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【例题】（2020·山东卷）AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureati

ngcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoo

rderlargeportions(份),it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,

theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)part

icipateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhired

bytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherw

eightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodt

hantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethin

actortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:thepar

ticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenw

e’remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.

However,we’lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathi

npersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?1.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety.B.Mov

ieviewership.C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbehavior.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters.B.Overweightpers

ons.C.Pickyeaters.优选例题阅读理解（说明文）大题优练3D.Tallthinpersons.3.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestifthepar

ticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdo

wn.4.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers

.D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】1.D2.D3.A4.C【解析】本文为说明文，文章介绍了饮食同伴体型和消费习惯对个人饮食习惯的影响。1.细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Accordingtoarecentstudy…,boththes

izeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，我们饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量，故选D。2.词义猜

测题。根据划线单词所在句上文“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions”（与现有的研究结果相反的是，你应该避免和体重较胖的人

一起吃饭，因为他们点的食物份量比较大）可知，beanpoles是heavierpeople的反义词，故选D。3.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneati

nghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.”可知，招聘演员进行实验的目的是为了测试社交对饮食习惯的影响，故选A。4.细节理解题。根据“adjusttheinfluence”下文“Ifanoverwei

ghtpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits…”可知，我们如何看待他人的饮食习惯很重要，故选C。(一)Humansoc

ietiesdevelopedfoodpreferencesbasedonwhatwasavailableandwhatthegroupdecideditliked模拟优练most.Thoseprefere

nceswerethenpassedalongassociallylearnedbehaviors,values,knowledgeandcustomsthatmakeupculture.Besideshumans,manyothersocialanimalsarebeli

evedtoexhibitformsofcultureinvariousways,too.Infact,accordingtoanewstudyledbyHarvardscientistLiranSam

uni,bonobos(倭黑猩猩),oneofourclosestlivingrelatives,couldbethelatestadditiontothelist.Theresearchersstudiedthehuntingandfeedin

ghabitsoftwoneighboringgroupsofbonobosintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.Analyzingthedata,theysawmanysimila

ritiesinthelivesofthetwobonobogroups—theEkalakalaandtheKokoalongo.Theyalsobothhavetheaccessandopportunitytohuntthesamekindofprey(猎物).This,howe

ver,ispreciselywhereresearchersnoticedastrikingdifference.Thegroupsconsistentlypreferredtohuntandfeastontwodifferenttypesofprey.Th

eEkalakalagroupwentafterananomalure(鳞尾松鼠).TheKokoalongogroupontheotherhand,favoredaduiker(小羚羊).“It’sbasicallyliketwohum

anculturesexploitingacommonresourceindifferentways,”saysSamuni.“Thinkabouttwocultureslivingclosetoeachother

buthavingdifferentpreferences:Onepreferschickenwhiletheotherismoreofabeef-eatingculture.”Usingstatisticalmodeling,theresearcher

sfoundthattheonlyvariablethatcouldreliablypredictpreypreferencewaswhetherthehunterswereteamEkalakalaorteamKokoalongo.There

searchershaven'tyetinvestigatedhowthebonobogroupslearnedthishuntingpreference,butthroughtheiranalysistheywereabletoruleoutecologicalfactorsorgeneti

cdifferences.Basically,itmeansallevidencepointstowardthisbeingalearnedsocialbehavior.“Ifourclosestlivingrelativeshavesomecul

turaltraits(特征),thenit'slikelyourancestorsalreadyhadsomecapacityforculture,”Samunisays.5.Whatdoparagraphs3and4mainl

ytalkabout?A.Thefindingsofthestudy.B.Thebackgroundofthestudy.C.Theprocessofthestudy.D.Thechallengesofdoing

thestudy.6.HowdoesSamuniperceivethetwobonobogroups’differenthuntingpreferences?A.Theyareanunusualphenomenon.B.Theyarealearnedsocia

lbehavior.C.Theycontradicthumancultures.D.Theyshowbonobos’highintelligence.7.Whichofthefollowingcouldinfluencethebonobos'preypreference?A.T

hetimingofhunting.B.Thecommunitiestheybelongto.C.Theirhuntingtechniques.D.Theirsurroundingenvironment.8.Whatmightthefindingsofthebonobos'h

untingpreferenceindicate?A.Whenhumansocietywasborn.B.Howhumansocietydeveloped.C.Whathelpedhumanculturechange.D.Ho

whumanculturefirstappeared.【答案】5.A6.B7.B8.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了哈佛大学科学家LiranSamuni领导的一项新研究，倭黑猩猩可能是我们现存的最亲密

