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攻略5语境猜意·把握着眼点◎研磨真题提升审题力◎技法1单词或短语含义猜测题——巧用线索猜词义知答题方略明命题方式无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义近义词、反义词、逻

辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这八种方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高，但掌握了这些方法，考生猜测的准确度也会越来越高。猜测词义类常考查形式如下：1．Theunderlinedword/phrase...probablymean

s/canbereplacedby________.2．Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword/phrase?3．Whatdoestheunderl

inedword“...”inparagraph...probablymean？1．构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)。[典例][2018·北京卷阅读D]AstudyfromtheU

niversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric，self-drivingand

sharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.F

eweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefie

ldedbyride-hailingservices，consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题)．Bu

tdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inPa

ragraph4probablymean?A．Employed.B．Replaced.C．Shared.D．Reduced.点拨：词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词

，引申为“使用，应用”。根据第九行中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainly”并结合下句中“astheprice

sdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。

自主解答：________A2．利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。[典例][2020·全国卷Ⅲ阅读B]Y

et“Apes”ismoreexceptionthantherule.Infact,Hollywoodhasbeenhotonliveanimalslately.Onenonprofitorganization,whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfi

lmedentertainment,iskeeping_tabs_onmorethan2,000productionsthisyear.Already,anumberoffilms,including“Waterfo

rElephants，”“TheHangoverPartⅡ”and“Zookeeper，”havedrawntheangerofactivistswhosaythecreaturesactinginthemhaven'tbeentrea

tedproperly.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“keepingtabson”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Listingcompletely.B．Directingprofessionally.C．Promotingsucces

sfully.D．Watchingcarefully.点拨：词义猜测题。根据“Onenonprofitorganization,whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfilme

dentertainment,iskeeping_tabs_onmorethan2,000productionsthisyear.”可知，一个非盈利组织的工作就是监督在电影拍摄中动物是如何被对待的，这个非盈利组织正在密切关注今年2000多部电影的制作。所以画线短语keepin

gtabson与monitor(监督)意义最为接近。自主解答：_________D3．利用反义词猜词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet

，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，ratherthan，incontrast,contraryto，ontheotherhand等。[典例][2020·新高考Ⅰ卷阅读

D]AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontra

rytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoa

void.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inParagraph1referto?A．Bigeaters.B．Overweightpersons.C．Pickyeaters.D．Tallthinp

ersons.点拨：词义猜测题。可利用反义词猜词义。根据“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份)

,it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.”可知，研究表明，与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反，你真正需要避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。

根据“contraryto”可知，画线词与heavierpeople含义相反。自主解答：________D4．利用逻辑关系猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推

测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。[典例][2020·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B]WhileItendtobuyalotofbooks,thesethreeweregiventomeas

gifts,whichmightaddtothemeaningIattachtothem.ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganaut

hor'sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem.Thebestbooksaretheonesthatopenfurtherastimepasses.Butremember,it'syouthathastogrowandreadan

drereadinordertobetterunderstandyourfriends.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inParagraph4referto?A．Debt.B．Reward.C．Allowance.D．F

acevalue.点拨：词义猜测题。此题可利用逻辑关系解题。根据“ButIimaginethat,whilemoneyisindeedwonderfulandnecessary,rereadinganauthor'sworkisthehighestcurrencyareadercanpaythem

.”可知，作者认为，虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的，但重读作家的著作是读者对该作家的最高奖励，因此画线词在此处指“奖励”。自主解答：________B5．利用例证猜词为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。

举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如suchas，like，forexample，forinstance等。[典例][2018·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C]Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevel

opmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allh

avecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Whic

hofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinParagraph2?A．Complex.B．Advanced.C．Powerful.D．Modern.点拨：词义猜测题。根据“dominan

tlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominantlanguages

意为“强有力的语言”。自主解答：________C6．利用同等关系猜词同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：o

r，namely，thatis，inotherwords，thatistosay，tobemoreexact，toputinanotherway等。[典例][2018·浙江卷6月阅读B]Americansusemorethan100billi

onthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematchec

kouts(收银台)．Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia，includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,_plastic-bagmakersarehiringscien

tistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inParagraph2referto?A．Bansonplastic

bags.B．Effectsofcitydevelopment.C．Headachescausedbygarbage.D．Plasticbagshungintrees.点拨：词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市

塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。根据画线词下文的内容可知theseheadwinds就是指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋。自主解答：________A

7．利用生活常识和文化背景猜测词义[典例][2019·全国卷Ⅰ阅读B]Buthe'snervous.“I'mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“-ld，”apron

unciationdifficultyformanynon-nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher，ThomasWhaley，isnexttohim，whisperingsupport.“

...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles，Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion，Whaleyin

vitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inparagraph2referto?A．Improperpauses.B．Badmanners.C．Spelli

ngmistakes.D．Sillyjokes.点拨：词义猜测题。利用生活常识解题。人们在演讲时常常紧张，因此讲话“磕磕巴巴”，再根据第二行中的“youshould...should...”以及第五行

“...Votefor...me...”这样的语句特点可知，Chris的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语exceptfor的语意相呼应。自主解答：________A技法2代词猜测题——“就近原则”找指代知答题

方略明命题方式第一步明确代词所指代内容的位置：代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中或者前几个句子中。第二步替换核实再比较：用所找的指代内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否合理，前后内容是否一致。猜

测代词类常考查形式如下：1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/that/it/they...”referto?2．Theunderlinedpart“this/that/it/they...”referto.[

典例][2020·浙江卷7月阅读B]ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesameleng

thofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9：30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9

：33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9：37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesigna

lschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle，usesasystemthatisgainingpopulari

tyaroundtheUS：intersection(十字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,havele

dtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph2referto?A．Increasedlengthofgre

enlights.B．Theshortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C．Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D．Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.破题关键点第一步确定题干中的关键信息______________

____________________________________第二步定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容根据代词永远出现在原词之后，故代词所指代的内容在这一句的前面一句中或者前几个句子中。所以该词所代替的内容为：__________

______________________________________________________________________________________________第三步综合判断得出答案_____________________

_____________________________自主解答：________theunderlinedword“that”inParagraph2Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalsc

hanges.that指代第一段中的多变的交通信号灯时间。C技法3句意猜测题——“意义吻合”推句意知答题方略明命题方式猜测句意类常考查形式如下：1．Theunderlinedsentenceinparag

raph...probablymeans?2．Whatcanweinferfromtheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph...？[典例][2019·浙江卷阅读B]Money_with_

no_strings_attached.It'snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth，aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoit

withpinsandasignthatread，“GiveWhatYouCan，TakeWhatYouNeed.”Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inParagraph1mean?A．Money

spentwithouthesitation.B．Moneynotlegallymade.C．Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D．Moneynottiedtogether.破题关键点第一步确定题干中的关键信息____

________________________________________________________________________________________________第二步定位到原句，并找出与该句

相关的信息句__________________________________________________第三步综合判断得出答案_______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________自主解答：________“moneywithnostringsattached”inParagraph1mean?“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhat

YouNeed.由“尽你所能，取你所需”可知，此处moneywithnostringsattached的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。C◎考场练兵检验考试能力◎A[2020·安徽省部分重点中学高三联考]RememberVitaminwater's“fr

eeofrollingscreensforayear”challengethatpeopletobefreefromsmartphonesforawholeyearwillwin$100,000?Well,ElanaMugdan,aNewYorkwoman,hasbee

nintoitforeightmonths,andjustfourmonthsawayfromclaimingthegrandprize.VitaminwatermadenewsheadlineslastDecemberwhenitan

nounceditsuniquechallenge.Thousandsofpeopleappliedtobechosenastheperfectcandidatetospendayearwithouttouchingtheirsmartphones,butinthee

nd,theonlypersonwhogottotryandsurvivedforanentireyearwithoutahandheldsmartphonewasElanaMugdan,a29-year-oldf

