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1专题限时集训(八)主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意AMostpeoplehaveneverheardofthenameEdsonArantesdoNascimento，buttheyhaveheardofPelé.Withoutque

stion，Peléisthegreatestsoccerplayerever.EdsonArantesdoNascimentoandPeléaretwonamesforthesameman.Peléwasborninasm

allvillageinBrazil.SocceristhemostpopularsportinBrazil，andlikemostotherchildrenofhisage，Pelégrewupplayingsoccer.Toopoortoaffor

dasoccerball，Peléandhisplaymatesoftenmadeonebytyingtogetherabunchofrags.Theirplayingfieldwasusuallyasidewalk.Oldtincans(锡罐)markedwherethegoa

lpostsshouldbe.Peléandtheotherboysfromhisneighborhoodoftendreamedofonedaybecomingprofessionalsoccerplayers.Attheageofeleven，PeléwasdiscoveredbyWald

emardeBrito，aformerprofessionalplayer.DeBritowasthencoachoftheBauruSoccerClub.HesignedPelétoplayforthejuniorBauruteam.In1956，wh

enPeléwasfifteen，deBritotookhimtothecityofSantos，Brazil，totryoutfortheSantosprofessionalteam.Peléimmediatelydistin

guishedhimselfasoneofthebestplayers.In1957，Peléwasselected(挑选)toplayonBrazil'snationalteam.HescoredtheonlygoalforBrazilinthefirstgameandanothergo

alinthesecondgame.Thenin1958，PeléhelpedBrazilwinitsfirstWorldCup.Between1958and1970，PeléplayedinfourWorldCups.Heisth

eonlypersontohaveplayedonthreewinningWorldCupteams.PeléplayedhislastgamewiththeBraziliannationalteamin1971，buthecontinuedtoplayfort

heSantosteamforthreemoreyearsbeforecallingitquits.Throughouthiscareer，Peléhadanamazingabilitytomovepeople.Everybodywantedtoseehimplay.In1969，awa

rinNigeriawasstoppedfortwodaysbecausetheSantosteamhadbeeninvitedtoplaythereandpeopleonbothsidesweresoeagertoseePeléplay.Pelé'sn

amehasbecomesynonymous(同义的)withexcellenceinsoccer.His20-yearcareerhasyieldedsomeofthemostmemorablemomentsinsoccerhistory.P

eopletodaystillrefertohimasthegreatPelé，theKingofSoccer.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。文章主要介绍了“球王”贝利的生平及成就。1．Howwerethes

occerplayingconditionsforPeléwhenhewasyoung?A．Ratherterrible.B．Fairlyoriginal.C．Well-developed.D．Prettystandard.A[考查推理判断。

由第三段中的“Toopoortoaffordasoccerball...Oldtincans(锡罐)markedwherethegoalpostsshouldbe.”可知，贝利小时候踢足球的条件非2常艰苦，他们买不起足球，就把破布系在一起当球，没有足球场，就在人行道上踢

，旧的锡罐用来标注球门。]2．InParagraphs4to6，theauthormainlyfocusesonPelé's.A．influenceB．achievementsC．internationalrecordsD．per

sonaldevelopmentB[考查段落大意。由第四至六段的描述可知，这三段主要讲述了贝利的成就。]3．WhywasthewarinNigeriain1969stoppedfortwodays?A．Nigerianshadgrowntiredoffighting.B．Nigeriansdidn

otwanttoinjurePelé.C．PeoplewantedtoseePeléplaysoccer.D．Pelérefusedtoplayunlessthewarstopped.C[考查细节理解。由倒数第二段中的“

In1969，awarinNigeria...peopleonbothsidesweresoeagertoseePeléplay.”可知，在1969年，发生在尼日利亚的战争停止了两天，因为交战双方都非

常渴望看贝利踢足球。]4．WhatdoweknowaboutPelé？A．Hegrewupinasoccerfamily.B．Hebehavesselflesslyandgenerously.C．Heisatalentedandoutstandingfootballer.