的亲戚之一，并且对其进行研究观察，来证明这一种习得的社会行为。5．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段Theresearchersstudiedthehuntingandfeedinghabitsoftwoneighbo

ringgroupsofbonobosintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo研究人员研究了刚果民主共和国两个相邻的倭黑猩猩群体的狩猎和进食习惯。和文章第四段Thegroupsconsistentlypreferredtohuntandfeastontwodifferentty

pesofprey.TheEkalakalagroupwentafterananomalure(鳞尾松鼠).TheKokoalongogroupontheotherhand,favoredaduiker(小

羚羊).这两组动物一直喜欢捕食两种不同类型的猎物。埃卡拉卡拉小组寻找一个鳞尾松鼠。另一方面，科科阿隆戈部落更喜欢小羚羊。可知，文章第三段和第四段主要讲述了研究的发现。故选A。6．推理判断题。根据文章第五段:这基本上就像

是两种人类文化以不同的方式开发同一种资源，Samuni说。“想想两种文化，虽然相距很近，但却有着不同的偏好：一种更喜欢吃鸡肉，而另一种则更喜欢吃牛肉。”和文章倒数第二段:研究人员还没有调查倭黑猩猩群体是如何了解这种狩猎偏好的，但通过分析，他们能够排除生态因素或遗传差异。基本上

，这意味着所有的证据都表明这是一种习得的社会行为。可知，Samuni认为两个倭黑猩猩群体不同的狩猎偏好是一种习得的社会行为。故选B。7．推理判断题。根据文章第六段:利用统计模型，研究人员发现，唯一能可靠预测猎物偏好的变量是猎人是埃卡拉卡拉队还是科科阿隆戈队。可知，它们

所属的群体会影响倭黑猩猩的猎物偏好。故选B。8．推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句Humansocietiesdevelopedfoodpreferencesbasedonwhatwasavailableandwhatthegroupdecideditlikedmost人类

社会的食物偏好是建立在现有食物和群体最喜欢的食物的基础上的。和文章最后一段Ifourclosestlivingrelativeshavesomeculturaltraits(特征),thenit'sli

kelyourancestorsalreadyhadsomecapacityforculture如果我们现存的近亲有一些文化特征，那么很可能我们的祖先已经有了一些文化能力。可推知，倭黑猩猩狩猎偏好的发现可能表明人类文化最初是如何出现的。

故选D。(二)Masksthathelpedsavelivesduringthecoronaviruspandemic(流行病)areprovingadeadlydangerforwildlife,withbirdsandmarinecrea

turestrappedintheincrediblenumberofabandonedfacialcoveringslitteringonanimalhabitats.Single-usesurgicalmasks

havebeenfoundthrownaroundpavements,waterwaysandbeachesworldwidesincecountriesbegandemandingtheiruseinpublicplacestoslowthepa

ndemic'sspread.Macaques(猕猴)havebeenspottedchewingthestraps(带子)offoldanddesertedmasksinMalaysiaapotentialchokingdangerforthelittlemonkeys.Andinaninc

identthatcapturedheadlinesinBritain,agull(海鸥)wasrescuedinthecityofChelmsfordafteritslegsbecametangled（缠结）inthestrapsofadisposablemaskfor

uptoaweek.Theanimalwelfarecharitywasalertedafterthebirdwasspottedmotionlessbutstillalive,andtheytookittoawildlif

ehospitalfortreatmentbeforeitsrelease.Thebiggestimpactmaybeinthewater.Morethanl.5billionmasksmadethe

