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1高考英语阅读理解篇章结构分析技能一、科普类文章1.引出中心内容的方法(1)AbutB。这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀，一般会先讲A，即普通的内容(科普类文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容)。另外，A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作手法，与B的意思正好相反。Mos

tanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,however,t

wokindsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership(伙伴关系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.Thisisnotbec

ausetheywantaride,butbecausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites(寄生虫)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodosobe

causetheyremovethecauseofdiscomfort.Soalthoughtheycanmanagewithouteachother,theydobettertogether.Theideaoffightinganoise

bymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthat’sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.(2

)用熟悉的事物作类比。这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthin

kyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystan

dards,goodthinkers.2.说明中心内容的方法(高考文章以说明为主，在高级阅读考试中经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)(1)举例说明。这是最常见的方法，除了我们熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以

外，更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度的不同。例子总是说得很具体，比如说有数字，具体的人物、事件等。有的时候，在事实和例子中间，还有一个具体说明的中间层次。(2)讲原理Car-maker’sresearchanddevelopmentla

boratorieshavealreadyprovedthatmixinginmorenoisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunwantednoise.(3)讲好处(advantage)Anothe

rgoodthingabouttheusesofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthe

motorburnlessoilandworkbetter.(4)讲问题(disadvantage)Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven

’tdecidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveralhundreddollarstothecostoftheircars.(5)讲应用(application)(6)分类说明：中心的两个方面

Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherel

ationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe“pears”havelessinternalfat,butthe“apples”have2moreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobew

hatcausesthehealthproblems.(7)强对比说明Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politic

s,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunkn

owablefactorswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretaking

achance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.二、社会观点类文章这一类文章比较高级,所以在高考中出现得很少。Computerpeopl

etalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate.”Butnotallexperts(专家)agreethatthisisagoodidea.Onepioneer,inpar

ticular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,D

aviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem“people-l

iterate.”DavidTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsiststhereisan

importantdifferencebetweenthetwo.Theclubsareforpeoplewhohavesomecomputerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoingtoComputertow

nswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertstoencouragethemandansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyar

enottoldwhattodo,theyfindout.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoanswerallquestionspeopleask.P

eopledon’thavetolearncomputerterms(术语),buttheexpertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming”people-literate.”三、社会问题类文章1.引出问题

：某一部作品中的观点OlafStapledonwroteabookcalledFirstandLastMen,inwhichhelookedmillionsofyearsahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenando

fstrangecivilizations,brokenupbylong‘darkages’inbetween.Inhisview,whatiscalledthepresenttimeisnomorethanamomentinhumanhistoryandwearejustheFirstMe

n.In2,000millionyearsnowtherewillbetheEighteenthorLastMen.However,mostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted.Perhap

swecanseesomepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenextthousand?Thenextmillion?That’smuchmoredif

ficult.2.解决问题的重要性Sowhybothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewhole

humanhistory,wearelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemaketheearthapoorplac

etoliveonbecausewearecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,ourgrandchildrenwillnotbothertothinkofexcusesforus.Second,bytryingtoescapefromp

resentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimagine

3thatinthefuturemenmaygiveupfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimaginationfreewhenyouthinkaboutthefuture.3.解决问题Manycitiesaroundtheworldt

odayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment(环境)friendlyproductshavecontributedtothepolluti

onproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.

However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”anddemandingthattheproductstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironm

ent.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyaskquestionslikethese:“Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcont

ainerbereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?”Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheyb

uyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare"green,"thati

s,friendlytotheenvironment.Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowthere

arehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcoplabels(标签)toshowthattheproductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturi

ng(生产)ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.四、社会现象类文章1.社会现象的引出：具体的例子，话语，奇特之处，A影响B。Al

langoeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundherofficeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,"

saysBirgitta,whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsan

dhistaxes,butinfactAllanisadog.BirgittaandAllanliveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderl

ylifeaccordingtoruleslaiddownbythegovernment,whichalsoprovides(提供)ahighlevelofcareforitspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./BettyandHaroldhav

ebeenmarriedforMrs.Butonethingstillpuzzles(困扰)oldHarold.HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking

,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey'restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,d

otheyhavetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs.Talk?We’refriends.Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillia

nRubinspenttwoyears,interviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhattheirage,theirjob,theirsex,theresultswerecomple

telyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen,andthedifferenceinthecon-tentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”/Ma

ybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather,"But,Dad,youcan'tbehealthyifyou’redead."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohec

ouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt-amistake75%oftheUSpopulationmakeeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy./4

Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:"Wehavetogotoworknow,"you'releftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afte

rall,thisisthe1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theyg

oofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre./Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsago,only4outofevery100peopleintheUnitedSt

ateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthepopulationwillaffect(影响)Americansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbus

iness.Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydifferentsociety-oneinwhichpeoplehaveaquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior(行为)issuitable(合适)atv

ariousages.2.说明的方法(1)举例Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend(趋势)intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfur

niture(家具)forourlivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarried

sixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$28

0atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfield…(2)中心的一个侧面…Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupils

ofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies(代理机构)tosupplychildrenforstageandte

levisionwork...Avisittosuchschoolswillleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves…/Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychol

ogistLillianRubin…thedifferenceinthecontentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”Morethantwo-thirdsofthe

singlemenRubininterviewedcouldnotnameabestfriend...“Ingeneral,”writesRubininhernewbook,“women’sfriendshipswitheachotherrestonsharedemotionsandsupp

ort,butmen’srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"Rubinwrites,"thetwos

harelitt1eabouttheirinnermostfeelings…(3)解释原因…Thebigquestioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearanceincarssomef

ortyyearsago.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne…(4)评价Whilemostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabout

honestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayareless5honestthantheyweretenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingworse,lyingsee

mstobeanage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher(哲学家)Vauvenarges,writingintheeighteenthcentury,touchedonthetruthwhenhew

rote,"Allmenareborntruthfulanddieliars(说谎者)."(5)存在的问题Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillb

esuccessfulintheprofessionforwhichtheyarebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon'tmakeit?Whileallthelea

dingschoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thefactsseemtosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.(6)

排比说明Aperson'sagenolongertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialposition,marriageorhealth.There'snolongerapar

ticularyearinwhichonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.Thesocialclockthatkeptusontimeandtolduswhentogotoschool.Itd

oesn'tsurpriseustohearofa29-year-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother,ora70-year-oldmanwhohasbecomeafatherforthefirsttime.Publicideasarec

hanging.五、事件类文章(包括历史事件，日常事件，灾祸，轶事)。关键是找时间点。没有时间点的找最特殊的地方。ThereportcametotheBritishonMay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,themostpowerfulwarshipin

theworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hertask:todestroytheshipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatest

owar-tornEngland.TheBritishhadfearedsuchatask.NowarshiptheyhadcouldmatchtheBismarckinspeedorinfirepower.TheBismarckhadeight15-

inchgunsand81smallerguns.Shecouldmoveat30nauticalmiles(海里)anhour.Shewasbelievedtobeunsinkable.However,theBritishhadtosinkher.Theysentoutat

askforceheadedbytheirbestbattleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,theHoodfoundtheBismarck.Itwasameetingt

hattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.HisordersweretodestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsupplies,buttostayawayfromafig

htwithBritishwarships.Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck'sfirsttorpedo(鱼雷)hittheHood,whichwentdowntakingallbutthreeofhe

r1,419menwithher.Butinthefight,theBismarckwasslightlydamaged(损坏).HercommanderdecidedtorunforrepairstoFrance,whichhadattha

ttimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforcefollowedher.However,becauseoftheBismarck'sspeedandtheheavyfog,theyl

ostsightofher.Fortwodays,everyBritishshipintheAtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwithnosuccess.Finally,shewassi

ghtedbyaplanefromIreland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheirshipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritishfiredatherfromtheair.TheBismarckwashit.Onthemorning

ofMay27,thelastbattlewasfought.FourBritishshipsfiredontheBismarck,andshewasfinallysunk.Wewalkedinsoquietlythatt

henurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlifthereyesfromthebook.MumpointedatabigchairbythedoorandIknewshewantedmetositdown.While

