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【例题1】Yourunintothegrocerystoretopickuponebottleofwater.Yougetwhatyouneed,headtothefront,andchoosethelinethatlooksfastest.Youchose
wrong.Peoplewhoyousweargotinotherlineslongafteryouarealreadycheckedoutandofftotheparkinglot.1Itturnsoutthatit’sjustmath
workingagainstyou;chancesarethattheotherlinereallyisfaster.Grocerystorestrytohaveenoughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomerst
hroughwithminimumdelay.2Anysmallinterruption—apricecheck,achattycustomer-canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentireline.Iftherearethreelines
inthestore,delayswillhappenrandomlyatdifferentregisters.Thinkabouttheprobability:3Soit’snotjustinyourmind:Anotherlineprobablyismovingfaster.Rese
archershaveagoodwaytodealwiththisproblem.Makeallcustomersstandinonelong,snakingline—calledaserpentineline—andserveeachpersonatthefrontw
iththenextavailableregister.4Thisiswhattheydoatmostbanksandfast-foodrestaurants.Withaserpentineline,alongdelayatoneregisterwon’t
unfairlypunishthepeoplewholinedupbehindit.Instead,itwillmakeeveryoneslowdownalittlebitbutspeedupcheckoutoverall.5Ittakesmanyregisterstokeepone
linemovingquickly,andsomestorescan’taffordthespaceormanpower.Sowhereveryournextwaitmaybe:Goodluck.A.Whydoesthisalwaysseemtohappen
toyou?B.Sowhydon’tmostplacesencourageserpentinelines?C.Someofthemayhavestoodinaqueueforalmostanhour.D.Thechancesofyourlinebeingthefastes
tareonlyoneinthree.E.Howhighistheprobabilitythatyouareinthefastestwaitingline?F.Withthreeregisters,thismeth
odismuchfasterthanthetraditionalapproach.G.Butsometimes,asonaSundayafternoon,thesystemgetsparticularlybusy.【答案】AGDFB【解析】本文是说明文。文章说明了杂货店排队方式以及研究人员提出的蛇
形队伍的新方式,并分析了各自的利弊。优选例题七选五之说明文大题优练51.下文“Itturnsoutthatit’sjustmathworkingagainstyou;chancesarethattheotherlinereal
lyisfaster.”(原来,这只是你的数学问题;很可能,另一个队伍真的更快。)解释了上文“Youchosewrong.”的原因,下文与空格处是因果关系,所以本空应该是对前文选错提出疑惑,故选A项。2.上文“Grocerystorestrytohavee
noughemployeesatcheckouttogetalltheircustomersthroughwithminimumdelay.”(杂货店尽量让足够的员工以最快的速度给所有的顾客结账。)”解释了杂货店之前的工作模式,下文“Anys
mallinterruption—apricecheck,achattycustomer—canhavedownstreameffects,holdingupanentireline.”(任何一个小小的中断,比如一次价
格核对,一个喋喋不休的顾客,都会影响后面的一系列行为,拖慢结账速度。)描述了杂货店的特殊情况,故本空应该填出现特殊情况的原因,故选G项。3.根据上文“Iftherearethreelinesinthesto
re,delayswillhappenrandomlyatdifferentregisters.”(如果杂货店中有三列队伍在排队,延迟将在不同的队伍中随机发生。),并联系下文“Soit’snotjustinyourmind:Anotherlineprobablyismovingfaster.”
