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专题05阅读理解之议论文1.（2020届安徽省蚌埠市高三第三次质检）Scientist，conservationorganizationsandgovernmenttryingtostopthetrendofextinction（灭绝）oftenfocusonpr

otectedareassuchasnationalparksandwildlifepreserves.Butwithasmanyasmillionspecies（物种）atrisk，thisplanofactionmaynotbeenoughtocons

ervewildlife.Slowingthemassextinctionthatnowappearstobeunderwaywillrequiremorecreativemeansofcoexistingalongsidewil

dplantsandanimals.Anewstudyindicatestheeffectivenessofsomesuchapproachesbyexaminingsomelandsmanagedbyindigenousgroups.“Weshowrea

llystronglythat，fromabiodiversitystandpointintermsofspeciesrichness，indigenous－managedlandsareatleastcomparabletoprotectedarea

s，”saysbiologistRichardSchusterofCarletonUniversity.Andinsomeplaces，theyarebetterthanparksandpreserves－eventhoughindigeno

uscommunitiesmayusetheirlands‟resourcesbyhuntingorsearchingforfood.Schusterandhisteamanalyzedmorethan15，000areasin

Australia，BrazilandCanada.Theyfoundthatthetotaldiversityofwildlifewashighestonlandseithermanagedorco－managedbyindigenousgroups，wh

ilerandomlyselectedareaswithnoformalprotectionweretheleastbio－diverse.Forthreatenedspeciesinparticular，indigenouslandsscoredslightlyh

igherthanprotectedlandsonoverallspeciesrichnessinBrazilandCanada，aswellashigherforthreatenedanimalsinAustralia.Eachcountr

yhasadifferentgeography，climateandhistory.Yetremarkably，Schustersays，thebestindicatorforspeciesdiversityiswhetheragivenareawasmanage

dbyanindigenouscommunity.Hepointedoutthatpracticessuchassustainable（可持续的）hunting，fishingandsearching，aswellasburning，are

morelikelytooccurinsuchareas.DonHankins，anecologistatCaliforniaStateUniversity，agrees.“there‟sprobablygoingtobemoreofaconnec

tiontotheland，”hesays，“andauseofthelandforthethingsthatarethere，comparedtoanationalpark.”“It‟sreallyimportanttolis

tentothepeoplewholiveonthelandandhavethemdrivethestewardshipeffortsgoingforward，”Schustersays，addingthatpartneringwithindigenousco

mmunitiesmayenabletheworld‟scountriestobettermeetawiderangeofconservationgoals：“Wereallyneedallthehelpwecangeta

saglobalcommunitytopreventspeciesextinctionthatwe‟refacingrightnow.”8．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“indigen

ous”probablymeaninParagraph2？A．Social.B．Native.C．Protected.D．Threatened.9．WhatdidRichardSchusterfindinhisstudy？A．Nationalparksareeve

nhigherinspeciesdiversity.B．Indigenouscommunitiesoverhuntedontheirlands.C．Somepreservesalmosthavenoformalprotection.D．Indigenouslan

dsdobetterinkeepingbio－diversity.10．WhichofthefollowingstatementsmayDonHankinsagreewith？A．Speciesdiversitydependsongeographicalp

ositions.B．Humans‟everydayactivitiesarenolongersustainable.C．Indigenousgroupshaveaclosebondwiththeirlands.D．Protectedareasworkperfectl

yinwildlifeprotection.11．Whatisthetextmainlyabout？A．Beatingbackextinction.B．Dealingwithenvironmentalproblems.C．Settingupnaturereserves.D．Fightingaga

instunsustainablebehaviors.【答案】8．B9．D10．C11．A【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要论述了在阻止物种的灭绝的方法中，国家公园和野生动物保护区对物种的保护远不如当地组织的管理保护。8．猜测词义题。第一段“Scient

ist，conservationorganizationsandgovernmenttryingtostopthetrendofextinction（灭绝）oftenfocusonprotectedareassuchasnationalparksandwildlifepres

erves.Butwithasmanyasmillionspecies（物种）atrisk，thisplanofactionmaynotbeenoughtoconservewildlife.”科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物种

