【文档说明】高考英语二轮复习语法专练专题十一构词法课件 (含解析).ppt，共(29)页，653.000 KB，由MTyang资料小铺上传

转载请保留链接：https://www.ichengzhen.cn/view-74918.html

以下为本文档部分文字说明：

专题十一构词法考向分析构词法包括合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写,名列高考大纲的语法项目表之中,其中合成法和派生法是重点,特别是派生法,是每年高考的高频考点之一,例如,形容词的副词形式、动词的名词形式、名词

的形容词形式等。考点清单一、合成法单句改错1.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-years-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-termresting.16-years-old→16-year-old答案16-years-o

ld→16-year-old在带有连字符的复合形容词中,名词应用单数形式,故16-years-old改为16-year-old。语境运用2.(2016课标全国Ⅰ)Onmyrecentvisit,Iheldalivelyth

ree-months-oldtwinthathadbeenrejectedbyitsmother.three-months-old→three-month-old答案three-months-old→three-mon

th-old复合形容词three-months-old使用错误,名词应用单数形式。3.StephenFrancisobservedeighteen-years-oldShellyAnnatatrack

meetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.eighteen-years-old→eighteen-year-old答案eighteen-years-old→eighteen-

year-old在题干中,eighteen-years-old错误,中间的名词years应用单数形式。合成法是两个或两个以上的词按一定的规则合成一个新词的方法。这样的词被称为合成词。1.合成形容词用法精讲构成方式典例数词+单数名词two-hour两小时的,one-child独生子女的数词+单数名词

+形容词atwo-meter-longruler一把两米长的尺子,aten-year-oldboy一个10岁的男孩数词+名词+-edfour-footed四只脚的,three-legged三条腿的形容词+名词part-time业

余的,high-class高级的形容词/副词+形容词dark-blue深蓝的,light-green浅绿的形容词+名词+-edkind-hearted好心肠的,cold-blooded冷血的形容词/副词+现在分词hard-working勤奋的,ugly-looking长相丑陋的形容词/副词+过去分

词ready-made现存的,newly-built新建的名词+名词X-rayX光的,English-language英国语言的名词+形容词world-wide世界范围的,ice-cold冰冷的名词+现在分词world-shaking震惊世界的,man-eating吃人的名词+过

去分词hand-made手工制作的,man-made人造的2.合成名词构成方式典例名词+名词powerplant发电厂,chairman主席,postman邮递员形容词+名词blackboard黑板,hi

ghchair高脚椅,supermarket超市动名词+名词swimmingpool游泳池,sewingmachine缝纫机动词+副词take-off起飞,cut-off截止点,breakdown故障类别典例合成动词safeguard保卫,underline在……下面画线,sl

eepwalk梦游合成代词everybody每人,everything每件事,anyone任何人合成副词sometimes有时,outdoors在户外,meanwhile同时合成介词throughout遍及,inside在里面,within在

……之内3.其他形式的合成词二、派生法(一)形容词转换为副词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)Steamengineswereusedtopullthecarriagesanditmusthavebee

nfairly(fair)unpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnoise.答案fairly空格处在句中作状语,修饰形容词unpleasant,故填

提示词的副词形式。语境运用2.Dr.BaronewasmydoctorwhenIwasakid,andeventhoughIwasproba-bly(probable)justanotherpatienttoher,tomeshewasmorethanjustmydoctor.

答案probably空格处在句中作状语,故空格处填副词probably。3.(2015广东)Luckily(lucky),healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkev-eryday.答案Luckily

空格处作状语,用于修饰整个句子,故空格处填提示词的副词形式。单句改错4.(2016课标全国Ⅰ)Instead,hehopesthathisbusinesswillgrowsteady.steady→steadily答案steady→st

eadily句尾的词在句中作状语,用于修饰动词,故steady改为steadily。1.派生法是在词根上添加后缀或前缀来变成新单词的方法,这样构成的单词被称为派生词。添加后缀往往改变词性,而添加前缀往

往改变词义。2.形容词转换为副词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀构成例词一般情况加-lyquick—quickly,brave—bravely,immediate—immediately辅音字母+y结尾将y改为i再加-lyeasy—e

asily,happy—happily,heavy—heavily,busy—busilyle结尾去e加-ysimple—simply,gentle—gently元音字母+e结尾去e加-lytrue—trulyll结尾只加-yfull—full

y,dull—dullyic结尾加-allybasic—basically,scientific—scientifically[温馨提示]1.注意以下形容词变副词的拼写whole—wholly完全地shy—shyly害羞地dry—d

ryly干燥地good—well好地2.注意以-ly结尾的形容词friendly友好的lovely可爱的lively生动的lonely孤独的deadly致命的monthly每月的yearly每年的daily每日的weekly每周的(二)形容词转换

为名词单句填空1.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsad-mirableistheirability(able)to“airconditi

on”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.答案ability结合空前的形容词性物主代词their可知,空格处应填名词ability。2.Thelinehasalength(long)of174kmasadoubletrackedpassengerdedicat

edline,withtenstationssituatedalongitsroute.答案length根据空前的冠词可知,空格处应该填提示词的名词形式。语境运用3.(2017河北衡水中学高三小二调)Nowthereisaresurgence(复

苏)initspopularity(popular)intheUKanditisavailabletoanyonewhocanaffordit.答案popularity根据空前的形容词性物主代词its可知,空格处填名词popularity。4.(2017黑龙江哈尔滨师大

附中高三月考)Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoythepleasureandconvenience(convenient)ofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernof

beingcheated.答案convenience空格处在句中作宾语,结合空前的pleasure可知,空格处填名词convenience。形容词变名词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀例词-ageshort→shortage不足;短缺-cyefficient→

efficiency效率;功效fluent→fluency流利;流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私;私密-domfree→freedom自由;自主wise→wisdom明智;智慧-encediffere

nt→difference差异silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点kind→kindness仁慈;好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力气;优点war

m→warmth温暖;热情-y-ty-ityhonest→honesty诚实difficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability伤残responsible→responsibility责任(三)动

