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专题十一构词法考向分析构词法包括合成法、派生法、转化法、缩写和简写,名列高考大纲的语法项目表之中,其中合成法和派生法是重点,特别是派生法,是每年高考的高频考点之一,例如,形容词的副词形式、动词的名词形式、名词的形容词形式等。考点清单一、

合成法单句改错1.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Butunlikeherschoolfriends,16-years-oldSarahisnotspendinghalf-termresting.16-years-old→16-year-old答案1

6-years-old→16-year-old在带有连字符的复合形容词中,名词应用单数形式,故16-years-old改为16-year-old。语境运用2.(2016课标全国Ⅰ)Onmyrecentvisit,Iheldali

velythree-months-oldtwinthathadbeenrejectedbyitsmother.three-months-old→three-month-old答案three-months-old→three-month-old复合形容词three-months-old使

用错误,名词应用单数形式。3.StephenFrancisobservedeighteen-years-oldShellyAnnatatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatn

ess.eighteen-years-old→eighteen-year-old答案eighteen-years-old→eighteen-year-old在题干中,eighteen-years-old错误,中间的名词year

s应用单数形式。合成法是两个或两个以上的词按一定的规则合成一个新词的方法。这样的词被称为合成词。1.合成形容词用法精讲构成方式典例数词+单数名词two-hour两小时的,one-child独生子女的数词+单数名词+形容词atwo-mete

r-longruler一把两米长的尺子,aten-year-oldboy一个10岁的男孩数词+名词+-edfour-footed四只脚的,three-legged三条腿的形容词+名词part-time业余的

,high-class高级的形容词/副词+形容词dark-blue深蓝的,light-green浅绿的形容词+名词+-edkind-hearted好心肠的,cold-blooded冷血的形容词/副词+现在分词hard-working勤奋的,ug

ly-looking长相丑陋的形容词/副词+过去分词ready-made现存的,newly-built新建的名词+名词X-rayX光的,English-language英国语言的名词+形容词world-wide世界范围的,ice-cold冰冷的名词+

现在分词world-shaking震惊世界的,man-eating吃人的名词+过去分词hand-made手工制作的,man-made人造的2.合成名词构成方式典例名词+名词powerplant发电厂,chairman主席,postman邮递员形容词+名词blackboard黑板,

highchair高脚椅,supermarket超市动名词+名词swimmingpool游泳池,sewingmachine缝纫机动词+副词take-off起飞,cut-off截止点,breakdown故障类别

典例合成动词safeguard保卫,underline在……下面画线,sleepwalk梦游合成代词everybody每人,everything每件事,anyone任何人合成副词sometimes有时,outdoors在户

外,meanwhile同时合成介词throughout遍及,inside在里面,within在……之内3.其他形式的合成词二、派生法(一)形容词转换为副词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)Steamengineswer

eusedtopullthecarriagesanditmusthavebeenfairly(fair)unpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnois

e.答案fairly空格处在句中作状语,修饰形容词unpleasant,故填提示词的副词形式。语境运用2.Dr.BaronewasmydoctorwhenIwasakid,andeventhoughIwasproba-bly(probable)justanother

patienttoher,tomeshewasmorethanjustmydoctor.答案probably空格处在句中作状语,故空格处填副词probably。3.(2015广东)Luckily(luck

y),healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkev-eryday.答案Luckily空格处作状语,用于修饰整个句子,故空格处填提示词的副词形式。单句改错4.(2016课标全国Ⅰ)Instead,hehopesthathisbusinesswillgrow

steady.steady→steadily答案steady→steadily句尾的词在句中作状语,用于修饰动词,故steady改为steadily。1.派生法是在词根上添加后缀或前缀来变成新单词的方法,这样构成

的单词被称为派生词。添加后缀往往改变词性,而添加前缀往往改变词义。2.形容词转换为副词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀构成例词一般情况加-lyquick—quickly,brave—bravely,immediat

e—immediately辅音字母+y结尾将y改为i再加-lyeasy—easily,happy—happily,heavy—heavily,busy—busilyle结尾去e加-ysimple—simply,gen

tle—gently元音字母+e结尾去e加-lytrue—trulyll结尾只加-yfull—fully,dull—dullyic结尾加-allybasic—basically,scientific—scientifically[温馨提示]1.注意以下形容