灭绝的趋势，往往把重点放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区。但是，由于有多达百万种物种面临危险，这项行动计划可能不足以保护野生动物。由此可知这种国家公园和野生保护区有不足之处。第二段“Anewstudyindicatestheeffectivenessofsomesuchapproachesby

examiningsomelandsmanagedbyindigenousgroups.”一项新的研究表明，通过审查“indigenousgroups”管理的一些方法是有效的。由此可知，这个管理是与前面“nationalparksandwildlifepreserves.‟国家管理是不同的

，是相对的。结合第三段中的“eventhoughindigenouscommunitiesmayusetheirlands‟resources…”即使“indigenous”社区利用他们自己的土地。由此可推断出与国家保护区不同的是当地的组织管理。分析选项可知B中的native

意为“当地的，本地的，土著的”符合题意，故选B。9．推理判断题。根据第四段“Schusterandhisteamanalyzedmorethan15，000areasinAustralia，BrazilandCanada.

Theyfoundthatthetotaldiversityofwildlifewashighestonlandseithermanagedorco－managedbyindigenousgroups，whilerandomlyselec

tedareaswithnoformalprotectionweretheleastbio－diverse.Forthreatenedspeciesinparticular，indigenouslandss

coredslightlyhigherthanprotectedlandsonoverallspeciesrichnessinBrazilandCanada，aswellashigherforthreatenedanimalsinAustralia.”可知，Richard

Schuster的团队分析了澳大利亚、巴西和加拿大的15000多个地区。他们发现，在由当地组织管理或共同管理的土地上，野生动物的多样性最高，而随机选择的没有正式保护的区域的生物多样性最低。特别是濒危的物种，在巴西和加拿大，本地管理的土地的物种丰富度略高于受保护土地，在澳

大利亚，濒危的物种丰富度也高于受保护土地。由此可推断出当地的保护在保持生物多样性方面做得更好。故选D。10．推理判断题。根据第四段DonHankins，anecologistatCaliforniaStateUnivers

ity，agrees.“there‟sprobablygoingtobemoreofaconnectiontotheland，...，comparedtoanationalpark.”他说:“与国家公园相比，（当地组织管理）可能会更多地与土地建立联系…。”由此可推断出C项（土著群体

与他们的土地有着密切的联系）符合题意，故选C。11．主旨大意题。第一段提出文章的主旨“Scientist，conservationorganizationsandgovernmenttryingtostopthetrendofextinction”。科学家、保护组织和政府试图阻止物

种灭绝的趋势。接着文章叙述了保护物种灭绝的重点只放在国家公园和野生动物保护区等保护区不足以保护野生动物。于是从第二段提出了一种新的方法—当地组织的管理来阻止物种的灭绝。由此可推断出本文主要讲述有效地与物种的灭绝作斗争，即击退物种的灭绝。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。2.（20

20届安徽省蚌埠市高三第三次质检）IgrewupinaMidwesterntownwherethepopularwisdomwastoonlytalkaboutwhatwaspleasantandtokeepsecrets，ifnecessary，tomakethatha

ppen.Thismeantstayingmumwhensomeoneoffendedyou，rarelyexpressingunpleasantfeelingsandsmilingslightlymorethanisnecessary.Italsomeantzeroroo

mforairinganysortofdirtylaundry，especiallynotthekindsofpersonalsecretsthatkeeppeopleup.Manyofusliketobelievethat

hidingunpleasanttruthsmightmakethemeventuallygoaway.Instead，keepingsecrets—especiallyheavyones—canspinanevenmorecomplicatedweb

oflonelinessanddeception（欺骗）.Sowhydowedoit？Thetruthcanhurt.Butinmanysituations，it‟sbettertogetitoutandlettherecoverystart，ratherthanallowingi

ttobemoreharmful.Theburdenofholdinginthetruthdoesn‟tjustdisappear.Ithidesinthebackofyourmindandcancausedisordertoyourlifeandhealth.“Ifthesitu

ationsinyourdailylifeareregularremindersofthesecret，andyoufinditstressfultokeepit，thenyes，itcanhaveemotional（感情上的）andphysicalcons

equences，”saysDr.DeanMcKay.“Somepeoplealsofindkeepingsecretsstressfuloutofageneralconcerntheywill„slip‟，andthisfrequentthoughtofthesecretca

ninitselfbestressful.”Thisdifficultyisespeciallyworseifyoufeeltrappedbythesecret，orifitbringsupotherunpleasantfeelingslikeguilt，shameoranxiety.Ifyo

udodecidethatyoursecretstookyourjoyawayandwouldbebetteroffbeingletoutintotheworld，andifthatsecretdoesn‟tputotherpeopleinphysi

caldanger，therearehealthywaystoshareit.12．WhatisconsideredwiseformostpeopleintheMidwesterntown？A．Expressingfeelingsf

reely.B．Keepingunpleasanttruthssecret.C．Answeringviolencewithviolence.D．Sharingprivatematterswithfrie

nds.13．Whatisasuggestedwaytodealwiththeunpleasantsituations？A．Tohideyourfeelings.B．Totellawhitelie.C．Tomakenoresponse.D．Toexposethetruth.14