(所以这不仅仅是在你的想象里:另一条队伍可能移动得更快。)可知本空说的是任何一个队伍都有可能出现问题。你的队伍排得最快的几率只有三分之一。故选D项。4.上文提示:我们得知研究人员有一个很好的方法来处理这个问题。下文提示:大多数银行和快餐店都
是这样做的。排蜿蜒的队伍,在一个登记处长时间拖延不会不公平地惩罚后面排队的人。相反,它会减慢每个人一点点,但加快了整体结帐速度。)说明这个新方案迅速有效,联系上下文可知,空格中应该是与旧的结账方式作比较。故选F项。5.结合下文“Ittakesm
anyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly,andsomestorescan’taffordthespaceormanpower.”(要让一条队伍快速结账,需要很多的收银机,而
有些商店没有足够的空间和人力资源。)说明了一个原因,由此可知,空格处是提出了一个问题。通过“Ittakesmanyregisterstokeeponelinemovingquickly.”可知这里描述的是不鼓励蛇形队伍的原因。故选B项。【例题2】
Someindividualsarebornwithagiftforpublicspeaking.6Doyouwanttobeagoodpublicspeaker?Herearesomeprinciplesyoumustmaster
.Peoplewanttolistentosomeonewhoisinteresting,relaxedandcomfortable.Toooften,whenyoustanduptogiveaspeech,youfocusonthe“public”attheexpenseofthe“speak
ing.”7Focusonthespeaking.Talkdirectlytoyouraudience,beyourselfandmakeaconnection.Eventhemostsuccessfulpublicspeakerwill
makemistakes.Yet,theonlyonewhocaresaboutanymistakeistheonewhoisspeaking.People’sattentionwandersconstantly.Infact,mostpeopleonlyabsorbab
out20percentofaspeaker’smessage.So,don’tstopspeakingwhenyoumakeamistakeunlessit’satrulyseriousone.8Y
ourgoalisnottobeaperfectpublicspeaker.9Andlikeeverythingelseinlife,thattakespractice.Remember,evenworldchampionath
letespracticetheirskillsonaconsistentbasis.10It’sraretohearsomeonesay,“Iwishthatspeakerhadspokenlonger”.Ontheotherhand,youprobablycan’tco
untthetimesthatyou’vethought,“I’mgladthattalkisover.Itseemedtogoonforever!”Sosurpriseyouraudience.Alwa
ysmakeyourpresentationjustabitshorterthananticipated.It’sbettertoleaveyourlistenerswishingformorethanshiftingrestlesslyint
heirseatswaitingforyourspeechfinallytoend.A.Dotheopposite.B.Youwanttobeaneffectivepublicspeaker.C.Youdon’tneedtoapologizeforamin
orslip.D.Whenitcomestopublicspeaking,lessisusuallymore.E.Theobjectiveofmostspeechesistobenefittheaudience.F.Takethefearoutofpublicspeakingbyfocus
ingonyourlisteners.G.However,themajorityofpeopleareeffectivespeakersbecausetheyaretrainedtobe.【答案】GACBD【解析】本文是一篇说明文,主要讲述了成为
一个优秀的演说家必须掌握的原则。6.过渡衔接句。本文结构为总分,第一段总领全文,设空前一句谈到有些人生来就有演讲的天赋,后一句设问则是:你想成为一个优秀的演说家吗?以下是一些你必须掌握的原则。前后为转折关系,审视选项
,G项(然而,大多数人之所以能成为有效的演讲者,是因为他们受过训练。)符合文意,故选G。7.细节支撑句。设空前一句:很多时候,当你站起来演讲时,你会把注意力放在公众上,而不是演讲上。后文谈到专注于演讲,直接和你的听众交谈,做你自己,建立联系。审视选
项,A项(做相反的事。)符合文意,故选A。8.主旨概括句。设空处位于段末,此段主要告诉人们不要害怕犯错,听众的注意力总是分散的,所以,当你犯错时不要停止,除非是非常严重的错误,审视选项,C项(你不需要为一个小失误
道歉。)符合文意,故选C。9.细节支撑句。设空前一句:你的目标不是成为一个完美的公众演说家。根据复现词“speaker”,且根据设空后文(就像生活中的其他事情一样,这需要练习。)可知,B项(你是想成为一个有效的公众演说家。)符合文意,故选B。10.主旨概括句。设空处位于段首,
结合本段大意可知,听众希望演讲是言简意赅的,审视选项,D项(就公开演讲而言,通常少即是多。)符合文意,故选D。(一)ACVisoneofthemostimportantpartsofyourapplicationtoanoverseasuniver
sity.1HerearesomeusefultipsthatcouldhelpyoumakeacompetitiveCVbeforetheinterview.Keepitbrief.Aimtoincludeasmuchin
formationasyoucanwhenwritingyourCV,suchasyoureducational模拟优练experience,extracurricularactivities,skills,hobbiesandinteres
ts.Remembertokeepthembrief,usingkeypointstohighlightyourstrengthsandcommitment.2Emphasizeyoureducationalexperience.IfyouhaveahighGPA,
putitontop.Listallacademicprogramsoroverseasexchangeprogramsyouhaveparticipatedin.3Youshouldalsolistyouracademicawards,h
