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【例题】（2020·山东卷）AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceo

urfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeporti

ons(份),it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatingh

abits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalab

toostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhir

edbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfats

uitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoo

dthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inone

casethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimi

lartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowt

hatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe’remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Call

itthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we’lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIsee

theresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?1

.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety.B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbehavior.2.Whatdoe

stheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters.B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters.优选例题阅读理解（说明文）大题优练3D.Tallthi

npersons.3.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshe

woulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.4.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastpara

graph?A.Howhungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers.D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】1.D2.D3.A4.C【解析】本文

为说明文，文章介绍了饮食同伴体型和消费习惯对个人饮食习惯的影响。1.细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“Accordingtoarecentstudy…,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofou

reatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，我们饮食同伴的体型和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量，故选D。2.词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在句上文“Andcontrarytoexistingresea

rchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions”（与现有的研究结果相反的是，你应该避免和体重较胖的人一起吃饭，因为他们点的食物份量比较大）可知，beanpoles是heavi

erpeople的反义词，故选D。3.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.”可知，招聘演员进行

实验的目的是为了测试社交对饮食习惯的影响，故选A。4.细节理解题。根据“adjusttheinfluence”下文“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecause

Iseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits…”可知，我们如何看待他人的饮食习惯很重要，故选C。(一)Humansocietiesdevelopedfoodpreferencesbasedonwhatw

asavailableandwhatthegroupdecideditliked模拟优练most.Thosepreferenceswerethenpassedalongassociallylearnedbeha

viors,values,knowledgeandcustomsthatmakeupculture.Besideshumans,manyothersocialanimalsarebelievedtoexhibitformsofc

ultureinvariousways,too.Infact,accordingtoanewstudyledbyHarvardscientistLiranSamuni,bonobos(倭黑猩猩),oneofourclose

stlivingrelatives,couldbethelatestadditiontothelist.TheresearchersstudiedthehuntingandfeedinghabitsoftwoneighboringgroupsofbonobosintheD

emocraticRepublicofCongo.Analyzingthedata,theysawmanysimilaritiesinthelivesofthetwobonobogroups—theEkalakalaandtheKokoalongo.They

alsobothhavetheaccessandopportunitytohuntthesamekindofprey(猎物).This,however,ispreciselywhereresearchersnoticedastrikingdifference.T

hegroupsconsistentlypreferredtohuntandfeastontwodifferenttypesofprey.TheEkalakalagroupwentafterananomalure(鳞尾松鼠

).TheKokoalongogroupontheotherhand,favoredaduiker(小羚羊).“It’sbasicallyliketwohumanculturesexploitingacommonresourceindifferentways,”saysSamuni

.“Thinkabouttwocultureslivingclosetoeachotherbuthavingdifferentpreferences:Onepreferschickenwhiletheotheris

moreofabeef-eatingculture.”Usingstatisticalmodeling,theresearchersfoundthattheonlyvariablethatcouldreliablypredic

tpreypreferencewaswhetherthehunterswereteamEkalakalaorteamKokoalongo.Theresearchershaven'tyetinvestigatedhowthebonobog

roupslearnedthishuntingpreference,butthroughtheiranalysistheywereabletoruleoutecologicalfactorsorgeneticdifferences.Bas

ically,itmeansallevidencepointstowardthisbeingalearnedsocialbehavior.“Ifourclosestlivingrelativeshavesomeculturaltraits(特征),thenit'slikelyourancestor

salreadyhadsomecapacityforculture,”Samunisays.5.Whatdoparagraphs3and4mainlytalkabout?A.Thefindingsofthestudy.B.Thebackgroundofthestudy

.C.Theprocessofthestudy.D.Thechallengesofdoingthestudy.6.HowdoesSamuniperceivethetwobonobogroups’differenthuntingpr

eferences?A.Theyareanunusualphenomenon.B.Theyarealearnedsocialbehavior.C.Theycontradicthumancultures.D.Theyshowbonobos

