进。‖由此推知，划线部分指的是―处理生活压力的能力‖。故选D。4．细节理解题。根据第四段中MichaelDelu

cchioftheUniversityofHawaiirevieweddozensofstudiestodetermineiflikeableteachersreceivedgoodratingsbecauseoftheirlikeabilityorbecauseth

eyinfacttaughtwell.―夏威夷大学的迈克尔·德鲁奇(MichaelDelucchi)回顾了数十项研究，以确定讨人喜欢的老师获得高分是因为他们受人喜爱，还是因为他们实际上教得好。‖由此可知，MichaelDelucchi所做的研究的主要目的是发现一个讨人喜欢的老师是否能吸引更多的注意

。故选B。5．推理判断题。根据第三段―Whydoesalikeablechildmoreeasilyhandlestressanddobetterinhisorherlife?‖为什么一个讨人喜欢的孩子更容易处理压力，在他或她的生活中做得更好

?。根据第四段―Deluecchifoundthat―studentswhoperceiveateacheraslikeable,incontrasttothosewhodonot,maybemoreat

tentivetotheinformationthattheteacherdelivers,andthey’llworkharderonassignments,andtheywilllearnmore‖.‖Delecc

hi发现，―与那些认为老师不讨人喜欢的学生相比，那些认为老师讨人喜欢的学生可能会更注意老师传递的信息，他们会更努力地完成作业，也会学到更多东西。‖由此判断出，短文通过讨人喜欢的孩子和讨人喜欢的老师对孩子的影响的例子来说明讨人喜欢的人通常在生活中做得更好。故选A。Passage4【

新题模拟】（2021·吉林长春市·高三一模）It'snosecretthatinhaling(吸入)smokeisbadforyourlungs.Butnow,scientistsaresuggestingsmokemayalsocarryandspreadinfectiousdiseases.

Thetheory,publishedinScienceMagazine,isbasedonresearchthatfoundwildfiresmokeisteemingwiththousandsofspe

ciesofmicroorganisms.Someofthesemicroorganisms,includingbacteriaandfungalspores（真菌孢子）,areknowntocausedi

sease.Thenewresearchsuggeststhatwhenawildfireburnsplantoranimalmatteranddisturbssoils,itexposesthousandsofspeciesofbacteriaa

ndfungi（真菌）thatotherwisemightnoteasilybecomeairborne（空气传播的）.Youmightthinkthehighheatfromfirewouldkilltheseorga

nisms,butonestudycitedinthearticlefoundthatsomebacteriaevenmultiplypost-fire.Scientistssaytheorganismslatchontosmokeparticula

tes（微粒）,allowingthemtotravelthousandsofmilesacrosscontinents.Dr.PeterChen,directoroftheDivisionofPulmonaryandCriticalCareMedicineatCedars-SinaiMedic

alCenterinLosAngeles,is"intrigued"bythetheorybutsomewhatskepticalthatthemicroorganismsinsmokewouldactuallycauseinfections.Man

ybacteriaandfungidon'tcauselunginfections,saysChen,butit'scertainlypossiblethatasignificantamountcouldworsensymptomsinsomeonewithapre-existing

lungcondition."Ialwaysthoughtitwastheparticulatesinsmokethatwerecausingtheseissues,"saysChen,"ButwhenIreadthis,Istartedthinking:Coulditb

ethemicroorganismsthatarealsoworseningexistingillness?"Whetherthemicrobesinsmokeactuallycauseinfectionorsimplyworsenpotentialrespiratory（呼吸的）issu

es,thearticleraisesanewhealththreatthatis"certainlyalarming,"saysKelseyJack,anassociateprofessorofenvironmentalanddevelopm

enteconomics.Thisisespeciallytrueforlower-incomepopulations,Jacksays,becausepeoplewithfewermeansareoftenmoreexposedtotheenvi

ronment.Ifsmokeisaffectingtheairqualityinacertainarea,thepeoplewhoworkoutside,orwhohavetogototheofficeonfootorbybike,willinhalemoresmoketh

anthosewhodrive.Butuntilmoreresearchisdone,Chensaysthebestthingpeoplecandoisjustfollowexistingrecommendationswhenairqualityispoor—includings

tayingindoors,keepingwindowsanddoorsclosed,usingHEPAfilters（过滤器）andrunningairconditioning.6．Whatcanweknowaboutthemicroorganismsfr

omparagraph2?A．TheycouldbekilledbyhighheatB．TheycouldpossiblytravelthroughairbythemselvesC．Theycouldre

produceinlargenumbersafterfires.D．Theycaneasilyattachthemselvestosmokeparticulates7．Howdomostmicroorganismsaffectpeopleaccordingto