D．Hereceivedprofessionaltrainingatage15.C[考查推理判断。通读全文可知，贝利在11岁时就被教练WaldemardeBrito发现了他的天赋，在15岁时就从球队中凸显出来，之后在他20年的职业生涯中屡屡夺冠，他是唯一一位三次获得世界杯冠军的球员，今天依然

被人们称为“球王”。由此可知，贝利是一位富有天赋、杰出的足球运动员。]BAstudyexaminingthechildrenofpeopleevacuated(撤离)duringtheSecondWorldWarshowedthedaughtersoffemaleevacueeswereuptof

ourtimesmorelikelytosufferfromseriousmentalhealthconditionscomparedtothosewhoseparentsstayedathome.Inthelarg

estenquiryeverofitskind，researchersexaminedthehealthrecordsof3,000childrenofFinnishpeopleevacuatedtoSwedenduringthe1941—1945confli

ctwithSovietRussia.Theevacuees，manyofwhomwereatapre-schoolage，wereplacedwithfosterfamiliesinSwedenandwereforcedtolearnSwedish，la

terreturningtoFinland.Thestudyfoundthatthefemalechildrenofthesegirlshadanincreasedriskofbeinghospitalisedforconditionssuchasdepression.However，t

hiswasnotthecasewithchildrenofboysevacuatedduringthewar.Thestudycouldnotdeterminewhy.Onepossibilityisthatthestressesoftheevacuees'experienceaf

fectedtheirpsychologicaldevelopmentinwaysthat3influencedtheirparentingstyle.Anotherpossibilityisthattheevacuees'experienceresultedinepig

eneticchanges—changesinthewaygenesareexpressed.Forexample，theresearchersmentionedanearlierfindingthatHolocaustsurvivorshavehigherlevelso

fmethylgroupsboundtotheFKBP5geneandhavepassedthischangeontotheirchildren.Thishigherlevelofmethylgroup

sappearstochangetheproductionofcortisol，ahormone(荷尔蒙)thatcontrolsthestressresponse.“TheFinnishevacuationwasintendedtoprotectchildren

fromtheharmassociatedwiththecountry'swarswiththeSovietUnion，”saidstudyco-authorDr.TorstenSantavirta，fromUppsalaUniversity

.“Ourobservationofthelong-termpsychiatric(精神病的)riskthatreachedintothenextgenerationisconcerningandstressestheneedtoweighbenefitsaswel

laspotentialriskswhendesigningpoliciesforchildprotection.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究发现，妈妈孩童时期的精神创伤会影响其女性后代。5．Whatcanw

einferaboutthenewstudy?A．Itinvolvedthemosttestsubjects.B．Itsfindingisrelativelyreliable.C．Itsfinding

iscontrarytoanearlierone.D．ItwasconductedrightafterWorldWarⅡ.B[考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Inthelargestenquiryeverofits

kind，researchersexaminedthehealthrecordsof3,000childrenofFinnishpeople...”可知，该研究的研究对象多，故可推断，其研究结果比较可信。]6

．WhichmethoddoestheauthorusetodevelopParagraph3?A．Byintroducingaconclusion.B．Byconductinganexperiment.C．Bymakingassumptions.D．Bysupportingopinions.C

[考查写作手法。根据第三段中的“couldnotdeterminewhy”“Onepossibility”“Anotherpossibility”可知，本段主要讲的是研究人员对他们的finding的原因的一些假设。]7．HowdoesDr.Santa

virtafindtheFinnishevacuation?A．Itdidn'tfullyfulfillitsoriginalpurpose.B．ItresultedinwarswiththeSovietUnion.C．Itwasfirstsug

gestedbytheSovietUnion.D．Itwasagoodexampleofchildprotection.A[考查推理判断。根据最后两段可知，Dr.Santavirta认为，芬兰撤离本应保护孩子们免受战

争带来的伤害，可是研究结果表明，它带给下一代的心理伤害是令人担忧的，故可判断，他认为该次撤离没有达到它原本的目的。]8．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?4A．Children'smentalhealthisgreatlyinfluencedbywars.