’highintelligence.7.Whichofthefollowingcouldinfluencethebonobos'preypreference?A.Thetimingofhunting.B.Thecommunitiestheybelongto.C.Theirhunti

ngtechniques.D.Theirsurroundingenvironment.8.Whatmightthefindingsofthebonobos'huntingpreferenceindicate?A.Whe

nhumansocietywasborn.B.Howhumansocietydeveloped.C.Whathelpedhumanculturechange.D.Howhumanculturefirstappeared.【答案】5.A6.B7.B8.D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了哈佛大学科

学家LiranSamuni领导的一项新研究，倭黑猩猩可能是我们现存的最亲密的亲戚之一，并且对其进行研究观察，来证明这一种习得的社会行为。5．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段Theresearchersstudiedthehuntingandfee

dinghabitsoftwoneighboringgroupsofbonobosintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo研究人员研究了刚果民主共和国两个相邻的倭黑猩猩群体的狩猎和进食习惯。和文章第四段Theg

roupsconsistentlypreferredtohuntandfeastontwodifferenttypesofprey.TheEkalakalagroupwentafterananomalure(鳞尾松鼠).TheKokoalongogroupontheother

hand,favoredaduiker(小羚羊).这两组动物一直喜欢捕食两种不同类型的猎物。埃卡拉卡拉小组寻找一个鳞尾松鼠。另一方面，科科阿隆戈部落更喜欢小羚羊。可知，文章第三段和第四段主要讲述了研究的发现。故选A。6．推理判断题。根据文章第五段:这基本上就像是两种人类文化以不同

的方式开发同一种资源，Samuni说。“想想两种文化，虽然相距很近，但却有着不同的偏好：一种更喜欢吃鸡肉，而另一种则更喜欢吃牛肉。”和文章倒数第二段:研究人员还没有调查倭黑猩猩群体是如何了解这种狩猎偏好的，但通过分析，他们能够排除生态因素或遗传差异。基本

上，这意味着所有的证据都表明这是一种习得的社会行为。可知，Samuni认为两个倭黑猩猩群体不同的狩猎偏好是一种习得的社会行为。故选B。7．推理判断题。根据文章第六段:利用统计模型，研究人员发现，唯一能可靠预测猎物偏好的变量是猎人是埃卡拉卡拉队还是科科阿

隆戈队。可知，它们所属的群体会影响倭黑猩猩的猎物偏好。故选B。8．推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句Humansocietiesdevelopedfoodpreferencesbasedonwhatwasavailableandwhatthegroupdecide

ditlikedmost人类社会的食物偏好是建立在现有食物和群体最喜欢的食物的基础上的。和文章最后一段Ifourclosestlivingrelativeshavesomeculturaltraits(

特征),thenit'slikelyourancestorsalreadyhadsomecapacityforculture如果我们现存的近亲有一些文化特征，那么很可能我们的祖先已经有了一些文化能力。可推知，倭黑猩

猩狩猎偏好的发现可能表明人类文化最初是如何出现的。故选D。(二)Masksthathelpedsavelivesduringthecoronaviruspandemic(流行病)areprovingadeadlyd

angerforwildlife,withbirdsandmarinecreaturestrappedintheincrediblenumberofabandonedfacialcoveringslitteringonanimalhabitats.Single-usesur

gicalmaskshavebeenfoundthrownaroundpavements,waterwaysandbeachesworldwidesincecountriesbegandemandingtheiruseinpublicpl

acestoslowthepandemic'sspread.Macaques(猕猴)havebeenspottedchewingthestraps(带子)offoldanddesertedmasksinMalaysiaapotentialchokingdangerforthelit

tlemonkeys.AndinanincidentthatcapturedheadlinesinBritain,agull(海鸥)wasrescuedinthecityofChelmsfordafteritslegsbecametangled（缠结）inthestrapsofadispos

ablemaskforuptoaweek.Theanimalwelfarecharitywasalertedafterthebirdwasspottedmotionlessbutstillalive,andthey

tookittoawildlifehospitalfortreatmentbeforeitsrelease.Thebiggestimpactmaybeinthewater.Morethanl.5bil

lionmasksmadetheirwayintotheworld'soceanslastyear.Accountingforaround6,200extratonsofmarineplasticpollution,accordingtoenvironmentalgroupOc

eansAsia.Alreadytherearesignsthatmasksareworseningthreatstomarinelife.ConservationistsinBrazilfoundoneinsidethestomachofap