Dr.PeterChen?A．Theywillcauseslunginfections.B．TheymightworsenlungdiseaseC．Theywilldestroylivingenvironments.D．Theymi

ghtdamagerespiratorysystem8．Whyarelow-incomepeoplesufferingmorethanothers?A．Theyliveinpoorareas.B．TheydrivetoandfromworkC

．TheyhavesufferedfromlungdiseaseD．Theyareexposedtopollutedairmorefrequently.9．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmain

lytalkabout?A．ResultsofthenewresearchB．DisagreementsbetweentheauthorandChen.C．Suggestionsondealingwithpoorairq

ualityD．Benefitsofpreventingsmokefrompollutingtheair【答案】6．C7．B8．D9．C【分析】本文是说明文。科学家通过研究发现烟雾也可能携带和传播传染病，当野火燃烧时，会散播数千种细菌和真菌。文章介绍了这项发现，并给

出了相应的建议。6．细节理解题。根据第二段的―Youmightthinkthehighheatfromfirewouldkilltheseorganisms,butonestudycitedinthearticl

efoundthatsomebacteriaevenmultiplypost-fire.(你可能认为来自火灾的高热会杀死这些生物，但一篇文章引用的一项研究发现，有些细菌甚至会在大火后繁殖。)‖可知，微生物在大火之后可能大量繁殖。

故选C。7．细节理解题。根据第三段的―Manybacteriaandfungidon'tcauselunginfections,saysChen,butit'scertainlypossiblethatasignificantamountco

uldworsensymptomsinsomeonewithapre-existinglungcondition.（许多细菌和真菌不会引起肺部感染，陈说，但肯定有可能大量的细菌和真菌会使先前存在的肺部疾病的人的症状恶化。）‖可知，Peter陈认为微生物可能会让肺部感染恶化。故选B。

8．细节理解题。根据第四段的―Thisisespeciallytrueforlower-incomepopulations,Jacksays,becausepeoplewithfewermeansareoftenmoree

xposedtotheenvironment.（杰克说，这对低收入人群尤其如此，因为经济能力较差的人往往更容易接触这样的环境。）‖可知，低收入人群比别人遭受更多是因为他们更频繁地暴露在污染的空气中。故选D。9．主旨大意题。根据最后一段内容―Butuntilmor

eresearchisdone,Chensaysthebestthingpeoplecandoisjustfollowexistingrecommendationswhenairqualityispoor—includingst

ayingindoors,keepingwindowsanddoorsclosed,usingHEPAfilters（过滤器）andrunningairconditioning.（但在做更多的研究之前，陈说，人们能做的最好的事情就是在空气质量差的时候遵循现有的

建议——包括待在室内，关闭门窗，使用HEPA过滤器和运行空调。）‖可知，最后一段讨论了关于处理空气质量差的建议。故选C。Passage5【新题模拟】（2021·山东枣庄市·高三期末）Weallknow

aboutthehealthbenefitsofswimming.Itoffersagreatworkoutforthebody—itbuildsendurance,musclestrengthandcardiovasc

ularfitness.Ifyoudon'tmindgettingwet,itcanbefuntoo.Butwhowouldenjoyswimminginwaterthatisicecold.Well,manypeoplearetakingthep

lunge,basedonevidencethatitcanactuallybegoodforus.Cold-waterswimming—sometimescalledwildswimming—involvessw

imminginnaturalareasincludingponds,riversandthesea.Jumpingingivesashortsharpshocktothebody,butmanyparticipantssaytheygetusedtoit.Acold

dipmightwakeyouup,butresearchhasfounditcanhavemuchbiggerbenefitsthanthatforyourbodyandmind.Aswellasbeinggoodexercis

e,spendingtimeoutdoorsandbywaterimproveswellbeing.Thereismuchevidence,mostlyanecdotal,thatsuggestscold-waterswimmi

nghascuredcertainhealthconditions.Onemanwhosufferedconstantpainaftersurgeryclaimedhewascuredbytakingaplungein