Iwatchedmouthopeninsurprise,Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemtometohold.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookoutawetmop.Shepushed6the

moppastthedeskandasthenurselookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,"Verydirtyfloors.""Yes,I'mgladthey'vefinallydecidedtocleanthem,"thenurseanswered.Shelooked

atMumstrangelyandsaid,"Butaren'tyouworkinglate?"Mumjustpushedharder,eachswipe(拖一下)ofthemoptakingherfartherandfartherdownthehall.Iwatchedunti

lshewasoutofsightandthenursehadturnedbacktowritinginthebigbook.AfteralongtimeMumcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequi

cklyputthemopbackandtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogooutofthedoor,Mumbowedpolitelytothenurseandsaid,"Thankyou."Outside,Mumto

ldme:"Dagmarisfine.Nofever.""Yousawher,Mum?""Ofcourse.Itoldheraboutthehospitalrules,andshewillnotexpectusuntiltomor

row.Dadwillstopworryingaswell.It’safinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Youneedabrush."六、事物类文章1.旧事物：注意与现在事物的不

同之处In19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuit

s…2.新事物(1)引出新事物Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?Youwon’tbeforlong.Miami’sMarkShantzisha

smadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo./Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeaches

andoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld’sfirstigloohotel.(2)结

构或原理(怎么造的)Sixworkmenspentmorethaneightweekspiling1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;whenthesnowfroze,thebasewasremo

ved.(3)优势(advantage)Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromallovertheworld

.3.事物的起源：找时间点，注意转折之处。Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn’teasyatall.Before1750,theideaofskatingdi

dn’texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.Merlin’sworkwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.JosephMerlin

wasamanofideasanddreams.Peoplecalledhimadreamer.OnedayMerlinreceivedaninvitationtoattendafancydressball(化装舞会).Hewa

sverypleasedandalittleexcited.Asthedayofthepartycamenear,Merlinbegantothinkhowtomakeagrandentranceattheparty.Hehadanidea.Hethoughthewouldgetalotof

attentionifhecouldskateintotheroom.Merlintrieddifferentwaystomakehimselfroll.Finally,hedecidedtoputtwowheelsundereachshoe.T

hesewerethefirstrollerskates.Merlinwasveryproudofhisinventionanddreamedofarrivingatthepartyonwheelswhileplayingth

eviolin.OnthenightofthepartyMerlinrolledintotheroomplayinghisviolin.Everyone7wasastonishedtoseehim.Therewa

sjustoneproblem.Merlinhadnowaytostophisrollerskates.Herolledonandon.Suddenly,heranintoahugemirrorthatwashangingo

nthewall.Downfellthemirror,breakingtopiece.NobodyforgotMerlin’sgrandentranceforalongtime.七、新闻报道类文章抓住报道主体，文章中心：

“头重脚轻”，从整体到细节。JINTAN,JIANGSU:The20students-18boysand2girls-hadathousandreasonstobeproudofthemselves.Theyhadjust

climbedtheirwaytothetoprung(阶梯)outof4millionstudentstakingpartintheFifthNationalHuaLuogengGoldGupMathematicsContest(竞赛)onTuesdayeve

ning.The20goldmedalwinnersareallprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentsundertheageof14.“Maryoftheproblemsareofcollegelevelandthesepupilscanfigurethemout.Itisj

ustunbelievable!”saidateacherfromGuangdongprovince.NamedafterChina’smostfamousmathematician,HuaLuogeng,thec

onteststartedin1986,oneyearafterhisdeath.Inlessthan10years,ithasbeenrecognisedbytheStateEducationCommission(国家教委)asthecountry’sbiggesta

ndbestcontestofitskind.