irwayintotheworld'soceanslastyear.Accountingforaround6,200extratonsofmarineplasticpollution,accordingtoenviro

nmentalgroupOceansAsia.Alreadytherearesignsthatmasksareworseningthreatstomarinelife.ConservationistsinBrazilfound

oneinsidethestomachofapenguinafteritsbodywaswasheduponabeach,whileadeadpufferfish(河豚)wasdiscoveredcaughti

nsideanotheroffthecoastofMiami.Masksandglovesare“particularlyproblematic”forseacreatures，saysGeorgeL

eonard,chiefscientistfromU.S.-basedNGOOceanConservancy."Whenittakesthoseplasticshundredsofyearstobreakdownintheenvi

ronment,theyformsmallerandsmallerparticles,"headded,"thoseparticlesthenenterthefoodchainandimpactentireecosystem

s."Fortunately,therehasbeenashifttowardsgreateruseofreusableclothmasksasthepandemichaswornon，butmanyarestillchoosingtheligh

tersingle-usevarieties.Campaignershaveurgedpeopletothrowawaythemproperlyandremovethestrapstoreducetheriskofanimalsbecomingtrapped.

OceansAsiahasalsocalledongovernmentstoincreasefinesforlitteringandencouragetheuseofwashablemasks.9.Whatroledomasksplayduringthec

oronaviruspandemic?A.TheykeeppeoplefreeofthepandemicB.Theymakepeoplelookmoremysterious.C.Theyhelpreducethespeedofthepa

ndemic'sspread.D.Theyareofgreathelpfultowildlife.10.TheauthorusestheexampleofMacaquesandagulltoshowthat.A.thedesertedmasksputthemin

dangerB.theanimalslackenoughfoodC.theyenjoyplayingwiththestrapsD.it'stimeforpeopletoprotecttheanimals11.Whatdoes“particularlypro

blematic”inPara.4meanbyGeorgeLeonard?A.Marinecreaturesareintrouble.B.Masksandgloveswillfinallythreatenthe

wholeecosystems.C.Theplasticsareeasytobreakdown.D.Theparticlesmasksandglovesformaresmallerandsmaller.12.Wha

tisthepassageismainlyabout?A.AnimalprotectionB.MarineplasticpollutionC.HowtoreducetheriskofabandonedmasksD.Thedes

ertedmasksendangeringwildlife【答案】9.C10.A11.B12.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。在新型冠状病毒大流行（流行病）期间帮助拯救生命的口罩大量地散落在动物栖息地，正被证明是野生动物、海洋生物的致命危险。9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句

Masksthathelpedsavelivesduringthecoronaviruspandemic(流行病)areprovingadeadlydangerforwildlife在冠状病毒大流行期间口罩帮助拯救生命和第二段最后一句toslowthep

andemic'sspread减缓流行病的蔓延。可知口罩有助于减缓大流行病的传播速度。故选C项。10．推理判断题。根据第二段提到，自从各国开始要求在公共场所使用一次性外科口罩来减缓这种流行病的蔓延以来，全球各地的人行道、水道和海滩都发现了一次性外科

口罩。猕猴咀嚼口罩带子存在窒息危险，一只海鸥（海鸥)的腿在一次性口罩的带子上缠住长达一周，可推断得出遗弃的口罩使野生动物面临危险。故选A项。11．推理判断题。由第四段Whenittakesthoseplasti

cshundredsofyearstobreakdownintheenvironment,theyformsmallerandsmallerparticles,”headded,“thoseparticlesthe

nenterthefoodchainandimpactentireecosystems.这些塑料需要数百年的时间在环境中分解，它们会形成越来越小的颗粒，他补充说，这些颗粒随后进入食物链，影响整个生态系统。可知，口罩和手套最终会威胁到整个生态系统。故选

B项。12．主旨大意题。根据第一段Masksthathelpedsavelivesduringthecoronaviruspandemicareprovingadeadlydangerforwildlife

,withbirdsandmarinecreaturestrappedintheincrediblenumberofabandonedfacialcoveringslitteringonanimalhabitats.事实证明，在冠状病毒大流行期间曾帮助拯救生命的