词变副词的拼写whole—wholly完全地shy—shyly害羞地dry—dryly干燥地good—well好地2.注意以-ly结尾的形容词friendly友好的lovely可爱的lively生动的lonely孤独的deadly致命的monthly

每月的yearly每年的daily每日的weekly每周的(二)形容词转换为名词单句填空1.Inadditiontotheirsimplebeauty,whatmakestheadobedwellingsad-mirableistheirability(able)to“aircondit

ion”ahousewithoutusingelectricequipment.答案ability结合空前的形容词性物主代词their可知,空格处应填名词ability。2.Thelinehasalength(long)of174kmasadoubletrackedpassengerd

edicatedline,withtenstationssituatedalongitsroute.答案length根据空前的冠词可知,空格处应该填提示词的名词形式。语境运用3.(2017河北衡水中学高三小二调)Nowther

eisaresurgence(复苏)initspopularity(popular)intheUKanditisavailabletoanyonewhocanaffordit.答案popularity根据空前

的形容词性物主代词its可知,空格处填名词popularity。4.(2017黑龙江哈尔滨师大附中高三月考)Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoythepleasureandconvenien

ce(convenient)ofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernofbeingcheated.答案convenience空格处在句中作宾语,结合空前的pleasure可知,空格处填名词conven

ience。形容词变名词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀例词-ageshort→shortage不足;短缺-cyefficient→efficiency效率;功效fluent→fluency流利;流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→priv

acy隐私;私密-domfree→freedom自由;自主wise→wisdom明智;智慧-encedifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默-nessweak→weakness虚弱;弱点kind→kindne

ss仁慈;好意careless→carelessness粗心大意-thstrong→strength力气;优点warm→warmth温暖;热情-y-ty-ityhonest→honesty诚实difficult→difficult

y困难cruel→cruelty残酷;残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability伤残responsible→responsibility责任(三)动词转换为名词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅲ

)Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithhereducation(educate).答案education空格处在句中作宾语,结合空前的定语her可知,空格处应填写提示词的名词形式。2.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossib

lewiththeintroduction(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.答案introduction根据空前的定冠词the和空后的介词of可知,空格处应

该填名词introduction。语境运用3.Magically,thatshowremainstheGreatJason’sbestperformance(perform)tothisday.答案performan

ce根据空前的定语best可知,空格处应该填写名词performance。4.(2016课标全国Ⅱ)Then,handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseofachievement(achieve).答案achievement根

据空前的of和语境可知,此处为常用短语“asenseofachievement”,意为“成就感”,故空格处填提示词的名词形式。动词变名词的常用后缀:常用后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-atio

ncorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration庆祝;庆祝会conclude→conclusion结论;结束discuss→discussion讨论;辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳;准许入学attrac

t→attraction吸引invite→invitation邀请explain→explanation解释graduate→graduation毕业expect→expectation期望用法精讲常用后缀例词-er/-ordrive

→driver司机;驾驶员gather→gatherer收集者;采集者conduct→conductor指挥;售票员teach→teacher老师announce→announcer播音员-mentpunish→punishment惩罚achieve→a

chievement成绩;成就argue→argument辩论;论据treat→treatment对待;治疗equip→equipment装备;设备govern→government政府-ance/-enceappear→appearance出现;外貌gu

ide→guidance指引;指导perform→performance表演;节目exist→existence存在;生活prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考;查阅-inghear→hearing听力;听觉be

gin→beginning开始-ure/-turefail→failure失败press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合;混合物depart→departure离开;出发-yrecover→recovery恢复;痊愈

discover→discovery发现其他choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化;种类tend→tendency趋向;趋势(四)动词转换为形容词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅰ)However,becareful(car