enguinafteritsbodywaswasheduponabeach,whileadeadpufferfish(河豚)wasdiscoveredcaughtinsideanotheroffthecoastofMiami.Masksandglo

vesare“particularlyproblematic”forseacreatures，saysGeorgeLeonard,chiefscientistfromU.S.-basedNGOOceanConservancy."Whenittakesthoseplasticshundreds

ofyearstobreakdownintheenvironment,theyformsmallerandsmallerparticles,"headded,"thoseparticlesthenenterthefoodchainandi

mpactentireecosystems."Fortunately,therehasbeenashifttowardsgreateruseofreusableclothmasksasthepande

michaswornon，butmanyarestillchoosingthelightersingle-usevarieties.Campaignershaveurgedpeopletothrowawaythemproperlyandremovethestrapstoreduceth

eriskofanimalsbecomingtrapped.OceansAsiahasalsocalledongovernmentstoincreasefinesforlitteringandencouragetheuseofwashablemas

ks.9.Whatroledomasksplayduringthecoronaviruspandemic?A.TheykeeppeoplefreeofthepandemicB.Theymakepeopleloo

kmoremysterious.C.Theyhelpreducethespeedofthepandemic'sspread.D.Theyareofgreathelpfultowildlife.10.Thea

uthorusestheexampleofMacaquesandagulltoshowthat.A.thedesertedmasksputthemindangerB.theanimalslackenoughfoodC.th

eyenjoyplayingwiththestrapsD.it'stimeforpeopletoprotecttheanimals11.Whatdoes“particularlyproblematic”in

Para.4meanbyGeorgeLeonard?A.Marinecreaturesareintrouble.B.Masksandgloveswillfinallythreatenthewholeecosystems.C.Theplasticsare

easytobreakdown.D.Theparticlesmasksandglovesformaresmallerandsmaller.12.Whatisthepassageismainlyabout

?A.AnimalprotectionB.MarineplasticpollutionC.HowtoreducetheriskofabandonedmasksD.Thedesertedmasksendangeringwildlife【答案】9.C10.A11.B12.

D【解析】本文是一篇说明文。在新型冠状病毒大流行（流行病）期间帮助拯救生命的口罩大量地散落在动物栖息地，正被证明是野生动物、海洋生物的致命危险。9．细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句Masksthathelpedsa

velivesduringthecoronaviruspandemic(流行病)areprovingadeadlydangerforwildlife在冠状病毒大流行期间口罩帮助拯救生命和第二段最后一句toslowthepandemic'ssprea

d减缓流行病的蔓延。可知口罩有助于减缓大流行病的传播速度。故选C项。10．推理判断题。根据第二段提到，自从各国开始要求在公共场所使用一次性外科口罩来减缓这种流行病的蔓延以来，全球各地的人行道、水道和海滩都发现了一次性外科口罩。猕猴咀嚼口罩带子存在

窒息危险，一只海鸥（海鸥)的腿在一次性口罩的带子上缠住长达一周，可推断得出遗弃的口罩使野生动物面临危险。故选A项。11．推理判断题。由第四段Whenittakesthoseplasticshundreds

ofyearstobreakdownintheenvironment,theyformsmallerandsmallerparticles,”headded,“thoseparticlesthenenterthefoodchainandimpactentire

ecosystems.这些塑料需要数百年的时间在环境中分解，它们会形成越来越小的颗粒，他补充说，这些颗粒随后进入食物链，影响整个生态系统。可知，口罩和手套最终会威胁到整个生态系统。故选B项。12．主旨大意题。根据第一段Masksthathelpedsavelivesdur

ingthecoronaviruspandemicareprovingadeadlydangerforwildlife,withbirdsandmarinecreaturestrappedintheincrediblenumberofabandonedfacialcoveringslit

teringonanimalhabitats.事实证明，在冠状病毒大流行期间曾帮助拯救生命的口罩对野生动物来说是一种致命的危险，大量被遗弃的面部覆盖物在动物栖息地随处散落，鸟类和海洋生物受到威胁。所以短文主要是关于废弃的口罩危及野生动物。故选D项。(三)Astheeffectso

fclimatechangebecomemoredisastrous,well-knownresearchinstitutionsandgovernmentagenciesarefocusingnewmoneyandattentiononani

