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1高考英语阅读理解篇章结构分析技能一、科普类文章1.引出中心内容的方法(1)AbutB。这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀,一般会先讲A,即普通的内容(科普类文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容)。另外,A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作手法,与B的意思正好相反。Mos
tanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,however,t
wokindsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership(伙伴关系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.Thisisnotbec
ausetheywantaride,butbecausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites(寄生虫)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodosobe
causetheyremovethecauseofdiscomfort.Soalthoughtheycanmanagewithouteachother,theydobettertogether.Theideaoffightinganoise
bymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthat’sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.(2
)用熟悉的事物作类比。这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthin
kyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystan
dards,goodthinkers.2.说明中心内容的方法(高考文章以说明为主,在高级阅读考试中经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)(1)举例说明。这是最常见的方法,除了我们熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以
外,更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度的不同。例子总是说得很具体,比如说有数字,具体的人物、事件等。有的时候,在事实和例子中间,还有一个具体说明的中间层次。(2)讲原理Car-maker’sresearchanddevelopmentla
boratorieshavealreadyprovedthatmixinginmorenoisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunwantednoise.(3)讲好处(advantage)Anothe
rgoodthingabouttheusesofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthe
motorburnlessoilandworkbetter.(4)讲问题(disadvantage)Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven
’tdecidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveralhundreddollarstothecostoftheircars.(5)讲应用(application)(6)分类说明:中心的两个方面
Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherel
ationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe“pears”havelessinternalfat,butthe“apples”have2moreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobew
hatcausesthehealthproblems.(7)强对比说明Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politic
s,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunkn
owablefactorswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretaking
achance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.二、社会观点类文章这一类文章比较高级,所以在高考中出现得很少。Computerpeopl
etalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate.”Butnotallexperts(专家)agreethatthisisagoodidea.Onepioneer,inpar
ticular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,D
aviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem“people-l
iterate.”DavidTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsiststhereisan
importantdifferencebetweenthetwo.Theclubsareforpeoplewhohavesomecomputerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoingtoComputertow
nswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertstoencouragethemandansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyar
enottoldwhattodo,theyfindout.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoanswerallquestionspeopleask.P
eopledon’thavetolearncomputerterms(术语),buttheexpertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming”people-literate.”三、社会问题类文章1.引出问题
:某一部作品中的观点OlafStapledonwroteabookcalledFirstandLastMen,inwhichhelookedmillionsofyearsahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenando
fstrangecivilizations,brokenupbylong‘darkages’inbetween.Inhisview,whatiscalledthepresenttimeisnomorethanamomentinhumanhistoryandwearejustheFirstMe
n.In2,000millionyearsnowtherewillbetheEighteenthorLastMen.However,mostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted.Perhap
swecanseesomepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenextthousand?Thenextmillion?That’smuchmoredif
ficult.2.解决问题的重要性Sowhybothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewhole
humanhistory,wearelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemaketheearthapoorplac
etoliveonbecausewearecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,ourgrandchildrenwillnotbothertothinkofexcusesforus.Second,bytryingtoescapefromp
resentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimagine
3thatinthefuturemenmaygiveupfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimaginationfreewhenyouthinkaboutthefuture.3.解决问题Manycitiesaroundtheworldt
odayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment(环境)friendlyproductshavecontributedtothepolluti
onproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.
However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”anddemandingthattheproductstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironm
ent.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyaskquestionslikethese:“Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcont
ainerbereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?”Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheyb
uyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare"green,"thati
s,friendlytotheenvironment.Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowthere
arehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcoplabels(标签)toshowthattheproductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturi
ng(生产)ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.四、社会现象类文章1.社会现象的引出:具体的例子,话语,奇特之处,A影响B。Al
langoeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundherofficeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,"
saysBirgitta,whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsan
dhistaxes,butinfactAllanisadog.BirgittaandAllanliveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderl
ylifeaccordingtoruleslaiddownbythegovernment,whichalsoprovides(提供)ahighlevelofcareforitspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./BettyandHaroldhav
ebeenmarriedforMrs.Butonethingstillpuzzles(困扰)oldHarold.HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking
,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey'restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,d
otheyhavetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs.Talk?We’refriends.Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillia
nRubinspenttwoyears,interviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhattheirage,theirjob,theirsex,theresultswerecomple
telyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen,andthedifferenceinthecon-tentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”/Ma
ybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather,"But,Dad,youcan'tbehealthyifyou’redead."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohec
ouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt-amistake75%oftheUSpopulationmakeeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy./4
Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:"Wehavetogotoworknow,"you'releftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afte
rall,thisisthe1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theyg
oofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre./Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsago,only4outofevery100peopleintheUnitedSt
ateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthepopulationwillaffect(影响)Americansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbus
iness.Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydifferentsociety-oneinwhichpeoplehaveaquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior(行为)issuitable(合适)atv