口罩对野生动物来说是一种致命的危险，大量被遗弃的面部覆盖物在动物栖息地随处散落，鸟类和海洋生物受到威胁。所以短文主要是关于废弃的口罩危及野生动物。故选D项。(三)Astheeffectsofclimatechangebecomemore

disastrous,well-knownresearchinstitutionsandgovernmentagenciesarefocusingnewmoneyandattentiononanidea:artifici

allycoolingtheplanet,inthehopesofbuyinghumanitymoretimetocutgreenhousegasemissions.Thatstrategy,calledsolarclimateintervention(干预)o

rsolargeoengineering,involvesreflectingmoreofthesun’senergybackintospace—abruptlyreducingglobaltemperaturesinawaythatim

itatestheeffectsofashcloudsflowingoutfromthevolcaniceruptions.Theideahasbeenconsideredasadangerousandfanciedsolution,onethatwouldencouragepeoplet

okeepburningfossilfuelswhileexposingtheplanettounexpectedandpotentiallythreateningsideeffects,producingmoredestructivehurricanes,w

ildfiresfloodsandotherdisasters.But,asglobalwarmingcontinues,producingmoredestructivehurricanes,wildfiresfloodsandotherdisasters,someresearchersan

dpolicyexpertssaythatconcernsaboutgeoengineeringshouldbeoutweighedbytheimperativetobetterunderstandit,incasetheconsequenceofclimatechangebecom

esoterriblethattheworldcan’twaitforbettersolutions.Onewaytocooltheearthisbyinjectingaerosols(气溶胶)intotheupperlay

eroftheatmospherewherethoseparticlesreflectsunlightawayfromtheearth.Thatprocessworks,accordingtoDouglasMacMartin,aresearcheratCornellUniversity.“We

knowwith100%certaintythatwecancooltheplanet,”hesaidinaninterview.What’sstillunclear,headded,iswhathappensnext.Temperature,MacM

artinsaid,isanindicatorforalotofclimateeffects.“Whatdoesitdotothestrengthofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesitdotoagricultureproduct

ion?Whatdoesitdototheriskofforestfires?”AnotherinstitutionfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundationwillanalyzehundredsofsimulationsofaerosolinject

ion,testingtheeffectsonweatherextremesaroundtheworld.Onegoaloftheresearchistolookforasweetspot:theamountofartificialcoolingthatcanreduceextre

meweathereventswithoutcausingbroaderchangesinregionalrainfallpatternsorsimilarimpacts.13．Whydoresearchersandgovernm

entagenciesworkoncoolingtheearth?A．Topreventnaturaldisasters.B．Towinmoretimetoreducegasemissions.C．Toimi

tatevolcaniceruptions.D．Toencouragemorepeopletoburfossilfuels.14．Whatareresearchersworriedaboutintermsofglobalwarming?A．Morevolcanoeswillthrowout.B．M

oresolarenergywillgointospace.C．Moredisasterswillendangerthefutureoftheworld.D．Peoplewillkeepburningfossilfuelstokeepwarm.15．

WhatcanbeinferredfromDouglas’wordsinaninterview?A．Hethinksmoreresearchremainstobedone.B．Heisoptimisticabouttheeffectofco

olingtheearth.C．Heisconcernedaboutthereductioninagricultureproduction.D．Hedisapprovesofthepracticeof

solarclimateintervention.16．Whatdoestheunderlinedwords“sweetspot”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Therainfallpatternofaregion.B．

Themodestdropintemperature.C．Thenumberofextremeweatherevents.D．Theinjectionamountofaerosol.【答案】13.B14.C1

5.A16.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。13．细节理解题。根据第一段提到，随着气候变化的影响变得更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为

人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放。可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B项。14．推理判断题。根据第三段someresearchersandpolicyexpertssaythatconcernsaboutgeoen

gineeringshouldbeoutweighedbytheimperativetobetterunderstandit,incasetheconsequenceofclimatechangebecomesoterriblethattheworldcan’twait

forbettersolutions.一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案。可知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。15．推

