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1专题限时集训(八)主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意AMostpeoplehaveneverheardofthenameEdsonArantesdoNascimento，buttheyhaveheardofPelé.Withoutq

uestion，Peléisthegreatestsoccerplayerever.EdsonArantesdoNascimentoandPeléaretwonamesforthesameman.Peléwasborninasmallvilla

geinBrazil.SocceristhemostpopularsportinBrazil，andlikemostotherchildrenofhisage，Pelégrewupplayingsoc

cer.Toopoortoaffordasoccerball，Peléandhisplaymatesoftenmadeonebytyingtogetherabunchofrags.Theirplayingfieldwasusuallyasi

dewalk.Oldtincans(锡罐)markedwherethegoalpostsshouldbe.Peléandtheotherboysfromhisneighborhoodoftendreamedofonedaybecomin

gprofessionalsoccerplayers.Attheageofeleven，PeléwasdiscoveredbyWaldemardeBrito，aformerprofessionalplayer.DeBritowast

hencoachoftheBauruSoccerClub.HesignedPelétoplayforthejuniorBauruteam.In1956，whenPeléwasfifteen，deBritotookhimto

thecityofSantos，Brazil，totryoutfortheSantosprofessionalteam.Peléimmediatelydistinguishedhimselfasoneofthebestplayers.In1957，P

eléwasselected(挑选)toplayonBrazil'snationalteam.HescoredtheonlygoalforBrazilinthefirstgameandanothergoalinthesecondgame.T

henin1958，PeléhelpedBrazilwinitsfirstWorldCup.Between1958and1970，PeléplayedinfourWorldCups.Heistheonlypersontohave

playedonthreewinningWorldCupteams.PeléplayedhislastgamewiththeBraziliannationalteamin1971，buthecontinuedtoplayfortheSantosteamforthreemoreyearsbef

orecallingitquits.Throughouthiscareer，Peléhadanamazingabilitytomovepeople.Everybodywantedtoseehimplay.

In1969，awarinNigeriawasstoppedfortwodaysbecausetheSantosteamhadbeeninvitedtoplaythereandpeopleonbothsidesweresoeagertoseePelép

lay.Pelé'snamehasbecomesynonymous(同义的)withexcellenceinsoccer.His20-yearcareerhasyieldedsomeofthemostmemorablemomentsinsoccerhistory.Peopletodayst

illrefertohimasthegreatPelé，theKingofSoccer.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。文章主要介绍了“球王”贝利的生平及成就。1．Howwerethesoccerplayingconditionsfo

rPeléwhenhewasyoung?A．Ratherterrible.B．Fairlyoriginal.C．Well-developed.D．Prettystandard.A[考查推理判断。由第三段

中的“Toopoortoaffordasoccerball...Oldtincans(锡罐)markedwherethegoalpostsshouldbe.”可知，贝利小时候踢足球的条件非2常艰苦，他们买不起足球，就把破布系在一起当球，没有足球场，就在人行道上踢，旧的锡罐用来标注球门。]2．In

Paragraphs4to6，theauthormainlyfocusesonPelé's.A．influenceB．achievementsC．internationalrecordsD．personaldevelopmentB[考查段落大意。由第四至六段的描述可知，

这三段主要讲述了贝利的成就。]3．WhywasthewarinNigeriain1969stoppedfortwodays?A．Nigerianshadgrowntiredoffighting.B．NigeriansdidnotwanttoinjurePelé.C．Peo

plewantedtoseePeléplaysoccer.D．Pelérefusedtoplayunlessthewarstopped.C[考查细节理解。由倒数第二段中的“In1969，awarinNigeria...peopleonbothsidesweresoeagertoseePelép

lay.”可知，在1969年，发生在尼日利亚的战争停止了两天，因为交战双方都非常渴望看贝利踢足球。]4．WhatdoweknowaboutPelé？A．Hegrewupinasoccerfamily.B．Hebehavesselflesslyandgenerously.C．Heisatal

entedandoutstandingfootballer.D．Hereceivedprofessionaltrainingatage15.C[考查推理判断。通读全文可知，贝利在11岁时就被教练Wal

demardeBrito发现了他的天赋，在15岁时就从球队中凸显出来，之后在他20年的职业生涯中屡屡夺冠，他是唯一一位三次获得世界杯冠军的球员，今天依然被人们称为“球王”。由此可知，贝利是一位富有天赋、杰出的足球运动员。]BAstudyexaminingthechi