ictionwriterfromQueens,NewYork.Eightmonthsintothechallenge,sheclaimsithasbeenafreeandeye-openingexperiencethatshow

sherjusthowdependentshebecomesonhersmartphone.Eventhoughtherearetimeswhenshemissesherhandheldsmartphone,shepla

nstogoonlivingwithoutitevenafterthechallengeends,becauseshereallydoesn'twanttogobacktodayswhensheoverusedit,wastedtime,stayedupallhoursoftheni

ghtonit,andwasobsessed_withsocialmedia.Butnothavingaccesstohersmartphonereallymadecertainsituationsalotharderthanshecouldhaveimaginedthembefore.“Man

ypeopledidmeafavor.However,once,Ialmostgetstranded(被滞留的)intheSea-TacAirportbecausethephonenumberI'dwrittendownwaswrong,andIhadnowayofre

ferringtotherightone,nowayofcallingacab,andnooneinthestatewhocouldhelpme，”theyoungwritersaid.Anothertime,hercar'

s“checkengine”lightturnedonwhileshewasdrivinginanunfamiliarareaatnight.Shecouldn'tuseherphone'sGPS,orevencheckwhatthelightmean

tonlineorfindanearbycarrepairshop.Butshelearnedtoovercomethesesituations.Andnowsheclaimsthelasteightmonthsofphone-freelifehavebeenoneo

fthebestadventuresofherlifeandthatshe'llkeepitforanotherfourmonths.1．What'sthechallenge“freeofrollingscreensforayear”？A．Peopl

efreefromsmartphonescanlivearicherlife.B．Peoplelivingatelephone-freelifecanbeawardedmoneyeveryyear.C．Peoplelivingwithoutcomputersforayea

rwillwinagrandprize.D．Peoplespendingayearfreefromsmartphoneswillgetareward.答案与解析：D考查细节理解。根据第一段第一句中的“cha

llengethatpeopletobefreefromsmartphonesforawholeyearwillwin$100,000”可知，这个挑战要求参加者一年内不使用手机，参加者完成挑战后可以获得奖金。故选D。2．Whi

chphrasecanreplacetheunderlinedpart“obsessedwith”inParagraph2?A．satisfiedwithB．accustomedtoC．addictedtoD．popularwith答案与

解析：C考查词义猜测。根据第二段画线词所在句中的“shereallydoesn'twanttogobacktodayswhensheoverusedit，wastedtime，stayedupallhoursofthenightoni

t”可知，ElanaMugdan曾经过度使用手机，浪费了时间，并且还熬夜玩手机。此处与上文内容相衔接，由此可以推测出，此处表示她当时对社交媒体非常迷恋，即上瘾。故选C。3．WhatdoesElanaMugdanmainlywanttoexpres

sinParagraph3?A．It'sfantastictohavesomeonetohelpheralltheway.B．It'sunimaginabletoloseherphonenumberontheway.C．It'sunnecessarytorefert

oinformationwithasmartphone.D．It'sdifficulttogetoutofthetroublewithoutasmartphone.答案与解析：D考查推理判断。根据第三段第一句“Butnothaving

accesstohersmartphonereallymadecertainsituationsalotharderthanshecouldhaveimaginedthembefore”以及本段所列举的事例可知，ElanaMugdan在

第三段想告诉我们，没有手机很难摆脱困境。故选D。4．WhatcanwelearnaboutElanaMugdan?A．Shecouldn'tlivewithoutasmartphone.B．Shefindsnoon

ecanhelpherintheadventure.C．Shehadnotwonthegrand$100,000prizeyet.D．Sheusedtousehersmartphonetowritefiction.答案与解析：C考查细节理解。根据