词转换为名词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithhereducation(educate).答案education空格处在句中作宾语,结合空前的定语her可知,空格处应填写提示词的名词

形式。2.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththeintroduction(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.答案introduction根据空前

的定冠词the和空后的介词of可知,空格处应该填名词introduction。语境运用3.Magically,thatshowremainstheGreatJason’sbestperformance(perform)tothisday.答案performance根据空前的定语best可知,空

格处应该填写名词performance。4.(2016课标全国Ⅱ)Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseofachievement(achieve).答案achievement根据空前的of

和语境可知,此处为常用短语“asenseofachievement”,意为“成就感”,故空格处填提示词的名词形式。动词变名词的常用后缀:常用后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration庆祝;庆祝会conc

lude→conclusion结论;结束discuss→discussion讨论;辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳;准许入学attract→attraction吸引invite→invitation邀请explain→ex

planation解释graduate→graduation毕业expect→expectation期望用法精讲常用后缀例词-er/-ordrive→driver司机;驾驶员gather→gatherer收集者;采集者conduct→conductor指挥;售

票员teach→teacher老师announce→announcer播音员-mentpunish→punishment惩罚achieve→achievement成绩;成就argue→argument辩论;论据treat→treatment对待;治

疗equip→equipment装备;设备govern→government政府-ance/-enceappear→appearance出现;外貌guide→guidance指引;指导perform→performance表演;节目exist→existence存在;

生活prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考;查阅-inghear→hearing听力;听觉begin→beginning开始-ure/-turefail→failure

失败press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合;混合物depart→departure离开;出发-yrecover→recovery恢复;痊愈discover→discovery发现其他choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化;

种类tend→tendency趋向;趋势(四)动词转换为形容词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅰ)However,becareful(care)nottogotoextremes.答案careful空格处作表语,结合空后的不定式可知,空格处填形容词。故填care

ful。2.Igavehimaquickhugandwentbackintotheseatingarea,leavinghimwithasurprised(surprise)smile.答案surprised空格处在句中作名词smile的定语,结合语境可知,空格处填surprised。语境运用3.

Whilethereareamazing(amaze)storiesofinstanttransformation,formostofusthechangesaregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,likecleaningupapollutedr

iver.答案amazing空格处在句中作定语,用于修饰名词stories,故填amaz-ing。1.动词转换为形容词的常用后缀:2.分词形容词化:annoy,disappoint,frighten,terrify,worry等使役性动词的现在分词和过去分词可作为形容

词使用。现在分词构成的形容词常用于物,过去分词构成的形容词常用于人,而修饰与人有关的表情、眼神、声音等时,常用过去分词构成的形容词。用法精讲常用后缀例词-ing,-ed,-able,-ful,-less,-iveamazed,confusing,reliabl

e,enjoyable,forgetful,careful,careless,attractive(五)名词转换为形容词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)TheCentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemostsuccessful(su

ccess)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.答案successful根据空前的themost和语境可知,此处为形容词最高级,故填提示词的形容词形式。语境运用2.(2015课标全国Ⅱ)Asnatural(na

ture)architects,thePuebloIndiansfig-uredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.答案natural空格处在句中作定语,修饰名词archit

ects,由此结合语境可知,空格处填形容词natural。单句改错3.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Ienjoyedstudyingdifferencekindsofcarsandplanes,playingpopmusic,andcollectingthelatestmusicalbums.d

ifference→different答案difference→different根据后面的kindsof和语境可知,此处应用形容词作定语,故difference改为different。名词转换为形容词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀例词-ab

le,-ful,-ous,-al,-y,-ivevaluable,comfortable,successful,dangerous,medical,lucky,expensive三、转化法转换法指的是单词在词形不变的情况下,由一种词性直接转换为另

外一种词性的方法。用法精讲转化方式例词名词↔动词milk(n.牛奶;v.挤奶),name(n.名字;v.命名),water(n.水;v.浇水)名词↔形容词quiet(n.安静;adj.安静的),total(n.总数;adj.全部的),light(n.光;adj.轻的)形容词↔动词dir

ty(adj.脏的;v.弄脏),free(adj.自由的;v.释放),slow(adj.慢的;v.放慢)形容词↔副词hard(adj.困难的;adv.努力地),high(adj.高的;adv.高),deep(adj.深的;adv.深)四、缩写和简写缩写和简写指的是通过缩

写或简写的形式来构成单词的方法。这一方法通常被称为缩略法;另外,通过这一方法所构成的单词特点是读音和拼写发生了变化,但是词义和词性均保持不变。用法精讲缩略方式例词截掉开头omnibus→bus公共汽车,telephone→ph

one电话,bicycle→cycle自行车删掉结尾kilogram→kilo千克,laboratory→lab实验室,mathematics→math数学截头去尾influenza→flu流感剪切中间foot/feet→ft英尺,half→hf一

半,yard→yd码,year→yr年首字母缩略BritishBroadcastingCorporation→BBC英国广播公司,UnidentifiedFly-ingObject→UFO不明飞行物,

VeryImportantPerson→VIP贵宾技巧点拨1.空格处在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名词形式;2.空格处被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰要考虑名词形式;3.空格处作定语、表语、主语补足语

或宾语补足语,要用形容词形式;4.空格处在句中作状语,要想到用副词形式。5.对于短文改错试题,需要结合常用词类的用法进行推敲,确定形容词和副词之间的混用、名词与形容词之间的混用等,然后再依据构词法改正。