e)nottogotoextremes.答案careful空格处作表语,结合空后的不定式可知,空格处填形容词。故填careful。2.Igavehimaquickhugandwentbackintotheseatingarea,leavinghimw

ithasurprised(surprise)smile.答案surprised空格处在句中作名词smile的定语,结合语境可知,空格处填surprised。语境运用3.Whilethereareamazing(amaze)storiesofinstanttransf

ormation,formostofusthechangesaregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,likecleaningupapollutedriver.答案amazing空格处在句中作定语,用于修饰名词stories,故填ama

z-ing。1.动词转换为形容词的常用后缀:2.分词形容词化:annoy,disappoint,frighten,terrify,worry等使役性动词的现在分词和过去分词可作为形容词使用。现在分词构

成的形容词常用于物,过去分词构成的形容词常用于人,而修饰与人有关的表情、眼神、声音等时,常用过去分词构成的形容词。用法精讲常用后缀例词-ing,-ed,-able,-ful,-less,-iveamaz

ed,confusing,reliable,enjoyable,forgetful,careful,careless,attractive(五)名词转换为形容词单句填空1.(2017课标全国Ⅱ)TheCentralLondonRailw

aywasoneofthemostsuccessful(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.答案successful根据空前的themost和语境可知,此处为形容词最高级,故填提示词的形容词形式。语境运用2.(2

015课标全国Ⅱ)Asnatural(nature)architects,thePuebloIndiansfig-uredoutexactlyhowthicktheadobewallsneededtobetomaketh

ecycleworkonmostdays.答案natural空格处在句中作定语,修饰名词architects,由此结合语境可知,空格处填形容词natural。单句改错3.(2017课标全国Ⅲ)Ienjoyedstudyingdi

fferencekindsofcarsandplanes,playingpopmusic,andcollectingthelatestmusicalbums.difference→different答案diffe

rence→different根据后面的kindsof和语境可知,此处应用形容词作定语,故difference改为different。名词转换为形容词的常用后缀:用法精讲常用后缀例词-able,-ful,-ous

,-al,-y,-ivevaluable,comfortable,successful,dangerous,medical,lucky,expensive三、转化法转换法指的是单词在词形不变的情况下,由一种词

性直接转换为另外一种词性的方法。用法精讲转化方式例词名词↔动词milk(n.牛奶;v.挤奶),name(n.名字;v.命名),water(n.水;v.浇水)名词↔形容词quiet(n.安静;adj.安静的),total

(n.总数;adj.全部的),light(n.光;adj.轻的)形容词↔动词dirty(adj.脏的;v.弄脏),free(adj.自由的;v.释放),slow(adj.慢的;v.放慢)形容词↔副词hard(

adj.困难的;adv.努力地),high(adj.高的;adv.高),deep(adj.深的;adv.深)四、缩写和简写缩写和简写指的是通过缩写或简写的形式来构成单词的方法。这一方法通常被称为缩略法;另外,通过这一方法所构成的单词特点是读音和拼写

发生了变化,但是词义和词性均保持不变。用法精讲缩略方式例词截掉开头omnibus→bus公共汽车,telephone→phone电话,bicycle→cycle自行车删掉结尾kilogram→kilo千克,laborator

y→lab实验室,mathematics→math数学截头去尾influenza→flu流感剪切中间foot/feet→ft英尺,half→hf一半,yard→yd码,year→yr年首字母缩略BritishBroadcastin

gCorporation→BBC英国广播公司,UnidentifiedFly-ingObject→UFO不明飞行物,VeryImportantPerson→VIP贵宾技巧点拨1.空格处在句中作主语、宾语或表语要考虑名

词形式;2.空格处被形容词、定冠词或形容词性物主代词所修饰要考虑名词形式;3.空格处作定语、表语、主语补足语或宾语补足语,要用形容词形式;4.空格处在句中作状语,要想到用副词形式。5.对于短文改错试题,需要结合常用词类的用法进行推敲,确

定形容词和副词之间的混用、名词与形容词之间的混用等,然后再依据构词法改正。