．Whatcanbeinferredaboutsecretsinthetext？A．Theyarebadforyourhealth.B．Theyarehardlyacceptedbypeople.C．Theybringupmorepositivefeelings.D．Theyhelpprev

entdisorderinyourlife.15．Whatwillprobablybetalkedaboutintheparagraphthatfollows？A．Reasonsforholdingsecrets.B．Waystosharesecrets.C．Doubtsaboutbreaking

secrets.D．Tipsonkeepingsecrets.【答案】12．B13．D14．A15．B【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要论述了隐藏真相，保守秘密对人是有害的。12．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“…thepopularwisdomwastoonlyt

alkaboutwhatwaspleasantandtokeepsecrets，ifnecessary，tomakethathappen.”那里的人们普遍认为，只谈论令人愉快的事情，如果有必要的话，保守

秘密，这是明智的做法。由此可推断出，B项（不说出令人不快的真相）符合题意，故选B。13．细节理解题。第四段“Thetruthcanhurt.Butinmanysituations，it‟sbettertogetitoutandl

ettherecoverystart,ratherthanallowingittobemoreharmful.”真相会伤害你。但在很多情况下，最好是把它释放出来，恢复痊愈，而不是让它更有害。由此可知，此处的建议就是把令人不快的真相暴露出来，故选D。14．推理判断题。根据第五段“Ith

idesinthebackofyourmindandcancausedisordertoyourlifeandhealth.”它隐藏在你的内心深处，会给你的生活和健康带来混乱。第六段“Ifthesituationsinyo

urdailylifeareregularremindersofthesecret，andyoufinditstressfultokeepit，thenyes，itcanhaveemotional（感情上的）andphysicalconseq

uences，”saysDr.DeanMcKay.如果你日常生活中的情况经常提醒你这个秘密，而你觉得保守它很有压力，那么是的，它可能会影响你的身心。”第七段“Somepeoplealsofindkeepingsecretsstressfuloutofageneralconcernthe

ywill„slip‟，andthisfrequentthoughtofthesecretcaninitselfbestressful.”一些人还发现保守秘密会让他们感到压力，因为他们担心自己会出错，

而这种频繁地想到秘密的想法本身就会让他们感到压力。第八段Thisdifficultyisespeciallyworseifyoufeeltrappedbythesecret，orifitbringsupotherunpleas

antfeelingslikeguilt，shameoranxiety.如果你觉得被这个秘密困住了，或者它带来了其他不愉快的感觉，比如内疚、羞愧或焦虑，那么这种困难就会变得更糟。最后一段的第一句“yours

ecretstookyourjoyawayandwouldbebetteroffbeingletoutintotheworld”你的秘密带走了你的快乐。由此可推断出保守秘密对你的健康有害。故选A。15．推理判断题。根据最后

一段“ifthatsecretdoesn‟tputotherpeopleinphysicaldanger，therearehealthywaystoshareit.”如果这个秘密不会让其他人有身体上的危险，有一些健康的方法来分享它。可以推断出

下文会谈论分享秘密的健康的方法。分析选项可知B项符合题意，故选B。3.（2020届福建省福州市高三毕业班质量检测）Look!Apolarbearislyinglifelessonabeach.Ontheshore,inthebackgroun

d,standthreeguards,talkingtoeachother.Oneofthemhasadeadlyweaponhangingcasuallyonhisshoulder.Thispowerfulimagehasthrownintoquestionthemotivat

ionforthiskindoftourism,orecotourism.Doesourproximity(接近)tolargeanimalsinthewild,frequentlyfueledbyadesireforexcitingimages,leadtosuchanimals