dea:artificiallycoolingtheplanet,inthehopesofbuyinghumanitymoretimetocutgreenhousegasemissions.Thatstrategy,calle

dsolarclimateintervention(干预)orsolargeoengineering,involvesreflectingmoreofthesun’senergybackintospace—abruptlyreducingglobalte

mperaturesinawaythatimitatestheeffectsofashcloudsflowingoutfromthevolcaniceruptions.Theideahasbeenconsideredasadangerousandfanciedsolutio

n,onethatwouldencouragepeopletokeepburningfossilfuelswhileexposingtheplanettounexpectedandpotentiallythr

eateningsideeffects,producingmoredestructivehurricanes,wildfiresfloodsandotherdisasters.But,asglobalwarmingcontinues,producingmoredes

tructivehurricanes,wildfiresfloodsandotherdisasters,someresearchersandpolicyexpertssaythatconcernsaboutgeoengineeringshouldbeoutweighed

bytheimperativetobetterunderstandit,incasetheconsequenceofclimatechangebecomesoterriblethattheworldcan’twaitforbettersolutions.Onewaytocoolthe

earthisbyinjectingaerosols(气溶胶)intotheupperlayeroftheatmospherewherethoseparticlesreflectsunlightawayfromtheearth.Thatprocessworks,accordingto

DouglasMacMartin,aresearcheratCornellUniversity.“Weknowwith100%certaintythatwecancooltheplanet,”hesaidinaninterview.What’sstilluncle

ar,headded,iswhathappensnext.Temperature,MacMartinsaid,isanindicatorforalotofclimateeffects.“Whatdoesitdotothestrengt

hofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesitdotoagricultureproduction?Whatdoesitdototheriskofforestfires?”Anotheri

nstitutionfundedbytheNationalScienceFoundationwillanalyzehundredsofsimulationsofaerosolinjection,testingtheeffectsonweather

extremesaroundtheworld.Onegoaloftheresearchistolookforasweetspot:theamountofartificialcoolingthatcanreduceextremeweathereventswitho

utcausingbroaderchangesinregionalrainfallpatternsorsimilarimpacts.13．Whydoresearchersandgovernmentagenciesworkonco

olingtheearth?A．Topreventnaturaldisasters.B．Towinmoretimetoreducegasemissions.C．Toimitatevolcaniceruptions.D．T

oencouragemorepeopletoburfossilfuels.14．Whatareresearchersworriedaboutintermsofglobalwarming?A．Morevolc

anoeswillthrowout.B．Moresolarenergywillgointospace.C．Moredisasterswillendangerthefutureoftheworld.D．Peoplewillkeepburningfossilfuelstokee

pwarm.15．WhatcanbeinferredfromDouglas’wordsinaninterview?A．Hethinksmoreresearchremainstobedone.B．Heisoptimisticabouttheeffectofco

olingtheearth.C．Heisconcernedaboutthereductioninagricultureproduction.D．Hedisapprovesofthepracticeofsolarclimateintervention.16．Whatdoestheunderlined

words“sweetspot”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Therainfallpatternofaregion.B．Themodestdropintemperature.C．Thenumberofextremeweatherevents.D．Thei

njectionamountofaerosol.【答案】13.B14.C15.A16.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各种可能的应对办法。13．细节理解题。根据第一段提到，随着气候变化的影响变得

更加严重，知名研究机构和政府机构正把新的资金和注意力集中在一个想法上：人为地让地球降温，希望为人类赢得更多时间来减少温室气体排放。可知，研究者和政府机构给地球降温是为了赢得更多的时间来减少温室气体的排放。故选B项。14．推理判断题。根据第三段someresearchersand

policyexpertssaythatconcernsaboutgeoengineeringshouldbeoutweighedbytheimperativetobetterunderstandit,incasetheconsequenceofclimat

echangebecomesoterriblethattheworldcan’twaitforbettersolutions.一些研究人员和政策专家表示，当务之急是更好地了解地球工程，这比对地球工程的担忧更重要，以防气候变化的后果变得如此可怕，以至于世界不能等待更好的解决方案。可

