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1高考英语阅读理解篇章结构分析技能一、科普类文章1.引出中心内容的方法(1)AbutB。这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀，一般会先讲A，即普通的内容(科普类文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容)。另外，A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作手法，与B的

意思正好相反。Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,however,twoki

ndsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership(伙伴关系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.Thisisnotbecau

setheywantaride,butbecausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites(寄生虫)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodosobecausetheyremovethecauseofdiscomfort.Soalthought

heycanmanagewithouteachother,theydobettertogether.Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthat’s

exactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.(2)用熟悉的事物作类比。这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersn

otonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.Natur

ally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers.2.说明中心内容的方法(高考文章以说明为主，在高级阅读考试中经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)(1)举例

说明。这是最常见的方法，除了我们熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以外，更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度的不同。例子总是说得很具体，比如说有数字，具体的人物、事件等。有的时候，在事实和例子中间

，还有一个具体说明的中间层次。(2)讲原理Car-maker’sresearchanddevelopmentlaboratorieshavealreadyprovedthatmixinginmorenoisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunw

antednoise.(3)讲好处(advantage)Anothergoodthingabouttheusesofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,wh

ichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoilandworkbetter.(4)讲问题(disadvantage)Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwil

lbeusedinmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven’tdecidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddsevera

lhundreddollarstothecostoftheircars.(5)讲应用(application)(6)分类说明：中心的两个方面Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andi

nternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe“pears”hav

elessinternalfat,butthe“apples”have2moreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproble

ms.(7)强对比说明Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwe

mustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactorswhi

chwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethatth

eyareplayingchess,notpoker.二、社会观点类文章这一类文章比较高级,所以在高考中出现得很少。Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“compu

ter-literate.”Butnotallexperts(专家)agreethatthisisagoodidea.Onepioneer,inparticular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefoun

derofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.Hesay

sthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem“people-literate.”Davi

dTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsiststhereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwo.T

heclubsareforpeoplewhohavesomecomputerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoin

gtoComputertownswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertstoencouragethemandansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyarenottoldwhattodo,theyf

indout.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoanswerallquestionspeopleask.Peopledon’thavetolearncomputerterms

(术语),buttheexpertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming”people-literate.”三、社会问题类文章1.引出问题：某一部作品中的观点OlafStapled

onwroteabookcalledFirstandLastMen,inwhichhelookedmillionsofyearsahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenandofstrangecivilizations,brokenup

bylong‘darkages’inbetween.Inhisview,whatiscalledthepresenttimeisnomorethanamomentinhumanhistoryandwearejustheFirstMen.In2,000million

yearsnowtherewillbetheEighteenthorLastMen.However,mostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted.Perhapswecansee

somepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenextthousand?Thenextmillion?That’smuchmoredifficult.2.解决问题的重要性Sowhy

bothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesa

recomparedwiththewholehumanhistory,wearelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemaketheearthapoorplacetoliveonbe

causewearecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,ourgrandchildrenwillnotbothertothinkofexcusesforus.Second,bytryingtoesca

pefrompresentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimagine3thatinthefut

uremenmaygiveupfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimaginationfreewhenyouthinkaboutthefuture.3.解决问题Manycitiesaroundtheworl

dtodayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment(环境)friendl

yproductshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcont

ainersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”anddemandingthattheprod

uctstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyaskquestionslikethese:“Willthisshampoodam

agetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcontainerbereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?”Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmen

talsafetyofaproductbeforetheybuyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomake

surethattheyare"green,"thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowthe

rearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcoplabels(标签)toshowthattheproductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanu

facturing(生产)ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.四、社会现象类文章1.社会现象的引出：具体的例子，话语，奇特之处，A影响B。Allangoeseverywher

ewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundherofficeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan

,"saysBirgitta,whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsandhist

axes,butinfactAllanisadog.BirgittaandAllanliveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderlylifeaccordingtoruleslaiddownbythegovernment,wh

ichalsoprovides(提供)ahighlevelofcareforitspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./BettyandHaroldhavebeenmarriedforMrs.Butonethingstillp

uzzles(困扰)oldHarold.HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslat

er,andthey'restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyhavetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs.Talk?We’refriends.Resea

rchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubinspenttwoyears,interviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhatt

heirage,theirjob,theirsex,theresultswerecompletelyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen,andthedifferenceinthecon-tentandtheq

ualityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”/Maybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather,"But,Dad

,youcan'tbehealthyifyou’redead."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohecouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt-amistake75%oftheUSpopulationma

keeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy./4Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:"Wehavetogotoworknow,"you'releftfeelings

urprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afterall,thisisthe1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpup

ilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre./Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsago,only4outofevery100peopleintheUn

itedStateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthepopulationwillaffect(影响)Ameri

cansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydifferentsociety-oneinwhichpe

oplehaveaquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior(行为)issuitable(合适)atvariousages.2.说明的方法(1)举例Aspricesandbuildi

ngcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend(趋势)intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfurniture(家具)forourlivingroom,"saysJo

hnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarriedsixmonth

sago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheR

ossestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfield

…(2)中心的一个侧面…Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthes

tageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies(代理机构)tosupplychildrenforstageandtelevisionwork...Avisittosuchschools

willleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves…/Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubin…thedifferenceinthecontentand

thequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”Morethantwo-thirdsofthesinglemenRubininterviewedc

ouldnotnameabestfriend...“Ingeneral,”writesRubininhernewbook,“women’sfriendshipswitheachotherrestonsharedemotionsandsup

port,butmen’srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"Rubinwrites,"thetwosharelitt1eab

outtheirinnermostfeelings…(3)解释原因…Thebigquestioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappeara

nceincarssomefortyyearsago.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne…(4)评价Whilemostpeopleuselitt

lewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabouthonestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayareless5honestthantheywer

etenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingworse,lyingseemstobeanage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher(哲学家)Vauvenarges,writingint

heeighteenthcentury,touchedonthetruthwhenhewrote,"Allmenareborntruthfulanddieliars(说谎者)."(5)存在的问题Theschools

themselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulintheprofessionforwhichtheyarebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewho

don'tmakeit?Whilealltheleadingschoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thefactsseemtosug

gestthisisnotalwaysthecase.(6)排比说明Aperson'sagenolongertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialposition,marriageorhealth.The

re'snolongeraparticularyearinwhichonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.Thesocialclockthatkeptusontimeandtolduswhentogoto

school.Itdoesn'tsurpriseustohearofa29-year-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother,ora70-year-oldmanwhohasbecomeafatherforthefir

sttime.Publicideasarechanging.五、事件类文章(包括历史事件，日常事件，灾祸，轶事)。关键是找时间点。没有时间点的找最特殊的地方。ThereportcametotheBritishonMay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,th

emostpowerfulwarshipintheworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hertask:todestroytheshipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatestow

ar-tornEngland.TheBritishhadfearedsuchatask.NowarshiptheyhadcouldmatchtheBismarckinspeedorinfirepower.TheBismarckhadeight15-inchgunsand81smallerguns

.Shecouldmoveat30nauticalmiles(海里)anhour.Shewasbelievedtobeunsinkable.However,theBritishhadtosinkher.Th

eysentoutataskforceheadedbytheirbestbattleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,theHoodfoundtheBismar

ck.ItwasameetingthattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.HisordersweretodestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsupplies,buttos

tayawayfromafightwithBritishwarships.Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck'sfirsttorpedo(鱼雷)hittheHood,whichwentdowntakingallbutthree

ofher1,419menwithher.Butinthefight,theBismarckwasslightlydamaged(损坏).Hercommanderdecidedtorunforrepairst

oFrance,whichhadatthattimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforcefollowedher.However,becauseoftheBismarck'sspeedandtheheavyfog,theylosts

ightofher.Fortwodays,everyBritishshipintheAtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwithnosuccess.Finally,shewass

ightedbyaplanefromIreland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheirshipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritishfiredatherfromtheair.TheBi

smarckwashit.OnthemorningofMay27,thelastbattlewasfought.FourBritishshipsfiredontheBismarck,andshewasfina

llysunk.Wewalkedinsoquietlythatthenurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlifthereyesfromthebook.MumpointedatabigchairbythedoorandIknewshewantedmetositdown.While

Iwatchedmouthopeninsurprise,Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemtometohold.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookoutawetm

op.Shepushed6themoppastthedeskandasthenurselookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,"Verydirtyfloors.""Yes,I'mgladthey'vefinallydecidedtocleanthem,"then

urseanswered.ShelookedatMumstrangelyandsaid,"Butaren'tyouworkinglate?"Mumjustpushedharder,eachswipe(拖一下)ofthemop

takingherfartherandfartherdownthehall.Iwatcheduntilshewasoutofsightandthenursehadturnedbacktowritinginthebigbook.AfteralongtimeMu

mcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequicklyputthemopbackandtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogooutofthedoor,Mumbowedpolit

elytothenurseandsaid,"Thankyou."Outside,Mumtoldme:"Dagmarisfine.Nofever.""Yousawher,Mum?""Ofcourse.Itoldheraboutthehospitalrules,andshewillnot

expectusuntiltomorrow.Dadwillstopworryingaswell.It’safinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Youneedabrush."六、事物类文章1.旧事物：注意与现在事物的不同之处In19thce

nturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits…2.新事

物(1)引出新事物Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?Youwon’tbeforlong.Miami’sMarkShantzis

hasmadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo./Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeachesandoverheatedhotel

roomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld’sfirstigloohotel.(2)结构或原理(怎么

造的)Sixworkmenspentmorethaneightweekspiling1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;whenthesnowfroze,thebasewasremoved.(3)优势(advantage)Thepopularityof

theiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromallovertheworld.3.事物的起源：找时间点，注意转折之处。Today,rollerskatingiseasya

ndfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn’teasyatall.Before1750,theideaofskatingdidn’texist.Thatchangedbecauseofamannamed

JosephMerlin.Merlin’sworkwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.JosephMerl

inwasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer.OnedayMerlinreceivedaninvitationtoattendafancydressball(化装舞会).Hewas

verypleasedandalittleexcited.Asthedayofthepartycamenear,Merlinbegantothinkhowtomakeagrandentranceattheparty.Hehadanidea.Hethoughthewouldgeta

lotofattentionifhecouldskateintotheroom.Merlintrieddifferentwaystomakehimselfroll.Finally,hedecidedtoputtwowheelsunde

reachshoe.Thesewerethefirstrollerskates.Merlinwasveryproudofhisinventionanddreamedofarrivingatthepartyonwheelswhileplayingtheviolin.Onthenightoft

hepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyone7wasastonishedtoseehim.Therewasjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnow

aytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingonthewall.Downfellthemirror

,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin’sgrandentranceforalongtime.七、新闻报道类文章抓住报道主体，文章中心：“头重脚轻”，从整体到细节。JINTAN,JIANGSU:Th

e20students-18boysand2girls-hadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjustclimbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)

outof4millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldGupMathematicsContest(竞赛)onTuesdayevening.Th

e20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14.“Maryoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout

.Itisjustunbelievable!”saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.NamedafterChina’smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,theconteststartedin198

6,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognisedbytheStateEducationCommission(国家教委)asthecou

ntry’sbiggestandbestcontestofitskind.