becomingaccustomedtohumancontact?Ifthatisthecase,surelythelosingsidewillenduppayingtheultimatepriceforsuchproximity.Tomysorrow,Ihaverecent

lyreturnedfromatriptoSvalbard,andindeedstoodtwoweeksagoontheverybeachwherethebearwasshot.Thebear‟sdeathshouldneverhavehappened.Wasthebeac

hexaminedfromtheshipoffshorebeforehand?Wasthereaccesstoflares(照明弹)toscareoffabearthatappearedsuddenly?Thesearest

andardmeasuresforanyrespectedoperator.Theincidentisprobablytheresultofaterriblesystemicfailure.Nevertheless,theincident

shouldnotnegatethevalueofecotourism.Initsbestform,thiskindoftravelhasverylittleimpact,orindeedhasapositiveeffect,onthee

nvironmentwhereittakesplace.Thiscanbebymakingfinancialdonationstoconservationgroups,providingincometolocalcommunities,orensuringprotecti

onofcertainareasoranimals.InSvalbard,visitorsbecomeambassadorsfortheendangeredpolarbear,increasingawarenessofthefactthatt

hefargreaterdangerfacingthemissea-icemeltintheArcticOcean.Ecotourismisexpandingmarketthatbringsbenefi

tsaswellaschallengestotheregionsaroundtheworldinwhichitoperates.Simplyclosingofftheseregionsisnottheanswer.8．Whywasthepo

larbeardead?A．Itwasprobablyhuntforitsfurbytourists.B．Itwasprobablyfrightenedtodeathbyflares.C．Theproperproceduresweren‟tprobablyfollowed.D．Thebe

achwasn‟tprobablyequippedwithsafetydevices.9．Whatisthethirdparagraghmainlyabout?A．Ecotourismcouldbedev

elopedproperly.B．Financialawarenesshasgreatlyadvocated.C．Environmentalawarenesshasgreatlyincreased.D．Visitorshaveaguiltyconscienceabo

utecotourism.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraghsuggest?A．Morechallengesfromguardshaven‟tyetbeenaccepted.B．Bettermeasuresforc

onductingecotourismareagoodchoice.C．Theenvironmentalbenefitsfromecotourismareveryobvious.D．Thepositiveeffectsofprotecti

ngtouristshaven‟tyetbeenfelt.11．Whatisthepurposeofthetext?A．Tocausereaderstofocusonpolarbears.B．Tostimulatere

aderstoreflectonecotourism.C．Tostresssideeffectsthatecotourismhascaused.D．Toanalyzethereasonwhythepol

arbearwaskilled.【答案】8．C9．A10．B11．B【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章以一只被射杀的北极熊引入生态旅游这个话题，作者认为生态旅游一方面会造成动物死亡，另一方面也有利于生态保护，生态旅游既带来好处又带来挑战，引发

读者思考。8．细节理解题。由第二段中的Thebear‟sdeathshouldneverhavehappened.Wasthebeachexaminedfromtheshipoffshorebeforehand?Wasthereaccesstoflares

toscareoffabearthatappearedsuddenly?Thesearestandardmeasuresforanyrespectedoperator.Theincidentisprobablytheresultof

aterriblesystemicfailure.(熊的死本不该发生的。海滩是不是事先从船上检查过的？有没有办法用照明弹把突然出现的熊吓跑？这些是任何受人尊敬的运营商的标准措施。这一事件很可能是一次可怕的系统性失败的结果)可知，可能是没有

遵循正确的程序，而导致北极熊被射杀。故选C项。9．主旨大意题。由第三段中的Nevertheless,theincidentshouldnotnegatethevalueofecotourism.Ini

tsbestform,thiskindoftravelhasverylittleimpact,orindeedhasapositiveeffect,ontheenvironmentwhereittakesplace.(然而，这一事件不应否定生态旅游的价值。以最好的形式，这种旅行对所发生的环境几乎没

有影响，或者确实有积极的影响)可知，第三段主要讲生态旅游可以适当发展。故选A项。10．词义猜测题。由最后一段Ecotourismisexpandingmarketthatbringsbenefitsaswellaschallengestotheregionsaroundthe

worldinwhichitoperates.Simplyclosingofftheseregionsisnottheanswer.(生态旅游正在扩大市场，这给它所经营的世界各地带来了好处，也带来了挑战。仅仅关闭这些区域并不是解决之道)可知，生态旅游也有好的一面，关闭一些旅游区域不是问题解