知，研究者担心全球变暖造成的各种灾难可能会让未来的世界处于危险中。故选C项。15．推理判断题。根据第五段“Whatdoesitdotothestrengthofhurricanes?”heasked,“Whatdoesitdotoagricultureproduction?Whatdoesit

dototheriskofforestfires?”他问：“它对飓风的强度有什么影响？这对农业生产有什么影响？它对森林火灾的风险有什么影响？”可知，Douglas认为还有很多疑问没有解开，所以还有很多

研究有待去做。故选A项。16．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句Onegoaloftheresearchistolookforasweetspot:theamountofartificialcoolingthatcanreduceex

tremeweathereventswithoutcausingbroaderchangesinregionalrainfallpatternsorsimilarimpacts.这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最

佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响。可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“asweetspot”指的是适度的降温。故选B项。(四)Chinas

uccessfullysentthe52ndand53rdsatellitesofitsdomesticallydevelopedBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS)—thelas

ttwomediumEarthorbit(MEO)satellitesfortheBDS-3constellation(星座)—intospaceonMonday,markingthecompletionoftheglobalnavigati

onsystem’scoreconstellationdeployment(部署)andthisyear’sBDSsatellitelaunchcampaign.LaunchedfromXichangSatelliteLaunc

hCenter,SichuanProvince,onboardaLongMarch-3BcarrierrocketwithanExpedition-1upperstage,thetwosatelliteswereinjectedintoplannedorbitsaftermore

thanthreehours’flight.SincethefirstBDS-3satellitewaslaunchedonNovember5,2017,Chinahasconducted18BDSsatellitelaunchmissions,s

uccessfullysending30intotheirplannedorbit,settinganationalrecordforhighestmissionfrequencyandsuccessrate.In-orbittestswillbecarriedoutbefore

thetwoMEOsatellitesarecommissioned(正式委托).BythenthecoreconstellationfortheChineseglobalnavigationsatell

itesystemwillbesuccessfullycompleted.WangPing,chiefdesigneroftheBDS-3system,saidthatthehybridconstellationdesign,inwhichthre

egroupsofsatellites—theInclinedGeoSynchronousOrbit(IGSO),MEOandgeosynchronousEarthorbit(GEO)—workinconcertindifferentorbits,wasanex

clusiveBDSinnovationandaworldfirst.“Existingglobalnavigationsatellitesystems,suchastheUSGPSandRussia’sGLONAS

S,onlyhaveaMEOsatelliteconstellation,”saidWang.TheMEOsatellites,inorbit20,000kilometersaboveEarth,areaspecialtype

ofsatelliteprovidingglobalservice,whiletheIGSOandGEOsatellites,inanorbit360,000kilometersaboveEarth,mainlyenh

anceregionalservicequality,accordingtoWang.ThatexplainedwhycompletionoftheMEOconstellationwassignificant,markingthecomplet

ionofthecorenetworkforBDS-3,meaningastableBDS-3globalcoveragewithoutweakpointshasbeencarriedout.FeedbackshowsthattheBDSservicequalitywasalreadycom

parabletoGPSsincetheendof2018,andaftercompletingBDS-3,“WewillbeasgoodasanyGNSS.”Wangsaid.17．HowmanyBDSsate

llitesweresentintotheirplannedorbitsuccessfully?A．3.B．18.C．30.D．36.18．What’stheadvantageofBDScomparedwithGPSan

dGLONASS?A．Thediversefunctions.B．Theexcellentservicequality.C．Thelowercostofdesigningit.D．Theabilitytoworkindifferentorbits.1

9．WhyaretheMEOsatellitesimportant?A．Theyenhanceregionalservicequality.B．Theycanbeputintouseimmediately.C．Theycanenterfartherorbits.D．Theycanserve

theworld.20．Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A．ChinaBecomestheFirstCountrytoLaunchaMEOSatelliteB．TheCoreConstellationofBDS-3CompletesDeploymentC．TheB

DS-3SystemHasBenefitedManyCountriesD．ExploringSpaceIsVeryImportanttotheWorld【答案】17.C18.D19.D20.B【解析】本文是说明文。文章讲述中国成功发射自主研发的第52和53颗

北斗导航卫星，完成全球导航系统的核心部署，并对北斗导航系统进行了介绍。17．细节理解题。根据第三自然段中SincethefirstBDS-3satellitewaslaunchedonNovember5,2017,