coldopenwater.Andanotherswimmer,SandriaSimons,toldtheBBC―theimmersionofyourbodyincold,saltwater,justfeel

inglikeyou'reatonewithnatureifyoulike,justfeelsamazing.‖Butwhatisitthatpeoplearegainingfromthischillyexperience?Doctorssaygettingintocoldwater

evokesastressresponse,butthemoreyoudoit,yourreactiontostressisreduced.It'salsothoughttohaveastronganti-inflammatoryeffect.Buttherearebiggerbene

fitstothisstress-reducingexercise.Someexpertsbelievecold-waterswimminghelps'cross-adaptation',whereoneformofstresspreparesthebodyforanot

her.Forexample?italsohelpsreducethestressofexercisingathighaltitude.So,ifyou'reconvincedthatthisisforyou,takeadvice:approac

hitwithcaution,swimwithafriend,andmaybestartinthesummer,whenthewatertemperaturesarehigher!10．Whatisthetextmainlyabout

?A．Swimmingandhealth.B．Cold-waterswimming.C．Reducingstress.D．Achillyexperience.11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword―

it‖refertointhe2ndparagraph?A．Thesharpbodyshock.B．Thebenefit.C．Thecolddip.D．Theresearch.12．WhatisSandriaSimons'opinionab

outcold-waterswimming?A．Itbringsyouclosetonature.B．Itcurescertainhealthconditions.C．Ithascross-adaptationeffects.D．

It'sagreatphysicalexercise.13．Whatistheauthor'sadvice?A．Startatanearlyage.B．Doitimmediately.C．Adaptfirstincoldwater.D．S

afetycomesfirst.【答案】10．B11．C12．A13．D【分析】这是一篇说明文。有证据表明在冰冷的水里游泳，即―冷水游泳‖对人体有好处。文章介绍了―冷水游泳‖的概念，列举了一些冷水游泳治愈健康问

题的例子和医生对冷水游泳有哪些好处的说明。10．主旨大意题。根据第一段―Weallknowaboutthehealthbenefitsofswimming.Itoffersagreatworkoutforth

ebody—itbuildsendurance,musclestrengthandcardiovascularfitness.Ifyoudon'tmindgettingwet,itcanbefuntoo.Butwhowouldenjoyswimmin

ginwaterthatisicecold,Well,manypeoplearetakingtheplunge,basedonevidencethatitcanactuallybegoodforus.(我们都知

道游泳对健康的好处。它为身体提供了很好的锻炼——增强耐力、肌肉力量和心血管健康。如果你不介意被打湿的话，也可以很有趣。但是谁会喜欢在冰冷的水里游泳呢？嗯，很多人都在冒险，因为有证据表明这实际上对我们有好处)‖结合文章说明了有证据

表明在冰冷的水里游泳，即―冷水游泳‖对人体有好处。文章介绍了―冷水游泳‖的概念，列举了一些冷水游泳治愈健康问题的例子和医生对冷水游泳有哪些好处的说明。可知，文章的主要内容是冷水游泳。故选B。11．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文―Acol

ddipmightwakeyouup,butresearchhasfound‖以及后文―canhavemuchbiggerbenefitsthanthatforyourbodyandmind‖可知，泡个冷

水澡可能会让你清醒，但研究发现，冷水澡对你的身心益处要大得多。故it指的是―Thecolddip(冷水澡)‖。故选C。12．细节理解题。根据第三段中―Andanotherswimmer,SandriaSimons,toldtheBBC―theimmersionofyourbodyincold,sa

ltwater,justfeelinglikeyou'reatonewithnatureifyoulike,justfeelsamazing.‖(另一位游泳运动员SandriaSimons在接受BBC采访时表示：―把身体浸泡在

冰冷的盐水中，只要你愿意，就会感觉自己与大自然融为一体，这种感觉太棒了。‖)‖可知，SandriaSimons认为冷水游泳使人接近大自然。故选A。13．细节理解题。根据最后一段―So,ifyou'reconvincedthatthisisforyou,t

akeadvice:approachitwithcaution,swimwithafriend,andmaybestartinthesummer,whenthewatertemperaturesarehigher!(所以，如果你确信这是适合你的，请接受建议：要

小心进行，和朋友一起游泳，也许可以在夏天开始，因为水温较高！)‖可知，作者的建议是安全第一。故选D。