第四段最后一句中的“she'llkeepitforanotherfourmonths”可知，ElanaMugdan还要继续四个月的挑战，由此可知她还没有获得奖金。故选C。B[2020·广州市高三年级阶段训练]TheSilkRoadisarguablythemos

tfamouslong-distancetraderouteoftheancientworld.ThispassageconnectedEuropeintheWestwithChinaintheEast，andallowedtheexchangeofgoods,technology,a

ndideasbetweenthetwocivilizations.Althoughmerchantscouldmakehugeprofitstravelingontheroad,itwasnotwithoutrisk.ThemainS

ilkRoadstartedinChang'an(knowntodayasXi'an),theearlyHandynasty'scapital.Travelerscommencingtheirjourneyfromthi

scitycouldtakeanorthernroutethatwouldtakethemacrossChina'snorthwesternprovinces.Afterthis,theywouldfacetheGobiDesert,arguablythegreatestdange

roftheSilkRoad.TheGobiDesert,thelargestdesertinAsia,consistsmainlyofrocky,hardearth.Thisfeaturemadeiteasierf

ortraderstotravelacross,comparedtosandydesertsliketheneighboringTaklimakanDesert.Likeotherdeserts,theGobiDesertisdryandhot,andthereforethebiggestchal

lengetravelersfacedwasobtainingenoughwaterforthemselvesaswellasfortheircamels.So,reststopswerecreated

alongtheroute,allowingtravelerstorest,eatanddrink.Theseplacesalsopromotedtheexchangeofgoods,andevenideas,amongstthetravelerswhostoppedthere.Usual

ly,thereststopswereplacedwithinaday'sjourneyofeachother.Inthisway,travelerscouldavoidspendingtoomuchtimeinthedesert,whichwouldmakethembe

targetsforrobbers,anotherdangeroftheSilkRoad.OncethroughtheGobiDesert,travelerswouldcontinuetheirjourneyintoIran,T

urkey,andfinallyEurope.Whilethispartofthejourneymayhavebeenlessdangerous,itisnotentirelywithoutperil.

5．Theunderlinedword“it”inthefirstparagraphrefersto__________.A．makinghugeprofitsB．travelingontheSilkRoadC．exchanginggoodsandi

deasD．connectingdifferentcivilizations答案与解析：B考查代词指代。本句是一个主从复合句，前半句为让步状语从句，前后形成转折，表示尽管穿行丝绸之路的商人可以获得高收益，但这也不是没有危险的，且下文讲到的危险也都与行走在丝绸之路上相关，所以it指

代的应该是“行走在丝绸之路上”，故选B。6．WhywastheGobiDeserteasiertocrossthanotherdeserts?A．Thedesert’ssurfacewaseasiertowalkon.B．Camelsfortranspo

rtationwereeasiertofind.C．Itwassmallerandcouldbecrossedinlesstime.D．Thereweremorenaturalwatersourcesavailab

le.答案与解析：A考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“TheGobiDesert，thelargestdesertinAsia，consistsmainlyofrocky，hardearth.Thisfeaturemadeiteas

ierfortraderstotravelacross”可知，戈壁滩之所以较好穿越是由于其地面较为坚硬、好走，故选A。7．WhatcanweguessaboutthereststopsintheGobiDesert?A．Theyofferedtravelersfreeaccommodat

ion.B．Theywerelocatedaroundtheedgesofthedesert.C．Travelersstayingtherewereoftenattackedbycriminals.D．Theyweresharedbytravelersfromdiff

erentcountries.答案与解析：D考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“Theseplacesalsopromotedtheexchangeofgoods，andevenideas，amongstthetravelerswhostoppedthere“可推知，休息

处接待来自不同国家的旅客，故选D。8．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．TheoriginsoftheSilkRoad.B．ThebenefitsoftheSilkRoad.

C．ThedifficultiesfacedbySilkRoadtravelers.D．TheculturalexchangesamongSilkRoadtravelers.答案与解析：C考查主旨大意。根据文章结构可知，作者在

第一段给出了中心句“Althoughmerchantscouldmakehugeprofitstravelingontheroad，itwasnotwithoutrisk”，在中间几段讲述了商旅们在戈壁滩上面临的困难以及其他危险，最后一段再次强调即使

过了戈壁滩，但还有其他危险等待着他们，故选C。