决之道，可得出实施生态旅游的更好措施是一个不错的选择。故选B项。11．推理判断题。由第一段中的Doesourproximitytolargeanimalsinthewild,frequentlyfueledbyadesireforexcitingimages,leadt

osuchanimalsbecomingaccustomedtohumancontact?Ifthatisthecase,surelythelosingsidewillenduppayingtheultimatepriceforsuchproximity

.(我们与野生大型动物的亲近，常常被对令人兴奋的图像的渴望所驱使，是否会导致这些动物习惯于与人接触？如果真是这样，输的一方肯定会为这样的接近付出最终的代价)及最后一段中的Ecotourismisexpandingmarketthatbringsbenefitsaswellascha

llengestotheregionsaroundtheworldinwhichitoperates.Simplyclosingofftheseregionsisnottheanswer.(生态旅游正在扩大市场，这给它所经营的世界各地带来了好处，也带来了挑战。仅仅关闭这些区域并不是

解决之道)可知，本文主要讲生态旅游出现的问题和好的一面，以激发读者对生态旅游的反思。故选B项。4.（2020届广东省高考模拟）Anadvanceinelectronicpublishingcouldmaketheebook

youarereadingseemasdatedasasilentfilm.Publishershopetoexplorethegrowingsuccessofebooksbyreleasingversion

swithaddedsoundtracksandmusicalaccompaniments.Thenoisesinthefirstmultimediabooks-releasedinBritainonFriday-includerainhittingawindowin

aSherlockHolmestale.Whentheplotofabookreachesthemostexcitingpart,backgroundscoreswillcreatetension.InAmerica,worksbyShakes

peareandJaneAustenhavealreadybeenreleasedwithmusicandbackgroundnoisesothat,forexample,readerscanhearteacupsclinkinginMr.Darcy'sgardenastheyreadP

rideandPrejudice.Supportersarguethatsoundeffectsarethenextlogicaldevelopmentforebooksandwilladdexcitementforyoungerreaders.Critics,however,willarg

uethatthenoisewillruinthesimplepleasureofhavingtheimaginationstimulatedbyreading.CarolineMichel,chiefexecutiveoftheliteraryage

ncy,saidthenewgenerationofcomputer-literatereaderswasusedtomultiplesensoryinput.Shesaid,“Youngpeoplehavesplitcomputerscreen

swheretheymaybewatchingtelevisionandreplyingtoanemailatthesametime.Ifthat'swhatthemarketwantsthenweshouldrespondtothemarket.”Booktrack'ssoundeff

ectsworkbyestimatingtheuser'sreadingspeed.Eachtimeyou“turn”apage,thesoftwarereassesseswhereyouhavereachedinthetexta

ndtimesthesoundstoswitchonaccordingly.Ifthesoundtrackbecomesoutofsynch(同步),aclickonanywordwillre-setit.Someauthorsfearthatasoundtrackcoulddestro

ythepeaceandquietoflibrariesandruinthepleasureofreading.DavidNicholls,authorofOneDay,thebestsellernowreleasedasafilm,said,“Th

issoundsliketheoppositeofreading.IhaveenoughtroublereadinganebookbecauseI‟mconstantlydistractedbyemails.”StuartMacBride,thecri

mewriterwhosenovelShattertheBoneswasanebookbestseller,sells18%ofhisbooksaselectronicdownloads.Hesaid,“IfI‟mreading,Iwilldothenoiseinmyhe

ad.Idon'tneedsomeonetotellmewhatteacupsclinkingsoundslike.Thatwouldirritateme.”12．What'sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Opinionsaboutebookswiths

oundtracks.B．Responsetotheneedofthebookmarket.C．Reasonsfortraditionalebooksbecomingoutdated.D．Suggestionsonencouragingreaders

'imagination.13．Whatdopublishersexpectanebooksoundtracktodo?A．Helptoreleaseanebookasafilm.B．Helpreadersimprove

readingspeed.C．Addtensionatabook'sexcitingpoint.D．Getreadersfamiliarwiththebackground.14．Whoisinfavourofaddedsoundtracksforebooks?A．Mr.Darcy.