Chinahasconducted18BDSsatellitelaunchmissions,successfullysending30intotheirplannedorbit.自2017年11月5日发射第一颗北斗三号卫星以来，中国已成功执行18次北斗卫星发射任务，将30颗卫星送入

计划轨道。可知，已经有30颗北斗卫星被送入计划轨道。故选C。18．细节理解题。根据第三自然段中…thehybridconstellationdesign,inwhichthreegroupsofsatellites—theInclinedGeoSynchronousO

rbit(IGSO),MEOandgeosynchronousEarthorbit(GEO)—workinconcertindifferentorbits,wasanexclusiveBDSinnovation…将倾斜地球同

步轨道(IGSO)、中轨卫星(MEO)和地球同步轨道(Geo)三组卫星在不同轨道协同工作的混合星设计，是北斗系统的独家创新和Existingglobalnavigationsatellitesystems,sucha

stheUSGPSandRussia’sGLONASS,onlyhaveaMEOsatelliteconstellation,现有的全球卫星导航系统，如美国的GPS和俄罗斯的GLONASS，只有中轨卫星。可知，只有北斗拥有不同轨道协同工作能力。故选D。1

9．细节理解题。根据第六自然段中TheMEOsatellites,inorbit20,000kilometersaboveEarth,areaspecialtypeofsatelliteprovidingglobalservice,whilet

heIGSOandGEOsatellites,inanorbit360,000kilometersaboveEarth,mainlyenhanceregionalservicequality,accordingtoWang.ThatexplainedwhycompletionoftheM

EOconstellationwassignificant.”据王介绍，在地球上空2万公里轨道上运行的MEO卫星是提供全球服务的特殊卫星类型，而在地球上空36万公里轨道上运行的IGSO和GEO卫星主要提高区域服务质量。这就解释了中

MEO星座的完成为何意义重大。可知，MEO卫星提供全球服务,意义重大。故选D。20．主旨大意题。根据第一段Chinasuccessfullysentthe52ndand53rdsatellitesofitsdomesticallydevelopedBeiDouNavigationSatellit

eSystem(BDS)—thelasttwomediumEarthorbit(MEO)satellitesfortheBDS-3constellation(星座)—intospaceonMonday,ma

rkingthecompletionoftheglobalnavigationsystem’scoreconstellationdeployment(部署)andthisyear’sBDSsatellitelaunchcampaign.中国于本周一成功地将其国内研制的北斗导航卫

星系统（BDS）的第52颗和第53颗卫星（BDS-3星的最后两颗中轨卫星）送入太空，标志着全球导航系统的核心星座部署和今年的北斗导航卫星的完成启动活动。所以短文的最佳标题为“BDS-3的核心星座完成部署”。故

选B。(五)Iftheworldwantstocontrolglobalwarming,watershortageandpollution,thenweallneedtowelcome“flexitarian”die

ts,sayscientists.Thismeanseatingmainlyplant-basedfoods,andisakeysteptowardanenvironmentfriendlyfutureforallin2050,they

say.Foodwastewillneedtobehalvedadfarmingpracticeswillalsohavetoimprove,accordingtothestudyaridoutbytheIntergovernmentalPanelon

ClimateChange(IPCC).Withoutaction,theinfluenceofthefoodsystemcouldincreasebyupto90%Theauthorssaythathepresentfoodindustryhasanumberofconsiderabl

eenvironmentaleffectsincludingbeingagreatdriverofclimatechange,usingupfreshwaterandcausingpollutionthrough

heavyuseofchemicalfertilizer.Thestudysaysthatthankstothepopulationandincomegrowthexpectedbetween2010and2050,theseeffe

ctscouldgrowbetween50-90%.Thiscouldpushourworldbeyondisplanetaryboundaries,whichtheauthorssayrepresenta“safeoperat

ingspaceforhumanityandtheinternationalcommunity”.However,thestudyfindsthatnosinglesolutionwillavoidthedangers,soacombinedapproachisneeded.So

whenitcomestoclimatechange,theauthorslookedatwhattheycalleda“flexitarian”diet.“Wecaneatarangeofhealthydiesbutwhattheyallhaveincommon,accordingt