理判断题。根据第五段“Whatdoesitdotothestrengthofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesitdotoagricultureproduction?Whatdoesitdototheriskofforestfires?”他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影

响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，所以还有很多研究有待去做。故选A项。16．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句Onegoaloftheresearchistolookfo

rasweetspot:theamountofartificialcoolingthatcanreduceextremeweathereventswithoutcausingbroaderchangesinregionalra

infallpatternsorsimilarimpacts.这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响。可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖

带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“asweetspot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。(四)Chinasuccessfullysentthe52ndand53rdsatellitesofitsdomesticallydeve

lopedBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS)—thelasttwomediumEarthorbit(MEO)satellitesfortheBDS-3constellation(星座)—intos

paceonMonday,markingthecompletionoftheglobalnavigationsystem’scoreconstellationdeployment(部署)andthisyear’sBDSs

atellitelaunchcampaign.LaunchedfromXichangSatelliteLaunchCenter,SichuanProvince,onboardaLongMarch-3BcarrierrocketwithanExp

edition-1upperstage,thetwosatelliteswereinjectedintoplannedorbitsaftermorethanthreehours’flight.SincethefirstBDS-3satellitewaslaunchedonNovember5,2

017,Chinahasconducted18BDSsatellitelaunchmissions,successfullysending30intotheirplannedorbit,settinganationalrecordforhighestmissio

nfrequencyandsuccessrate.In-orbittestswillbecarriedoutbeforethetwoMEOsatellitesarecommissioned(正式委托).Bythenthecoreconstellationforthe

Chineseglobalnavigationsatellitesystemwillbesuccessfullycompleted.WangPing,chiefdesigneroftheBDS-3system,saidthatthehybrid

constellationdesign,inwhichthreegroupsofsatellites—theInclinedGeoSynchronousOrbit(IGSO),MEOandgeosynchronousEartho

rbit(GEO)—workinconcertindifferentorbits,wasanexclusiveBDSinnovationandaworldfirst.“Existingglobalnavigationsatellitesystems,sucha

stheUSGPSandRussia’sGLONASS,onlyhaveaMEOsatelliteconstellation,”saidWang.TheMEOsatellites,inorbit20,000kilometersaboveEarth,

areaspecialtypeofsatelliteprovidingglobalservice,whiletheIGSOandGEOsatellites,inanorbit360,000kilometersaboveEarth,mainl

yenhanceregionalservicequality,accordingtoWang.ThatexplainedwhycompletionoftheMEOconstellationwassig

nificant,markingthecompletionofthecorenetworkforBDS-3,meaningastableBDS-3globalcoveragewithoutweakpointsh

asbeencarriedout.FeedbackshowsthattheBDSservicequalitywasalreadycomparabletoGPSsincetheendof2018,andaftercompletingBDS-3,“WewillbeasgoodasanyGNSS.

”Wangsaid.17．HowmanyBDSsatellitesweresentintotheirplannedorbitsuccessfully?A．3.B．18.C．30.D．36.18．What’stheadvantageofBDScompa

redwithGPSandGLONASS?A．Thediversefunctions.B．Theexcellentservicequality.C．Thelowercostofdesigningit.D．Theabilitytoworkindiffere

ntorbits.19．WhyaretheMEOsatellitesimportant?A．Theyenhanceregionalservicequality.B．Theycanbeputintouseimmediatel

y.C．Theycanenterfartherorbits.D．Theycanservetheworld.20．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．ChinaBecomestheFirstCountrytoLaunchaMEOSatel

liteB．TheCoreConstellationofBDS-3CompletesDeploymentC．TheBDS-3SystemHasBenefitedManyCountriesD．ExploringSpa

ceIsVeryImportanttotheWorld【答案】17.C18.D19.D20.B【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述中国成功发射自主研发的第52和53颗北斗导航卫星，完成全球导航系统的核心部署，并对北斗导航系统进行了介绍。17．细节理解题。根据第三自然段中Sin

cethefirstBDS-3satellitewaslaunchedonNovember5,2017,Chinahasconducted18BDSsatellitelaunchmissions,successfullys

ending30intotheirplannedorbit.自2017年11月5日发射第一颗北斗三号卫星以来，中国已成功执行18次北斗卫星发射任务，将30颗卫星送入计划轨道。可知，已经有30颗北斗卫星被