ldrenofpeopleevacuated(撤离)duringtheSecondWorldWarshowedthedaughtersoffemaleevacueeswereuptofourtimesmorelikelytosufferfromseriousmentalhealthco

nditionscomparedtothosewhoseparentsstayedathome.Inthelargestenquiryeverofitskind，researchersexaminedthehe

althrecordsof3,000childrenofFinnishpeopleevacuatedtoSwedenduringthe1941—1945conflictwithSovietRussia.Theevacuees，manyofwho

mwereatapre-schoolage，wereplacedwithfosterfamiliesinSwedenandwereforcedtolearnSwedish，laterreturningtoFinland.

Thestudyfoundthatthefemalechildrenofthesegirlshadanincreasedriskofbeinghospitalisedforconditionssuchasdepression.However，thiswasnotthecasewithc

hildrenofboysevacuatedduringthewar.Thestudycouldnotdeterminewhy.Onepossibilityisthatthestressesoftheevacu

ees'experienceaffectedtheirpsychologicaldevelopmentinwaysthat3influencedtheirparentingstyle.Anotherpossibilityisthattheevacuees'experienceresultedine

pigeneticchanges—changesinthewaygenesareexpressed.Forexample，theresearchersmentionedanearlierfindingthatHolocaustsurvivorshavehigherl

evelsofmethylgroupsboundtotheFKBP5geneandhavepassedthischangeontotheirchildren.Thishigherlevelofmethylgroupsappearstochangetheproductionofcortis

ol，ahormone(荷尔蒙)thatcontrolsthestressresponse.“TheFinnishevacuationwasintendedtoprotectchildrenfromtheharmassociate

dwiththecountry'swarswiththeSovietUnion，”saidstudyco-authorDr.TorstenSantavirta，fromUppsalaUniversity.“Ourobservationofthelong

-termpsychiatric(精神病的)riskthatreachedintothenextgenerationisconcerningandstressestheneedtoweighbenefitsaswellaspotent

ialriskswhendesigningpoliciesforchildprotection.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究发现，妈妈孩童时期的精神创伤会影响其女性后代。5．Whatcanweinferaboutth

enewstudy?A．Itinvolvedthemosttestsubjects.B．Itsfindingisrelativelyreliable.C．Itsfindingiscontrarytoan

earlierone.D．ItwasconductedrightafterWorldWarⅡ.B[考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Inthelargestenquiryeverofitskind，researchersexamine

dthehealthrecordsof3,000childrenofFinnishpeople...”可知，该研究的研究对象多，故可推断，其研究结果比较可信。]6．Whichmethoddoestheauthoruseto

developParagraph3?A．Byintroducingaconclusion.B．Byconductinganexperiment.C．Bymakingassumptions.D．Bysuppo

rtingopinions.C[考查写作手法。根据第三段中的“couldnotdeterminewhy”“Onepossibility”“Anotherpossibility”可知，本段主要讲的是研究人员对他

们的finding的原因的一些假设。]7．HowdoesDr.SantavirtafindtheFinnishevacuation?A．Itdidn'tfullyfulfillitsoriginalpurpose.B．Itresulted

inwarswiththeSovietUnion.C．ItwasfirstsuggestedbytheSovietUnion.D．Itwasagoodexampleofchildprotection.A[考查推理判断。根据最后两段可知，Dr.Santavirta认为

，芬兰撤离本应保护孩子们免受战争带来的伤害，可是研究结果表明，它带给下一代的心理伤害是令人担忧的，故可判断，他认为该次撤离没有达到它原本的目的。]8．Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?4A．Children'smentalhealthisgreatlyinfluence

dbywars.B．Women'smentalillnesscanbepassedtothefuturegeneration.C．Girlsaremorelikelytosufferfrommentalproblemsth

anboys.D．Mothers'childhoodmentalconditionmayaffecttheirdaughters.D[考查主旨大意。根据第一段内容和第二段最后一句可知，研究发现，学龄前的女性撤离者儿时的精神创伤更容易影响她们的女儿，故选D项。]CJustdaysb

eforethecyberattackknownasWannaCrystruckcomputersinatleast150countriesinMay,2017，thetelecommunicationscompanyNTTissuedareportondigital(

