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1高考英语阅读理解篇章结构分析技能一、科普类文章1.引出中心内容的方法(1)AbutB。这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀，一般会先讲A，即普通的内容(科普类文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容)。另外，A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作

手法，与B的意思正好相反。Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,howeve

r,twokindsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership(伙伴关系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.

Thisisnotbecausetheywantaride,butbecausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites(寄生虫)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodosobec

ausetheyremovethecauseofdiscomfort.Soalthoughtheycanmanagewithouteachother,theydobettertogether.Theideaoffighti

nganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthat’sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.

(2)用熟悉的事物作类比。这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandw

hatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthi

nkers.2.说明中心内容的方法(高考文章以说明为主，在高级阅读考试中经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)(1)举例说明。这是最常见的方法，除了我们熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以外，更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度

的不同。例子总是说得很具体，比如说有数字，具体的人物、事件等。有的时候，在事实和例子中间，还有一个具体说明的中间层次。(2)讲原理Car-maker’sresearchanddevelopmentlaboratoriesh

avealreadyprovedthatmixinginmorenoisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunwantednoise.(3)讲好处(advantage)Anothergoodthi

ngabouttheusesofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofaca

r,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoilandworkbetter.(4)讲问题(disadvantage)Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwillbeusedi

nmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven’tdecidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveralhundreddollarstothecostofth

eircars.(5)讲应用(application)(6)分类说明：中心的两个方面Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternal

fat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefou

ndthatthe“pears”havelessinternalfat,butthe“apples”have2moreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.(7)强对比

说明Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,pol

itics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefact

orswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystill

prefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.二、社会观点类文章这一类文章比较高级,所以在高考中出现得很少。Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforo

therpeopletobecome“computer-literate.”Butnotallexperts(专家)agreethatthisisagoodidea.Onepioneer,inparticular,whodisagreesis

DavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeit

thatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem“pe

ople-literate.”DavidTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsiststhereisanimportantdiffere

ncebetweenthetwo.Theclubsareforpeoplewhohavesomecomputerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoareha

ppiergoingtoComputertownswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertstoencouragethemandansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyarenottoldwhat

todo,theyfindout.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoanswerallquestionspeopleask.Peopledon’thavetolearn

computerterms(术语),buttheexpertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming”people-literate.”三、社会问题类文章1.引出问题：某一部作品中

的观点OlafStapledonwroteabookcalledFirstandLastMen,inwhichhelookedmillionsofyearsahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenandofstrangecivilizations,brokenupbylo

ng‘darkages’inbetween.Inhisview,whatiscalledthepresenttimeisnomorethanamomentinhumanhistoryandwearejustheFi

rstMen.In2,000millionyearsnowtherewillbetheEighteenthorLastMen.However,mostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyvery

short-sighted.Perhapswecanseesomepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenextthousand?Thenextmillion?That’smuchmoredifficult.2.解决问题的重

要性Sowhybothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwit

hthewholehumanhistory,wearelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemaketheearthapoorplacetoliveonbecausewear

ecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,ourgrandchildrenwillnotbothertothinkofexcusesforus.Second,bytryingtoescapefrompr

esentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimagine3thatinthefuturemenmaygive

upfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimaginationfreewhenyouthinkaboutthefuture.3.解决问题Manycitiesaroundtheworldto

dayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment(环境)friendlyprodu

ctshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearediffi

culttogetridof.However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”anddemandingthattheproductstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironme

nt.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyaskquestionslikethese:“Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcontainerbereusedorc

anitonlybeusedonce?”Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheybuyit.Thism

eansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare"green,"thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.Onlyafewyearsago,itwas

impossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowtherearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcoplabels(标签)toshowthattheproductisgreen.Someco

mpanieshavemadethemanufacturing(生产)ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.四、社会现象类文章1.社会现象的引出

：具体的例子，话语，奇特之处，A影响B。AllangoeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundherofficeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeop

ledon'tseentomindAllan,"saysBirgitta,whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payin

ghishealthbillsandhistaxes,butinfactAllanisadog.BirgittaandAllanliveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderlylifeaccordingtoruleslaiddown

bythegovernment,whichalsoprovides(提供)ahighlevelofcareforitspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./BettyandHaroldhavebeenmarried

forMrs.Butonethingstillpuzzles(困扰)oldHarold.HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,gooutto

aballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey'restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyh

avetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs.Talk?We’refriends.Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubinspenttwoyears,interviewingmoretha

ntwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhattheirage,theirjob,theirsex,theresultswerecompletelyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen,andth

edifferenceinthecon-tentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”/Maybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfa

ther,"But,Dad,youcan'tbehealthyifyou’redead."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohecouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt-amistake75%ofth

eUSpopulationmakeeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy./4Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:"Wehave

togotoworknow,"you'releftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afterall,thisisthe1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thati

s,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre./Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsa

go,only4outofevery100peopleintheUnitedStateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthepopula

tionwillaffect(影响)Americansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydiffe

rentsociety-oneinwhichpeoplehaveaquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior(行为)issuitable(合适)atvariousag

es.2.说明的方法(1)举例Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend(趋势)intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfurniture(家具)forourl

ivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarr

iedsixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRo

ssestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfield…(2)中心的一个侧面…Thatis,untilyoua

retoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies(代理机构)tosupplychildre

nforstageandtelevisionwork...Avisittosuchschoolswillleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves…/Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psyc

hologistLillianRubin…thedifferenceinthecontentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”Morethantwo-thirdsofthesinglemenRubinintervi

ewedcouldnotnameabestfriend...“Ingeneral,”writesRubininhernewbook,“women’sfriendshipswitheachotherre

stonsharedemotionsandsupport,butmen’srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"Rubinwrites,"thetwos

harelitt1eabouttheirinnermostfeelings…(3)解释原因…Thebigquestioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearanceincarssomefor

tyyearsago.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne…(4)评价Whilemostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomak

elifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabouthonestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayareless5honestthanthey

weretenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingworse,lyingseemstobeanage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher(哲

