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1高考英语阅读理解篇章结构分析技能一、科普类文章1.引出中心内容的方法(1)AbutB。这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀，一般会先讲A，即普通的内容(科普类文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容)。另外，A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作手法

，与B的意思正好相反。Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,however,twokindsofanimalscometogetherina

partnership(伙伴关系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.Thisisn

otbecausetheywantaride,butbecausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites(寄生虫)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodosobecausetheyremovethecauseofdiscomfort.Soal

thoughtheycanmanagewithouteachother,theydobettertogether.Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstra

nge,butthat’sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.(2)用熟悉的事物作类比。这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenma

ttersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalproces

sissimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers.2.说明中心内容的方法(高考文章以说明为主，在高级阅读考试中

经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)(1)举例说明。这是最常见的方法，除了我们熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以外，更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度的不同。例子总是说得很具体

，比如说有数字，具体的人物、事件等。有的时候，在事实和例子中间，还有一个具体说明的中间层次。(2)讲原理Car-maker’sresearchanddevelopmentlaboratorieshavealreadyprovedthatmix

inginmorenoisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunwantednoise.(3)讲好处(advantage)Anothergoodthingabouttheusesofnoise-killings

ystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoilandworkb

etter.(4)讲问题(disadvantage)Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven’tde

cidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveralhundreddollarstothecostoftheircars.(5)讲应用(application)(6)分类说明：中心的两个方面Therearet

wotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingthere

lationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe“pears”havelessinternalfat,butthe“apples”have2moreinternalfatthanexternalfat

.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.(7)强对比说明Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasag

ameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfect

information.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactorswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeop

lefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.二、社会观点类文章这一类文章比较高级,

所以在高考中出现得很少。Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate.”Butnotallexperts(专家)agreethatthisisagoodidea.Onepioneer,inp

articular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessful

attempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopl

eandmakethem“people-literate.”DavidTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsiststhereisanimportantd

ifferencebetweenthetwo.Theclubsareforpeoplewhohavesomecomputerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-exper

ts,whoarehappiergoingtoComputertownswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertstoencouragethem

andansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyarenottoldwhattodo,theyfindout.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleabout

computers,buthavetobeabletoanswerallquestionspeopleask.Peopledon’thavetolearncomputerterms(术语),buttheexpertshavetoexplain

inplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming”people-literate.”三、社会问题类文章1.引出问题：某一部作品中的观点OlafStapledonwroteabookcalledFirstandLastMen,inwhichhelook

edmillionsofyearsahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenandofstrangecivilizations,brokenupbylong‘darkages’inbetween.Inhisview,whatisc

alledthepresenttimeisnomorethanamomentinhumanhistoryandwearejustheFirstMen.In2,000millionyearsnowtherewillbetheEighteenthorLastMen.However,mos

tofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted.Perhapswecanseesomepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenextthousand?Thenextmi

llion?That’smuchmoredifficult.2.解决问题的重要性Sowhybothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,unlesswer

ememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewholehumanhistory,wearelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemakethe

earthapoorplacetoliveonbecausewearecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,ourgrandchildrenwillnotbothertothinkofexcusesforus.Seco

nd,bytryingtoescapefrompresentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimagine3thatint

hefuturemenmaygiveupfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimaginationfreewhenyouthinkaboutthefuture.3.解决问题Manycitiesaroundt

heworldtodayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment(环境)friendly

productshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedif

ficulttogetridof.However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”anddemandingthattheproductstheybuyshouldbesafefortheen

vironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyaskquestionslikethese:“Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcontainerbereusedorcanito

nlybeusedonce?”Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforet

heybuyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare"green,"thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.Onlyafewy

earsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowtherearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcoplabels(标签)toshowthatthep

roductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturing(生产)ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointan

demphasizeitintheiradvertising.四、社会现象类文章1.社会现象的引出：具体的例子，话语，奇特之处，A影响B。AllangoeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemove

saroundherofficeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,"saysBirgitta,whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesa

ys.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsandhistaxes,butinfactAllanisadog.BirgittaandAllan

liveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderlylifeaccordingtoruleslaiddownbythegovernment,whichalsoprovides(提供)ahi

ghlevelofcareforitspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./BettyandHaroldhavebeenmarriedforMrs.Butonethingstillpuzzles(困扰)oldHarold.Howisitthathecan

leaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey'restillsittingonthe

sofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyhavetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs.Talk?We’refriends.Researchingth

ismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubinspenttwoyears,interviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhatthei

rage,theirjob,theirsex,theresultswerecompletelyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen,andthedifferenceinthecon-tentandthequalityofthosefriendship

sis"markedandunmistakable.”/Maybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather,"But,Dad,youcan'tbehealthyifyou’rede

ad."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohecouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt-amistake75%oftheUSpopulationmak

eeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy./4Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:"Wehavetogotoworknow,"you'rele

ftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afterall,thisisthe1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareall

pupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre./Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsago,only4ou

tofevery100peopleintheUnitedStateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthepopulationwillaffect(影响

)Americansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydifferentsoci

ety-oneinwhichpeoplehaveaquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior(行为)issuitable(合适)atvariousages.2.说明的方法(1)举例Aspricesandbuildingcostskeepr

ising,the"do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend(趋势)intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfurniture(家具)forourlivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmone

ytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeaho

meatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurniturea

ndmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfield…(2)中心的一个侧面…Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"wo

rk"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies(代理机构)tosupplychildrenforstageandtelevisionwork...Avis

ittosuchschoolswillleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves…/Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubin…thediffe

renceinthecontentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”Morethantwo-thirdsofthesinglemenRubininterviewedcouldnotnameabestfriend.