数字信息系统的)threats.Oneofitsconclusionsis:“Intoday'senvironment，everyonehasanimportantroletoplayincybersecurity(网络安全)．”

Theadvicewastimely.TheattackthatspreadfromChinatoSpainwassloweddownbyaBritishmanwholiveswithhisparentsandwhoisse

lf-taughtincybersecurity.Hisquickworkinbuyingawebdomainname(域名)connectedtothedigitalwormendedupbeingatempo

rarykillswitch.Thisgavetimeforcompanies，governments，andotherstoprotecttheirsystems.His$10purchasesavedbillions.Moretothepoint

，hisactionshowsthattheusersofdigitaltoolsconnectedtotheInternetmustalwaysbepreparedforattacks，evenifonlytoinformexperts.Theatta

ckslikeWannaCry，whichoftencomethroughe-mail，areresponsibleforasmuchas73percentofmalware(恶意软件)．TheNTTreportsayscybersecurityrequi

resmuchmorethanatechnologicalfix.Newsecuritysoftwarecannotkeepupwithgrowingthreats.Thekeysolutionisfo

rpeopletobepreparedandtoworktogether.“Tosuccessfullyworktheirwayaroundthesechallenges，”thereportstates，“organizationsaregoingtoberequiredtorelyo

ntheirusersmorethanever.”Thisincludessuchstepsaskeepingsoftwareuptodatewithsecuritypatches，usingcomplexpasswords，an

dwatchingforpotentialcyberattacksine-mailandtexts.AsimilarrecommendationwasofferedlastDecemberbytheUSCommission

onEnhancingNationalCybersecurity.Toassistdigitalusers，thecommissioncalledforaprivatebodytodevelopsomet

hinglikea“nutritionallabel(标签)”fortechnologyproducts.Suchafair，third-partyassessmentwouldhelpconsumersbetterusecybertoolsandcurbwide-rangingharmfulac

tivityincyberspace.TheNTTreportmakesoneotherandnecessarypointabouttheroleofcyberexpertsinassistingcomputerusers:“Ourendgoalisnottocreatef

ear，uncertainty，anddoubtortoovercomplicatethecurrentstateofthethreatlandscape，buttomakecybersecurityinterestingand

inclusiveforanyonefacingthechallengesofsecurityattacks...”【语篇解读】本文是说明文。在互联网时代，黑客造成的网络攻击给人们的网络生活5带来极大的威胁，每个网民都应该成为网

络安全的守护者。9．WhatstoppedthespreadofWannaCry?A．NTT'sreportoncybersecurity.B．Acompany'sdiscoveryofakillswitch.C．ABrit

ishsecurityresearcher's$10purchase.D．Governments'measurestoimprovecybersecurity.C[考查细节理解。由第二段中的“Theattack...wasslow

eddownbyaBritishman...quickworkinbuyingawebdomainname(域名)connectedtothedigitalwormendedupbeingatemporarykillswitch”可知，一名自学成才的英国网络安全研究员在无意间发现了WannaCr

y隐藏开关的域名，他花10美元购买了这一域名，遏制了病毒的进一步大规模扩散。]10．WhatismostimportantinpreventingthreatsaccordingtoNTT'sreport?A．People'sjointefforts.B．Internetusers'skills.

C．Newsecuritysoftware.D．Reduceduseofe-mails.A[考查推理判断。由第四段中的“Thekeysolutionisforpeopletobepreparedandtoworktogethe

r”可知，NTT的报告指出网络安全需要的不仅仅是技术的修复，关键是要让人们准备好应对网络攻击，共同努力。]11．WhatisthefocusofParagraph5?A．Cyberexperts'suggestions.B．

Theimportanceofcybersecurity.C．ThechallengesInternetcompaniesface.D．Waysfordigitaluserstoresistcyberattacks.D[考查段落大意。由第五段的描述可知，本段主要讲述了数字用户应对

网络攻击可采取的措施：用安全补丁升级软件、使用复杂的密码、警惕电子邮件和文本中可能出现的网络攻击。]12．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“curb”inParagraph6mean?A．Limit.B．Undertake.C．Control

.D．Improve.A[考查词义猜测。由划线词前的“...helpconsumersbetterusecybertools...”可知，这样一个公正的第三方评估将帮助消费者更好地利用网络工具，遏制网络空间里大规模的有害活动；由此可推断，

curb意为“遏制，限制”。]