onors,leadershipexperienceandotherachievements.4Toshowyourexcellence,thefollowingaspectscouldmakeyoustandoutfromotherapplica
nts.Yourexperienceinextracurricularactivities,schoolclubsandvoluntaryworkcouldspeakforyou.Listtwoorthreeactivitiesthathavehelpedyoucultivate
leadershipandteamworkandshowyourinfluenceonsociety.Meetalltheformalrequirements.YouaresupposedtocreateaCVthatisprope
rlyorganizedandeasytoread.5Theyoftenprovidetheirspecificrecommendations,orthetemplate.A.Highlightyourpersonalstreng
th.B.Emphasizeyourpreferencesforschoolclubs.C.Itisbettertocheckthewebsitesofyourtargetuniversities.D.Youshouldalsoprovideabundantusefulinformati
oninyourCV.E.Thenwritespecificallywhatyouhavelearnedthroughtheseprograms.F.Thethumbruleistokeepthelengthofyou
rCVwithinoneortwopages.G.ImpressingtheadmissionofficerswithaperfectCVisapassporttosuccess.【答案】GFEAC【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了可以帮助
你在面试前制作一份有竞争力的简历的一些有用的建议。1.根据前文“ACVisoneofthemostimportantpartsofyourapplicationtoanoverseasuniversity.”(简历是你申请国外大学最重要的部分之一。)可知G选项(用一份完美的简历打动招生办
负责人是一切顺利的通行证。)符合题意,故选G项。2.根据前文“Remembertokeepthembrief.”可知,简历要简短。F选项(最基本的原则是将简历的页数控制在一到两页之内。)符合题意,故选F项。3.根据前文“Listallacade
micprogramsoroverseasexchangeprogramsyouhaveparticipatedin.”(列出你参加过的所有学术项目或海外交流项目。)可知,接下来应该写从中学到了什么。E选项(然后具体说明你从这些项目中学到了什么。
)符合题意,故选E项。4.根据下文“Toshowyourexcellence,thefollowingaspectscouldmakeyoustandoutfromotherapplicants.”(为了体
现你的优秀,以下几点可以让你从众多申请者中脱颖而出。)可知,简历中也要展现自己的长处。A选项(突出你的个人优势。)符合题意,故选A项。5.根据前文“Meetalltheformalrequirements
.”(满足所有的官方要求。)以及后文“Theyoftenprovidetheirspecificrecommendations,orthetemplate.”(他们通常会提供他们具体的建议或模板。)可知
,要提前查看相应大学的网站。C选项(最好查看你的目标院校的网站。)符合题意,故选C项。(二)Apopularpersonissomeonewhoisadmired,appreciated,orlovedbythei
rpeers.Otherswanttobeassociatedwiththem,andtheyhaveplentyoffriends.Apopularpersonusuallyhasahighsocialsta
tusintheirpeergroup.6Careaboutyourappearance.Takingprideinyourappearanceisoneofthesimplestwaystoimproveyo
ursocialprospectsandalterthewaypeoplethinkaboutyou.Youdonothavetowearexpensiveorfashionableclothestobecomepopular
.7Beconfident.Ifyouwantpeopletolikeyouforwhoyouare,youhavetoalsolikeyourself.8Whenpeoplenoticetheconfidentwayyouholdyourself,the
y’llrealizeyouaresomeoneworthbeingaround.Joinin.9Don’twalkthehallswithyourheadloweredorskiplunchbecaus
eyouhavenoonetositwith;talktopeopleandgettoknowthem.Showaninterestinwhat’sgoingonaroundyou.Takepartinclasse
slikeartandPEastheseareoftencooperative,team-buildingenvironments.Beforelongyou’llstarttopickuponwhat
peoplearelikeandbeginmakefriendsthatsharecommoninterests.10Spendtimehangingoutwithalotofdifferentpeople.Peoplewhoaretrulypopulararecomfortable
beingfriendlywitheveryonetheymeetwith.Don’tjustbefriendswithonegrouportypeofperson,butmakeanefforttogettoknoweveryone.You'llbeginbridginggapsi
nseparategroupsandbecomeknownasapersonthatbringspeopletogether.A.Diversifyyoursocialcircle.B.Bekindtopeopleoutsideyourgroup.C.Thesearesom
efactorswhichcanleadtoanaturalpopularity.D.Involveyourselfinotherstudentsandparticipateinthesameactivities.E.Youmightnotnoti
ceitbuteventuallyyouwillgettoknowthebenefitsofappearance.F.Instead,aimtolookdecentatalltimes,includingyourhairstyle