送入计划轨道。故选C。18．细节理解题。根据第三自然段中…thehybridconstellationdesign,inwhichthreegroupsofsatellites—theInclinedGeoSynchronousOrbit(IGSO),MEOandge

osynchronousEarthorbit(GEO)—workinconcertindifferentorbits,wasanexclusiveBDSinnovation…将倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)、中轨卫星(MEO)和地球同步轨道(Ge

o)三组卫星在不同轨道协同工作的混合星设计，是北斗系统的独家创新和Existingglobalnavigationsatellitesystems,suchastheUSGPSandRussia’sGLONASS,onlyhaveaMEOsatellitecons

tellation,现有的全球卫星导航系统，如美国的GPS和俄罗斯的GLONASS，只有中轨卫星。可知，只有北斗拥有不同轨道协同工作能力。故选D。19．细节理解题。根据第六自然段中TheMEOsatellites,inorbit20,000kilometersa

boveEarth,areaspecialtypeofsatelliteprovidingglobalservice,whiletheIGSOandGEOsatellites,inanorbit360,000kilometersaboveEar

th,mainlyenhanceregionalservicequality,accordingtoWang.ThatexplainedwhycompletionoftheMEOconstellationwassignificant.”据王介绍，在地球上空2

万公里轨道上运行的MEO卫星是提供全球服务的特殊卫星类型，而在地球上空36万公里轨道上运行的IGSO和GEO卫星主要提高区域服务质量。这就解释了中MEO星座的完成为何意义重大。可知，MEO卫星提供全球服务,意义重大。故选D。20．主旨大意题。根据第一段Chinasuccessfullysen

tthe52ndand53rdsatellitesofitsdomesticallydevelopedBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS)—thelasttwomediumEarthorbit(M

EO)satellitesfortheBDS-3constellation(星座)—intospaceonMonday,markingthecompletionoftheglobalnavigation

system’scoreconstellationdeployment(部署)andthisyear’sBDSsatellitelaunchcampaign.中国于本周一成功地将其国内研制的北斗导航卫星系统（BDS）的第52颗和第53颗卫星（BDS-3星

的最后两颗中轨卫星）送入太空，标志着全球导航系统的核心星座部署和今年的北斗导航卫星的完成启动活动。所以短文的最佳标题为“BDS-3的核心星座完成部署”。故选B。(五)Iftheworldwantstocontrolglobalwarm

ing,watershortageandpollution,thenweallneedtowelcome“flexitarian”diets,sayscientists.Thismeanseatingmainlyplant-basedfoods,and

isakeysteptowardanenvironmentfriendlyfutureforallin2050,theysay.Foodwastewillneedtobehalvedadfarmingpracticeswillals

ohavetoimprove,accordingtothestudyaridoutbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).Withoutaction,theinfluenceofthefood

systemcouldincreasebyupto90%Theauthorssaythathepresentfoodindustryhasanumberofconsiderableenvironmentaleffectsincludin

gbeingagreatdriverofclimatechange,usingupfreshwaterandcausingpollutionthroughheavyuseofchemicalfertilizer.Thestudysaysthatthankstothepopulationa

ndincomegrowthexpectedbetween2010and2050,theseeffectscouldgrowbetween50-90%.Thiscouldpushourworldbeyondisplanetaryboundaries,

whichtheauthorssayrepresenta“safeoperatingspaceforhumanityandtheinternationalcommunity”.However,thestudyfindsthatnosinglesolutionwilla

voidthedangers,soacombinedapproachisneeded.Sowhenitcomestoclimatechange,theauthorslookedatwhattheycalleda“flexitarian”diet.“Wecaneatarangeofhealthyd

iesbutwhattheyallhaveincommon,accordingtothelatestscientificevidence,isthattheyareallrelativelyplant-based,”saidDr.Marcof

romtheUniversityofOxford.“Youcangofromadietthathassmallamountsofanimalproducts(somemightcallitaMediterranean-baseddiet