othelatestscientificevidence,isthattheyareallrelativelyplant-based,”saidDr.MarcofromtheUniversityofOxford.“Youcangofromadietthat

hassmallamountsofanimalproducts(somemightcallitaMediterranean-baseddiet;wecallitaflexitariandiet)overtoavegetarian(素食的)diet—wetriedtostaywiththemost

traditionaloneofthesewhichinourviewistheflexitarianone,buteventhishasonlyoneservingofredmeatperweek.”Iftheworldmovedtothistypeofdiet,thestudyfou

ndthatgreenhousegasemissions(排放物)fromfarmingwouldbereducedbymorethanhalf.Dr.Marcosaysthatallmeasurescombi

nedcanresultinkeepingboththeplanetandpeoplehealthy.21．WhatistheIPCCsstudyabout?A．Theroleofmodemfarmingpra

ctices.B．Thedifferencesbetweenvariousdiets.C．Theeffectsoffoodindustryontheplanet.D．Theharmfulconsequenceofglob

alwarming.22．Whatdoweknowabouttherecentfoodsystem?A．Itisfartoowasteful.B．Ithasraisedfarmers’income.C．Itcontributestothedev

elopmentoffarming.D．Itisakeysteptoanenvironment-friendlysociety.23．Whatcanbecalleda“flexitarian”diet?A．Eatingavarietyoff

ood.B．Eatingalotofanimalproducts.C．Eatingvegetablesgrownwithoutfertilizer.D．Eatingmostlyplant-basedmealsands

omeredmeat.24．Whatbenefitwillthenewdietbringtotheworld?A．Thewaterpollutionwillbecontrolledin2050.B．Lessgreenhousegaswillbeproduced.C．Foodwa

stewillbereducedbyhalf.D．Muchmoremoneywillbesaved.【答案】21.C22.A23.D24.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究表明，人类采用“弹性素食”饮食可以更有效地应对气候变化等环境

问题。21．细节理解题。根据第一段的内容及第二段中Thismeanseatingmainlyplant-basedfoods,andisakeysteptowardanenvironmentfriendlyfutureforallin2050,they

say.Foodwastewillneedtobehalvedadfarmingpracticeswillalsohavetoimprove,accordingtothestudyaridoutbytheInterg

overnmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).他们说，这意味着以植物性食物为主，这是迈向2050年所有人的环境友好型未来的关键一步。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会的研究报告，食物浪费需要减少一半，耕作方式也需要改善。可

知，该研究是有关食品业对环境的影响，以植物性食物为主的饮食有助于环境保护。故选C项。22．推理判断题。根据第三段中Theauthorssaythathepresentfoodindustryhasanumberofconsiderableenvironmentaleffe

ctsincludingbeingagreatdriverofclimatechange,usingupfreshwaterandcausingpollutionthroughheavyuseofchemicalfertiliz

er.作者说，食品工业对环境有许多相当大的影响，包括成为气候变化的主要驱动因素，消耗淡水，通过大量使用化肥造成污染。可知，研究结果显示，如今的食品系统对水资源造成了浪费，并对环境产生了巨大的影响。故选

A项。23．推理判断题。根据第一段中…thenweallneedtowelcome“flexitarian”diets那么我们都需要欢迎“弹性素食”饮食以及第二段中Thismeanseatingmainlyplant-basedfood

s…这意味着以植物性食物为主…和第五段中…adietthathassmallamountsofanimalproducts…包含少量动物制品的饮食和…buteventhishasonlyoneservingofredmeat

perweek但即使这样每周也只有一份红肉。可知，采用“flexitarian”diet的人依旧会每周吃一次红肉，因此“flexitarian”diet“弹性素食”饮食。指的是以植物性食物为主并搭配少量动物制品的饮食。故选D项。24

．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Iftheworldmovedtothistypeofdiet,thestudyfoundthatgreenhousegasemissions(排放物)fromfarmingwouldbereducedbym

orethanhalf.研究发现，如果全世界都采用这种饮食方式，农业产生的温室气体排放量将减少一半以上。可知，如果人们采用“弹性素食”饮食，那么温室气体的排放就会降低一半，将有利于解决气候变化等环境问题。故选B项。