B．CarolineMichel.C．DavidNicholls.D．StuartMacBride.15．WhatdoweknowaboutStuartMacBride?A．Hewasapersonwhowaseasytoge

tangry.B．Heknewagreatdealaboutteaandteaculture.C．Eighty-twopercentofhisbooksdescribedcrime.D．Heimaginedsou

ndsrelatedtothestorywhenreading.【答案】12．A13．C14．B15．D【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章说明了出版商希望通过发行带有附加音轨和音乐伴奏版本的电子书，支持者认为，声音效果是电子书的下一个合乎逻辑的发展，并将增加年轻读者的兴奋。然而，批评家会争辩说，噪

音会破坏阅读所激发的想象的简单乐趣。文章介绍了不同的人对此的看法。12．主旨大意题。根据第三段Supportersarguethatsoundeffectsarethenextlogicaldevelopmentforebooksandwilladdexcitementforyoung

erreaders.Critics,however,willarguethatthenoisewillruinthesimplepleasureofhavingtheimaginationstimulatedbyreading.可知支持者认为，声音效果是电子书的下一个合乎逻辑的发展，并将增加

年轻读者的兴奋。然而，批评家会争辩说，噪音会破坏阅读所激发的想象的简单乐趣。结合文章说明了出版商希望通过发行带有附加音轨和音乐伴奏版本的电子书，支持者认为，声音效果是电子书的下一个合乎逻辑的发展，并将增加年轻读者的兴奋。然而，批

评家会争辩说，噪音会破坏阅读所激发的想象的简单乐趣。文章介绍了不同的人对此的看法。由此可知，这篇文章主要讲了对带有配乐的电子书的看法。故选A。13．细节理解题。根据第二段中Whentheplotofabookreachesthemo

stexcitingpart,backgroundscoreswillcreatetension.可知当书的情节发展到最激动人心的部分时，背景的得分会制造紧张感。由此可知，出版商希望一个电子书原声带在书中令人兴奋的地方增加紧张感。故选C。14．推

理判断题。根据第四段中CarolineMichel,chiefexecutiveoftheliteraryagency,saidthenewgenerationofcomputer-literatereaderswasusedtomultiplesenso

ryinput.可知这家文学机构的首席执行官CarolineMichel表示，新一代懂电脑的读者习惯于多重感官输入。以及Ifthat'swhatthemarketwantsthenweshouldrespondto

themarket.可知如果这是市场想要的，那么我们应该对市场作出反应。由此可推知，CarolineMichel支持为电子书添加配乐。故选B。15．细节理解题。根据最后一段中Hesaid,“IfI‟mreading,Iwilldothenoiseinmyhead.Idon'tneedsomeon

etotellmewhatteacupsclinkingsoundslike.Thatwouldirritateme.”可知他说：“如果我在看书，我会在脑子里制造响声。我不需要有人告诉我茶杯叮当的声音是什

么样的。那会激怒我的。”由此可知，StuartMacBride在阅读时想象与故事有关的声音。故选D。5.（2020届广东省广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试）Aswecontinuetoexplorefartheroutintooursolarsystemandb

eyond,thequestionofhumanslivingonotherplanetsoftencomesup.MannedbasesontheMoonorMarsforexample,havelongbeenadreamofmany.Therei

sanaturaldesiretoexploreasfaraswecango,andalsotoextendhumanity'spresenceonapermanentoratleastsemi-permanentbasis.Inordertodo

this,however,itisnecessarytoadapttodifferentextremeenvironments.OntheMoonforexample,acolonymustbeself-sus

tainingandprotectitsinhabitantsfromtheairless,harshenvironmentoutside.Mars,though,isdifferent.Whilefuturebasescouldada

pttotheMartianenvironmentovertimethereisalsothepossibilityofmodifyingthesurroundingenvironmentinsteadofjustco-existingwithi

t.Thisistheprocessofterraforming-adjustingMars‟atmosphereandenvironmenttomakeitmoreEarth-like.Butthebiggerquestionis,shouldwe?Oneofthemai

nissuesiswhetherMarshasanynativelifeornotandifitdoes,shoulditbepreservedasmuchaspossible?Iftheanswerisyes,thenlarge-scalehumansettlementsonMarsshould

becompletelyoff-limits.Smallcolonicsmightbefine,butlivingonMarsshouldnotbeattheexpenseofanynativehabitats,iftheyexist.IfMa

rsishometoanyindigenouslife,thenterraformingshouldbeanon-issue;itsimplyshouldnotbedone.WhatifMarsislifeless?Evenifnolifeexiststhere,thatuntouc