..“Ingeneral,”writesRubininhernewbook,“women’sfriendshipswitheachotherrestonsharedemotionsandsupport,butmen’srelationshipsarema

rkedbysharedactivities.”"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"Rubinwrites,"thetwosharelitt1eabouttheirinnermostfeelings

…(3)解释原因…Thebigquestioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearanceincarssomefortyyearsago.Thefollowingareth

reeofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne…(4)评价Whilemostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabouthonestyinbot

hpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayareless5honestthantheyweretenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingwor

se,lyingseemstobeanage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher(哲学家)Vauvenarges,writingintheeighteenthcentury,touchedonthetruthwhenhewrote,"Allmenar

eborntruthfulanddieliars(说谎者)."(5)存在的问题Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulintheprofessionforwhichtheyarebei

ngtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon'tmakeit?Whilealltheleadingschoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thef

actsseemtosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.(6)排比说明Aperson'sagenolongertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialpositi

on,marriageorhealth.There'snolongeraparticularyearinwhichonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.Thesocialclockthatk

eptusontimeandtolduswhentogotoschool.Itdoesn'tsurpriseustohearofa29-year-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother,o

ra70-year-oldmanwhohasbecomeafatherforthefirsttime.Publicideasarechanging.五、事件类文章(包括历史事件，日常事件，灾祸，轶事)。关键是找时间点。没有时间点的找最特殊的地方。Thereportcametothe

BritishonMay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,themostpowerfulwarshipintheworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hert

ask:todestroytheshipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatestowar-tornEngland.TheBritishhadfearedsuchatask.Nowarshiptheyha

dcouldmatchtheBismarckinspeedorinfirepower.TheBismarckhadeight15-inchgunsand81smallerguns.Shecouldmoveat30nauticalmiles(海里)anhour.Shewasbelievedtob

eunsinkable.However,theBritishhadtosinkher.TheysentoutataskforceheadedbytheirbestbattleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,theHoodfoundtheBismarck.

ItwasameetingthattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.HisordersweretodestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsu

pplies,buttostayawayfromafightwithBritishwarships.Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck'sfirsttorpedo(鱼雷)hittheHood,whichwentdown

takingallbutthreeofher1,419menwithher.Butinthefight,theBismarckwasslightlydamaged(损坏).Hercommanderdecidedtorunforr

epairstoFrance,whichhadatthattimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforcefollowedher.However,becauseoftheBismarck'sspeedandthehe

avyfog,theylostsightofher.Fortwodays,everyBritishshipintheAtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwithnosuccess.Finally,shewassighte

dbyaplanefromIreland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheirshipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritishfiredatherfromtheair.TheBismarckwashit.Onthemo

rningofMay27,thelastbattlewasfought.FourBritishshipsfiredontheBismarck,andshewasfinallysunk.Wewalkedinsoquietlythatthenurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlift

hereyesfromthebook.MumpointedatabigchairbythedoorandIknewshewantedmetositdown.WhileIwatchedmouthopeninsurprise,Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemto

metohold.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookoutawetmop.Shepushed6themoppastthedeskandasthenurselookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,"Verydir

tyfloors.""Yes,I'mgladthey'vefinallydecidedtocleanthem,"thenurseanswered.ShelookedatMumstrangelyandsaid,"Butaren'tyo

uworkinglate?"Mumjustpushedharder,eachswipe(拖一下)ofthemoptakingherfartherandfartherdownthehall.Iwatcheduntilshewasoutofsightandthenurs

ehadturnedbacktowritinginthebigbook.AfteralongtimeMumcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequicklyputthemopbackandtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogo

outofthedoor,Mumbowedpolitelytothenurseandsaid,"Thankyou."Outside,Mumtoldme:"Dagmarisfine.Nofever.""Yousawher,Mum?""Ofcourse.I

toldheraboutthehospitalrules,andshewillnotexpectusuntiltomorrow.Dadwillstopworryingaswell.It’safinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Yo

uneedabrush."六、事物类文章1.旧事物：注意与现在事物的不同之处In19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongb

athingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits…2.新事物(1)引出新事物Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?Youwon’tb

eforlong.Miami’sMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo./

Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeachesandoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisne

whotel,theworld’sfirstigloohotel.(2)结构或原理(怎么造的)Sixworkmenspentmorethaneightweekspiling1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;whenthesnowfroze,theba

sewasremoved.(3)优势(advantage)Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromalloverthe

world.3.事物的起源：找时间点，注意转折之处。Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn’teasyatall.Before1750,the

ideaofskatingdidn’texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.Merlin’sworkwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.Jose

phMerlinwasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer.OnedayMerlinreceivedaninvitationtoattendafancydressball(

化装舞会).Hewasverypleasedandalittleexcited.Asthedayofthepartycamenear,Merlinbegantothinkhowtomakeagrandentranceatth

eparty.Hehadanidea.Hethoughthewouldgetalotofattentionifhecouldskateintotheroom.Merlintrieddifferentwaystomakehimselfroll.Finally,hedec

idedtoputtwowheelsundereachshoe.Thesewerethefirstrollerskates.Merlinwasveryproudofhisinventionanddreamedofarrivinga

tthepartyonwheelswhileplayingtheviolin.OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyone7wasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustonep

roblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthe

wall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin’sgrandentranceforalongtime.七、新闻报道类文章抓住报道主体，文章中心：“头重脚轻”，从整体到细节。JINTAN,JIANGSU:

The20students-18boysand2girls-hadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)outof4mil

lionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldGupMathematicsContest(竞赛)onTuesdayevening.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddle

schoolstudentsundertheageof14.“Maryoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjustunbelievable!”saidateacherfromGuangdongpro

vince.NamedafterChina’smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.I

nlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognisedbytheStateEducationCommission(国家教委)asthecountry’sbiggestandbestcontestofitski

nd.