ariousages.2.说明的方法(1)举例Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend(趋势)intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfur
niture(家具)forourlivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarried
sixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$28
0atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfield…(2)中心的一个侧面…Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupils
ofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies(代理机构)tosupplychildrenforstageandte
levisionwork...Avisittosuchschoolswillleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves…/Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychol
ogistLillianRubin…thedifferenceinthecontentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”Morethantwo-thirdsofthe
singlemenRubininterviewedcouldnotnameabestfriend...“Ingeneral,”writesRubininhernewbook,“women’sfriendshipswitheachotherrestonsharedemotionsandsupp
ort,butmen’srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"Rubinwrites,"thetwos
harelitt1eabouttheirinnermostfeelings…(3)解释原因…Thebigquestioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearanceincarssomef
ortyyearsago.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne…(4)评价Whilemostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabout
honestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayareless5honestthantheyweretenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingworse,lyingsee
mstobeanage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher(哲学家)Vauvenarges,writingintheeighteenthcentury,touchedonthetruthwhenhew
rote,"Allmenareborntruthfulanddieliars(说谎者)."(5)存在的问题Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillb
esuccessfulintheprofessionforwhichtheyarebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon'tmakeit?Whileallthelea
dingschoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thefactsseemtosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.(6)
排比说明Aperson'sagenolongertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialposition,marriageorhealth.There'snolongerapar
ticularyearinwhichonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.Thesocialclockthatkeptusontimeandtolduswhentogotoschool.Itd
oesn'tsurpriseustohearofa29-year-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother,ora70-year-oldmanwhohasbecomeafatherforthefirsttime.Publicideasarec
hanging.五、事件类文章(包括历史事件,日常事件,灾祸,轶事)。关键是找时间点。没有时间点的找最特殊的地方。ThereportcametotheBritishonMay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,themostpowerfulwarshipin
theworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hertask:todestroytheshipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatest
owar-tornEngland.TheBritishhadfearedsuchatask.NowarshiptheyhadcouldmatchtheBismarckinspeedorinfirepower.TheBismarckhadeight15-
inchgunsand81smallerguns.Shecouldmoveat30nauticalmiles(海里)anhour.Shewasbelievedtobeunsinkable.However,theBritishhadtosinkher.Theysentoutat
askforceheadedbytheirbestbattleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,theHoodfoundtheBismarck.Itwasameetingt
hattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.HisordersweretodestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsupplies,buttostayawayfromafig
htwithBritishwarships.Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck'sfirsttorpedo(鱼雷)hittheHood,whichwentdowntakingallbutthreeofhe
r1,419menwithher.Butinthefight,theBismarckwasslightlydamaged(损坏).HercommanderdecidedtorunforrepairstoFrance,whichhadattha
ttimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforcefollowedher.However,becauseoftheBismarck'sspeedandtheheavyfog,theyl
ostsightofher.Fortwodays,everyBritishshipintheAtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwithnosuccess.Finally,shewassi
ghtedbyaplanefromIreland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheirshipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritishfiredatherfromtheair.TheBismarckwashit.Onthemorning
ofMay27,thelastbattlewasfought.FourBritishshipsfiredontheBismarck,andshewasfinallysunk.Wewalkedinsoquietlythatt
henurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlifthereyesfromthebook.MumpointedatabigchairbythedoorandIknewshewantedmetositdown.While
Iwatchedmouthopeninsurprise,Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemtometohold.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookoutawetmop.Shepushed6the
moppastthedeskandasthenurselookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,"Verydirtyfloors.""Yes,I'mgladthey'vefinallydecidedtocleanthem,"thenurseanswered.Shelooked
atMumstrangelyandsaid,"Butaren'tyouworkinglate?"Mumjustpushedharder,eachswipe(拖一下)ofthemoptakingherfartherandfartherdownthehall.Iwatchedunti
lshewasoutofsightandthenursehadturnedbacktowritinginthebigbook.AfteralongtimeMumcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequi
cklyputthemopbackandtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogooutofthedoor,Mumbowedpolitelytothenurseandsaid,"Thankyou."Outside,Mumto
ldme:"Dagmarisfine.Nofever.""Yousawher,Mum?""Ofcourse.Itoldheraboutthehospitalrules,andshewillnotexpectusuntiltomor
row.Dadwillstopworryingaswell.It’safinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Youneedabrush."六、事物类文章1.旧事物:注意与现在事物的不
同之处In19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuit
s…2.新事物(1)引出新事物Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?Youwon’tbeforlong.Miami’sMarkShantzisha
smadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo./Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeaches
andoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld’sfirstigloohotel.(2)结
构或原理(怎么造的)Sixworkmenspentmorethaneightweekspiling1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;whenthesnowfroze,thebasewasremo
ved.(3)优势(advantage)Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromallovertheworld
.3.事物的起源:找时间点,注意转折之处。Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn’teasyatall.Before1750,theideaofskatingdi
dn’texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.Merlin’sworkwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.JosephMerlin
wasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer.OnedayMerlinreceivedaninvitationtoattendafancydressball(化装舞会).Hewa
sverypleasedandalittleexcited.Asthedayofthepartycamenear,Merlinbegantothinkhowtomakeagrandentranceattheparty.Hehadanidea.Hethoughthewouldgetalotof
attentionifhecouldskateintotheroom.Merlintrieddifferentwaystomakehimselfroll.Finally,hedecidedtoputtwowheelsundereachshoe.T
hesewerethefirstrollerskates.Merlinwasveryproudofhisinventionanddreamedofarrivingatthepartyonwheelswhileplayingth
eviolin.OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyone7wasastonishedtoseehim.Therewa
sjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingo
nthewall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin’sgrandentranceforalongtime.七、新闻报道类文章抓住报道主体,文章中心:
“头重脚轻”,从整体到细节。JINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students-18boysand2girls-hadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjust
climbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)outof4millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldGupMathematicsContest(竞赛)onTuesdayeve
ning.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14.“Maryoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisj
ustunbelievable!”saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.NamedafterChina’smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,thec
onteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognisedbytheStateEducationCommission(国家教委)asthecountry’sbiggesta
ndbestcontestofitskind.