;wecallitaflexitariandiet)overtoavegetarian(素食的)diet—wetriedtostaywiththemosttraditionaloneofthesewhichinourviewisth

eflexitarianone,buteventhishasonlyoneservingofredmeatperweek.”Iftheworldmovedtothistypeofdiet,thestudyfoundthatgreenhousegasemissions(排放物)fromfarm

ingwouldbereducedbymorethanhalf.Dr.Marcosaysthatallmeasurescombinedcanresultinkeepingboththeplanetandpeoplehealthy.21．Whatis

theIPCCsstudyabout?A．Theroleofmodemfarmingpractices.B．Thedifferencesbetweenvariousdiets.C．Theeffectsoffood

industryontheplanet.D．Theharmfulconsequenceofglobalwarming.22．Whatdoweknowabouttherecentfoodsystem?A．Itisfartoowasteful.B．

Ithasraisedfarmers’income.C．Itcontributestothedevelopmentoffarming.D．Itisakeysteptoanenvironment-friend

lysociety.23．Whatcanbecalleda“flexitarian”diet?A．Eatingavarietyoffood.B．Eatingalotofanimalproducts.C．Eatingvegetabl

esgrownwithoutfertilizer.D．Eatingmostlyplant-basedmealsandsomeredmeat.24．Whatbenefitwillthenewdietbringtotheworld?A．Thewaterpo

llutionwillbecontrolledin2050.B．Lessgreenhousegaswillbeproduced.C．Foodwastewillbereducedbyhalf.D．Muchmoremoneywillbesaved.【答案

】21.C22.A23.D24.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，人类采用“弹性素食”饮食可以更有效地应对气候变化等环境问题。21．细节理解题。根据第一段的内容及第二段中Thismeanseatingmainlyplant-basedfoods,andisakeyste

ptowardanenvironmentfriendlyfutureforallin2050,theysay.Foodwastewillneedtobehalvedadfarmingpracticeswillalsohavetoimprove,accordingtot

hestudyaridoutbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).他们说，这意味着以植物性食物为主，这是迈向2050年所有人的环境友好型未来的关键一步。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会的研究报告，食物浪费需要减少一半，耕作方式也需

要改善。可知，该研究是有关食品业对环境的影响，以植物性食物为主的饮食有助于环境保护。故选C项。22．推理判断题。根据第三段中Theauthorssaythathepresentfoodindustryhasanumbero

fconsiderableenvironmentaleffectsincludingbeingagreatdriverofclimatechange,usingupfreshwaterandcausin

gpollutionthroughheavyuseofchemicalfertilizer.作者说，食品工业对环境有许多相当大的影响，包括成为气候变化的主要驱动因素，消耗淡水，通过大量使用化肥造成污染。可知，研究结果显示，如今的食品系统对水资源

造成了浪费，并对环境产生了巨大的影响。故选A项。23．推理判断题。根据第一段中…thenweallneedtowelcome“flexitarian”diets那么我们都需要欢迎“弹性素食”饮食以及第二段中T

hismeanseatingmainlyplant-basedfoods…这意味着以植物性食物为主…和第五段中…adietthathassmallamountsofanimalproducts…包含少量动物制品的饮食和…buteventhishasonlyoneservingofr

edmeatperweek但即使这样每周也只有一份红肉。可知，采用“flexitarian”diet的人依旧会每周吃一次红肉，因此“flexitarian”diet“弹性素食”饮食。指的是以植物性食物为主并搭配少量动物制品的饮食。故选D项。24．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Ift

heworldmovedtothistypeofdiet,thestudyfoundthatgreenhousegasemissions(排放物)fromfarmingwouldbereducedbymorethanhalf.研究发现，如果全世界

都采用这种饮食方式，农业产生的温室气体排放量将减少一半以上。可知，如果人们采用“弹性素食”饮食，那么温室气体的排放就会降低一半，将有利于解决气候变化等环境问题。故选B项。