hedanduniquealienenvironmentneedstobepreservedasitisasmuchaspossible.We‟vealreadydonetoomuchdamagehere

onourownplanet.BystudyingMarsandotherplanetsandmoonsintheircurrentnaturalstate,wecanlearnsomuchabouttheirhis

toryandalsolearnmoreaboutourownworld.Weshouldappreciate(hedifferencesofotherworldsinsteadofjusttransformingthemtosuitourownambitions.8．Whatisth

ebesttitleforthetext?A．AIstherelifeonMars?B．CanweadapttoMars?C．ShouldweterraformMars?D．AreMarsandEarthSoDif

ferent?9．WhatdoestheauthorthinkweshoulddoiflifeisfoundonMars?A．Ensurethatit'snotharmed.B．NegotiatewiththeMartians.C．Changetheunpopul

atedregions.D．Assesstheadvantagesanddisadvantages.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“indigenous”inparagraph3mean?A．Comple

x.B．Native.C．Foreign.D．Intelligent.11．Howdoestheauthordevelophisideasinthetext?A．Byreferringtoothers'research.B．Byevaluati

ngdifferentplanets.C．Byjustifyingthebenefitsofterraforming.D．Byarguinginsupportofoneviewpoint.【答案】8．C9．A10．B11．D【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了人类是否应该移民火

星，在火星上大规模建造定居点这个问题。8．主旨大意题。第一、二段提出问题：我们应该调整火星的大气和环境，使它更像地球吗?第二段提出：首先要弄清楚火星上是否有原生生命，如果有，那么在火星上建造大规模人类定居点应该是完全禁止的。第三段提出：如果火星没有生命，也要尽可能地保护原始的、独特的外

星环境。不能为了自己的野心而伤害火星。综上，文章主要回答了这个问题：人类是否应该移民火星，在火星上大规模建造定居点。故选C。9．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“livingonMarsshouldnotbe

attheexpenseofanynativehabitats,iftheyexist”可知，如果火星上存在任何原生栖息地，生活在火星上就不应该以牺牲它们为代价。即：要保证火星生物不受伤害。故选A。10．词义猜测题。根据第三段中

“OneofthemainissuesiswhetherMarshasanynativelifeornotandifitdoes,shoulditbepreservedasmuchaspossible?.

..Smallcolonicsmightbefine,butlivingonMarsshouldnotbeattheexpenseofanynativehabitats,iftheyexist.IfMarsishometoanyindigenouslife,thenterraf

ormingshouldbeanon-issue;itsimplyshouldnotbedone”可知，该段第一句提出问题：火星上是否有原生生命，如果有，是否应该尽可能地保护?然后下文回答，如果火星上存在任何原生栖息地，生活在火星上

就不应该以牺牲它们为代价。由此推知，该画线词所表达的意思应为：如果火星是任何土著生命的家园，那么地球改造应该是一个不存在的问题：这根本不应该做。因此，画线词的意思应为“native”。故选B。11．推理判断题。第一、二段提出问题：我们应该调整火星的大气和环境，使它更

像地球吗?第二段提出：首先要弄清楚火星上是否有原生生命，如果有，那么在火星上建造大规模人类定居点应该是完全禁止的。第三段提出：如果火星没有生命，也要尽可能地保护原始的、独特的外星环境。不能为了自己的野心而伤害火星。因此，本文主要通过论述来阐明一个观点：无论是否在火星上建造人类

定居点，我们都不应该破坏火星的原始环境。其余选项，A（提到别人的研究）；B（评估不同的星球）；C（证明改造的好处）均未提到。故选D。6.（2020届江西省抚州市高三教学质量监测）Walkingthroughalocal

parkrecently,IsawateenageboywearingaT-shirtthatread:“Effortwinsovertalent.”ItremindedmeofanideaIthinkaboutoften,thatifyoubeliev

eyoucanlearnnewthingsanddevelopnewskills,byworkinghard,youaremorelikelytoachievethosegoals.ThiscriticalinsightwasbroughtupbyDr.CarolDweck,aStan

fordUniversitypsychologist,asa“growthmindset”.AccordingtoDr.Dweck‟sresearch,“talentisnotfixed.”StudiesbyDweckandothershave

shownstudentswhohaveafixedmindsetseenewlearningexperiencesasamomenttobejudged,notanopportunitytolearn.Thiscanmakelearningapainfulstruggle