sandpersonaltidiness.G.Remindyourselfofyourpositivefeaturesandtrytoletthosebetheonesyoudisplaytoothers.【答案】CFGDA【
解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了让自己成为受欢迎的人的一些方法。6.根据前句“Apopularpersonusuallyhasahighsocialstatusintheirpeergroup.”及下文内容可知,这里为承上启下句,为读者介绍一些让自己
受欢迎的因素。所以选择项C(这些都是一些能让你自然而然受欢迎的因素。)符合上下文语境。故选C。7.根据小标题Careaboutyourappearance.和前句“Youdonothavetowearexpensiveor
fashionableclothestobecomepopular.”可知外表很重要,但你不一定要穿昂贵或时尚的衣服所以选项F(相反,你要时刻保持得体,包括发型和个人整洁。)符合上下文语境。故选F。8.上文提示:如果你想让人们喜欢真实的你,你也必须喜欢
你自己。下文提示:当人们注意到你自信的样子时,他们会意识到你是一个值得与之交往的人。所以选项G(提醒自己努力展现积极的一面。)符合上下文语境。故选G。9.根据小标题Joinin.和后文内容可知,要多参加活动。所以选项D(多和其他同学一起参加相同的活动。)符合
上下文语境。故选D。10.此处考查本段小标题。下文提示:花时间和很多不同的人在一起。真正受欢迎的人会乐于与他们遇到的每个人都保持友好的关系。不要只和一群人或一类人做朋友,而要努力去了解每一个人。这会让你弥合不同群体之间的分歧,成为一个能把大家团结在一起的人。可知在本部分,作者建议要与不同的人
交朋友,拓展自己的社交圈。所以选择项A(丰富社交圈。)符合本段小标题。故选A。(三)Everyday,wearefacedwithchallengesanduncertainties.Whilethesearethingsthatareou
tofourcontrol,wecanmostcertainlycontrolhowwereactandfeelinsuchsituations.11Optimismisasimpleyetpowerfulmindsetthatcanaffectusinman
yways.Anoptimistwillbemorecommittedtowardshisgoals.Whensomepeoplesetagoaltheydon’taccountfortheproblemstheyruninto.T
heyviewthemasbarriersthatcan’theremoved.Thisiswhytheminutesomethingdoesn’tgoasplannedtheystarttoshrinka
ndgiveup.12Infact,anoptimisticpersonwillmerelylookattheproblemsasnewexperiencesandnewpossibilities.Heunderstandsthatfailureisjustpart
oftheprocessandwelcomesitwithopenarms.13AsurveyconductedbyGallupfoundthatonly35percentofUSmanagersareoccupiedinth
eirjobs.ThislackofdevotionanditsinfluenceonemployeescoststheUSapproximately$77billionto$96billioneachyear.Optimisticleaderscanhelp
motivatetheiremployees.14Aboveall,optimismoffersahealthierandlongerlife.AstudyfromtheUniversityofPittsburghconcludedthatthosewhohaveanoptimisticview
pointhavea30percentlowerriskofheartdisease.15Additionally,researchpublishedintheCanadianMedicalAssoci
ationJournalfoundthatoptimistsarelesslikelytoexperiencedisabilitiesastheygetolderandenduplivinglonger.Inlife,movementandgrowthisi
mportantandnecessary,whichoptimismhelpsusachieve.A.Theyseefailureasanewstart.B.Wecanlearntokeepoptimistic.C.
Optimistsalsospreadagoodatmosphere.D.Theythinkaboutpossiblepositiveoutcomes.E.That’sbecausetheyaregenera
llyhappierandlessstressed.F.Ontheotherhand,anoptimisticpersonismoreopentoproblems.G.Similarly,havingaposit
iveattitudecaninspireeveryonearoundus.【答案】BFCGE【解析】本文是一篇说明文,讲述了乐观是一种朴素而强大的心态,可以在许多方面影响我们。11.上文提示:虽然这些都是我们无法控制的事情,但我们
可以很肯定地控制我们在这种情况下的反应和感受。下文提示:乐观是一种朴素而强大的心态,可以在许多方面影响我们。空格处应该引入乐观这一主题。B项(我们可以学会保持乐观。)引出乐观这个主题。故选B。12.上文提示:当一些人设定目标时,他们
没有考虑到他们会遇到的问题。因此他们将其视为无法消除的障碍。这就是为什么一旦事情没有按计划进行,他们就会开始退缩和放弃。下文提示:事实上,乐观的人只会把这些问题看成是新的经历和新的可能性。因此空格处应该陈述乐观主义者
在遇到问题时该怎么办。F项(另一方面,乐观的人更容易接受问题。)陈述了乐观者面对问题的态度,承上启下。故选F。13.下文提示:盖洛普公司开展的一项调查发现,美国只有35%的经理在专心工作。缺乏奉献的精神及其对员工的影响每年会使美国损失约770亿至960亿美元。乐观的领导者可以激励员工
。在一个公司中,如果领导是个乐观的人,公司的效益会很好。相反地,如果领导缺乏奉献精神那么会造成巨大的损失。由此推知,本段主要在讲述在公司之中需要良好的氛围,这样可以带动大家。C项(乐观主义者也有利于传播一种良好的氛围。)满足本段段意。故选C。14.根据空格前一句“Optimistic
leaderscanhelpmotivatetheiremployees.”可知,此处在陈述乐观的领导者会带动他的员工。由此推知,下文应该讲述乐观的人也会带动周围的人。G项(同样,积极的态度可以激励我们周围的每一个人。)承接上文。故选G。15.上文提示:匹兹堡大学的一项研
究得出结论,那些乐观的人患心脏病的风险降低了30%。由此推知下文应该分析这一现象产生的原因。E项(这是因为他们通常更快乐,压力也更小。)陈述了这个原因。故选E。