B．Women'smentalillnesscanbepassedtothefuturegeneration.C．Girlsaremorelikelytosufferfrommentalproblemsthanboys.D．Mothers'childhoodmental

conditionmayaffecttheirdaughters.D[考查主旨大意。根据第一段内容和第二段最后一句可知，研究发现，学龄前的女性撤离者儿时的精神创伤更容易影响她们的女儿，故选D项。]CJustdaysb

eforethecyberattackknownasWannaCrystruckcomputersinatleast150countriesinMay,2017，thetelecommunicationscompanyNTTissuedareportondigita

l(数字信息系统的)threats.Oneofitsconclusionsis:“Intoday'senvironment，everyonehasanimportantroletoplayincybersecurity(网络安全)．”T

headvicewastimely.TheattackthatspreadfromChinatoSpainwassloweddownbyaBritishmanwholiveswithhisparentsandwhoisself-taug

htincybersecurity.Hisquickworkinbuyingawebdomainname(域名)connectedtothedigitalwormendedupbeingatemporaryki

llswitch.Thisgavetimeforcompanies，governments，andotherstoprotecttheirsystems.His$10purchasesavedbillions.Mo

retothepoint，hisactionshowsthattheusersofdigitaltoolsconnectedtotheInternetmustalwaysbepreparedforattacks，evenifonlytoinformexperts.Theattacksl

ikeWannaCry，whichoftencomethroughe-mail，areresponsibleforasmuchas73percentofmalware(恶意软件)．TheNTTreportsayscybersecu

rityrequiresmuchmorethanatechnologicalfix.Newsecuritysoftwarecannotkeepupwithgrowingthreats.Thekeysolution

isforpeopletobepreparedandtoworktogether.“Tosuccessfullyworktheirwayaroundthesechallenges，”thereportstates，“organizationsaregoingtoberequ

iredtorelyontheirusersmorethanever.”Thisincludessuchstepsaskeepingsoftwareuptodatewithsecuritypatche

s，usingcomplexpasswords，andwatchingforpotentialcyberattacksine-mailandtexts.AsimilarrecommendationwasofferedlastDecemberbytheUSCommissio

nonEnhancingNationalCybersecurity.Toassistdigitalusers，thecommissioncalledforaprivatebodytodevelopsomethinglikea“nutritional

label(标签)”fortechnologyproducts.Suchafair，third-partyassessmentwouldhelpconsumersbetterusecybertoolsandcurbwide-rangingharmful

activityincyberspace.TheNTTreportmakesoneotherandnecessarypointabouttheroleofcyberexpertsinassistingcomputerus

ers:“Ourendgoalisnottocreatefear，uncertainty，anddoubtortoovercomplicatethecurrentstateofthethreatlandscape，buttomakecybersecurityinterestingand

inclusiveforanyonefacingthechallengesofsecurityattacks...”【语篇解读】本文是说明文。在互联网时代，黑客造成的网络攻击给人们的网络生活5带来极大的威胁，每个网民都应该成为网络安全的守护者。9．Whatstop

pedthespreadofWannaCry?A．NTT'sreportoncybersecurity.B．Acompany'sdiscoveryofakillswitch.C．ABritishsecurityresear

cher's$10purchase.D．Governments'measurestoimprovecybersecurity.C[考查细节理解。由第二段中的“Theattack...wassloweddownbyaBritishman...q

uickworkinbuyingawebdomainname(域名)connectedtothedigitalwormendedupbeingatemporarykillswitch”可知，一名自学成才的英国网络安全研究员在无意间发现了WannaCry隐藏开关的域名，他花10美元购买了这一域名

，遏制了病毒的进一步大规模扩散。]10．WhatismostimportantinpreventingthreatsaccordingtoNTT'sreport?A．People'sjointefforts.B．Internetusers'

skills.C．Newsecuritysoftware.D．Reduceduseofe-mails.A[考查推理判断。由第四段中的“Thekeysolutionisforpeopletobepreparedandtoworktogether”可知，NTT的报告指出网络安全需要的不仅仅是技术的

修复，关键是要让人们准备好应对网络攻击，共同努力。]11．WhatisthefocusofParagraph5?A．Cyberexperts'suggestions.B．Theimportanceofcy

bersecurity.C．ThechallengesInternetcompaniesface.D．Waysfordigitaluserstoresistcyberattacks.D[考查段落大意。由第五段的描述可知，本段主要讲述了数字用户应对网络攻击可采取的措施：用安全补丁升级软件、使用复

杂的密码、警惕电子邮件和文本中可能出现的网络攻击。]12．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“curb”inParagraph6mean?A．Limit.B．Undertake.C．Control.D．Improve.A[考查词义猜测。由划线词前的

“...helpconsumersbetterusecybertools...”可知，这样一个公正的第三方评估将帮助消费者更好地利用网络工具，遏制网络空间里大规模的有害活动；由此可推断，curb意为“遏制，限制”。]