学家)Vauvenarges,writingintheeighteenthcentury,touchedonthetruthwhenhewrote,"Allmenareborntruthfulanddieliars(说谎者)."(5)存在的问题Thescho

olsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulintheprofessionforwhichtheyarebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon'

tmakeit?Whilealltheleadingschoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thefactsseemtosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.(6

)排比说明Aperson'sagenolongertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialposition,marriageorhealth.There'snolongeraparticularyearinwhichonegoestos

choolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.Thesocialclockthatkeptusontimeandtolduswhentogotoschool.Itdoesn'tsurpriseustohearofa29-ye

ar-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother,ora70-year-oldmanwhohasbecomeafatherforthefirsttim

e.Publicideasarechanging.五、事件类文章(包括历史事件，日常事件，灾祸，轶事)。关键是找时间点。没有时间点的找最特殊的地方。ThereportcametotheBritishonM

ay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,themostpowerfulwarshipintheworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hertask:

todestroytheshipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatestowar-tornEngland.TheBritishhadfearedsuchatask.NowarshiptheyhadcouldmatchtheBis

marckinspeedorinfirepower.TheBismarckhadeight15-inchgunsand81smallerguns.Shecouldmoveat30nauticalmiles(海里)anhour.She

wasbelievedtobeunsinkable.However,theBritishhadtosinkher.TheysentoutataskforceheadedbytheirbestbattleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,

theHoodfoundtheBismarck.ItwasameetingthattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.HisordersweretodestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsupplies,but

tostayawayfromafightwithBritishwarships.Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck'sfirsttorpedo(鱼雷)hittheHood,wh

ichwentdowntakingallbutthreeofher1,419menwithher.Butinthefight,theBismarckwasslightlydamaged(损坏).Hercommande

rdecidedtorunforrepairstoFrance,whichhadatthattimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforcefollowedher.However,becauseoftheBismarck'ssp

eedandtheheavyfog,theylostsightofher.Fortwodays,everyBritishshipintheAtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwit

hnosuccess.Finally,shewassightedbyaplanefromIreland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheirshipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritishfiredathe

rfromtheair.TheBismarckwashit.OnthemorningofMay27,thelastbattlewasfought.FourBritishshipsfiredontheBismar

ck,andshewasfinallysunk.Wewalkedinsoquietlythatthenurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlifthereyesfromthebook.MumpointedatabigchairbythedoorandIknew

shewantedmetositdown.WhileIwatchedmouthopeninsurprise,Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemtometohold.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtook

outawetmop.Shepushed6themoppastthedeskandasthenurselookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,"Verydirtyfloors.""Yes,I'mgla

dthey'vefinallydecidedtocleanthem,"thenurseanswered.ShelookedatMumstrangelyandsaid,"Butaren'tyouworkinglate?"Mu

mjustpushedharder,eachswipe(拖一下)ofthemoptakingherfartherandfartherdownthehall.Iwatcheduntilshewasoutofsightandthenursehadturnedbacktowrit

inginthebigbook.AfteralongtimeMumcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequicklyputthemopbackandtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogooutofthedoor,Mumbowedpolitelytot

henurseandsaid,"Thankyou."Outside,Mumtoldme:"Dagmarisfine.Nofever.""Yousawher,Mum?""Ofcourse.Itoldheraboutthehospitalrules,andshew

illnotexpectusuntiltomorrow.Dadwillstopworryingaswell.It’safinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Youneedabrush."六、事物类文章1.旧事物：注意与现在事物的不同之处I

n19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits…2.新事物(1)引出新事物Excusedfro

mrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?Youwon’tbeforlong.Miami’sMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforth

oselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo./Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeachesandoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.Swed

ishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld’sfirstigloohotel.(2)结构或原理(怎么造的)Sixworkmenspentmoret

haneightweekspiling1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;whenthesnowfroze,thebasewasremoved.(3)优势(advantage)Thepopularityoftheiglooi

sbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromallovertheworld.3.事物的起源：找时间点，注意转折之处。Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,it

wasn’teasyatall.Before1750,theideaofskatingdidn’texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.Merlin’sworkwasmakingmusic

alinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.JosephMerlinwasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer.OnedayMerlinr

eceivedaninvitationtoattendafancydressball(化装舞会).Hewasverypleasedandalittleexcited.Asthedayofthepartycamenear,Merlinb

egantothinkhowtomakeagrandentranceattheparty.Hehadanidea.Hethoughthewouldgetalotofattentionifhecouldskate

intotheroom.Merlintrieddifferentwaystomakehimselfroll.Finally,hedecidedtoputtwowheelsundereachshoe.Thesewere

thefirstrollerskates.Merlinwasveryproudofhisinventionanddreamedofarrivingatthepartyonwheelswhileplayingtheviolin.Onthenightofthepa

rtyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyone7wasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merli

nhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downf

ellthemirror,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin’sgrandentranceforalongtime.七、新闻报道类文章抓住报道主体，文章中心：“头重脚轻”，从整体到细节。JINTAN,JIANGSU:The20student

s-18boysand2girls-hadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)outof4millionstudentstakingpar

tintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldGupMathematicsContest(竞赛)onTuesdayevening.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstu

dentsundertheageof14.“Maryoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisjustunbelievable!”saidateacherfromGuangdon

gprovince.NamedafterChina’smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years

,ithasbeenrecognisedbytheStateEducationCommission(国家教委)asthecountry’sbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.