,leadingmanytogiveup.Studentswhohaveagrowthmindset,ontheotherhand,experiencechallengesasthewaytolearnandimprov

e.Theyseehardworkasbeingaboutlearning.Overall,theylearnandachieveathigherlevels,evenwhentheystartoutatthe

sameplaceasthosewithfixedmindsets.WhileDweckidentifiedgrowthmindsetmorethanadecadeago,herinsightswerenotma

deup.Theyhavesincebeenbackedupbybrainscience,madepossiblebynewtechnologythatallowsresearcherstoseeimagesofthebrainatwork.Studiessh

owthat,whenapersonrespondstonewanddifficultmaterialbyengaginginastruggletolearn,theneuronsintheirbraingrow.Believingthatyoucangrowy

ourabilitiesthrougheffort—thattalentisnotfixed—iscrucial(要的).AsDweckputsitinherTEDtalk,weneedtofocusonshowingyoungpeoplethe"PowerofYet”meaning,Ihave

n'tlearnedthisyet,orI'mnotgoodatthisyet.Growthmindsetisanimportantideaforeducatorsandschools,butit'salsoapow

erfultoolthateveryonecanusetohelpthemselvestolearnandachieveathighlevels.12．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“insight”inparagrap

h1mean?A．Scenery.B．Research.C．Question.D．Idea.13．Howisparagraph2mainlydeveloped?A．Bymakingcomparisons.B．Bygivingexplanations.C．Bylistingexamp

les.D．Bydescribingdetails.14．Whichofthefollowingstatementsshowsgrowthmindset?A．“Wow,youarereallygiftedinmaths.”B．“Ijustdon'tun

derstandityet.”C．“Youareacleverstudent.”D．“Mytalentsdetermineeverything.”15．Whatwilltheauthorprobablydiscussnext?A．Whytode

velopabettermindset.B．Whentoobtainabettermindset.C．Howtoapplythegrowthmindset.D．Wheretolearnthegrowthmindset.【答案】12．D13．A14．B15．C【

解析】这是一篇议论文。文章通过对比，论述了成长型思维的特点和好处。12．词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“ItremindedmeofanideaIthinkaboutoften,ifyoubelieveyoucanlearnnewthingsanddevelopnewskills,by

workinghard,youaremorelikelytoachievethosegoals可知，作者经常思考一个想法：如果你相信通过努力工作，你可以学到新东西，发展新技能，你就更有可能实现这些目标。这是Dr.CarolDweck提出的一个想法。因此，insight的意思是

想法、领悟。故选D。13．推理判断题。根据第二段中ontheotherhand前面的内容：studentswhohaveafixedmindset…和后面的内容：Studentswhohaveagrowthmindset…可知，作者对比两种思维方式：固定型思维和成长

型思维，因此，作者是通过作比较进行该段的写作。故选A。14．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Studentswhohaveagrowthmindset,ontheotherhand,experiencechallengesasthewaytolearnandimprove.Theyseeha

rdworkasbeingaboutlearning”可知，有成长心态的学生在学习和提高的过程中会遇到挑战。他们把努力工作看作是学习。根据第四段中的“Believingthatyoucangrowyourabilitiesthrougheffort—thattalentisnotfixed—isc

rucial(要的).AsDweckputsitinherTEDtalk,weneedtofocusonshowingyoungpeoplethe"PowerofYet”meaning,Ihaven'tlearne

dthisyet,orI'mnotgoodatthisyet.”可知，成长型思维相信自己可以通过努力来提高自己的能力—天赋不是固定的。因此我们需要集中精力向年轻人展示“专注过程而不是结果”，意思是，我还没学会这个，或者说我还不擅长这

个。由此判断出，B选项（我只是还不明白）这属于成长型思维的人的想法。故选B。15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Growthmindsetisanimportantideaforeducatorsandschools,bu

tit'salsoapowerfultoolthateveryonecanusetohelpthemselvestolearnandachieveathighlevels.”可知，成长型思维对于教育工作者和学校来说是一个

重要的概念，但它也是一个强大的工具，每个人都可以用它来帮助自己学习和达到高水平。既然成长型思维这么重要，那么下面的内容承接该段，应该讨论如何运用成长型思维。故选C。