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考点37阅读理解议论文高考频度：★★★★★议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通

常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为……写法二：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会

较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。注意事项：1.避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)2.要先看题目

，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。3.阅读中需要特别注意并

做记号的有：(1)标志类、指示类的信息。①表示并列关系：and,also,coupledwith等；②表示转折关系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；③表示因果关系：therefore,thereby,consequently,a

saresult等；④表示递进关系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；⑤表示重要性的词：prime,aboveall,first等。以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把

握。(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词：blind盲目的(贬),excessively过分的(贬),objective(客观)等。4.常见问题：(1)读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。unconsciousincompete

nt(无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；consciousincompetent(有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；consciouscompetent(有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconsciouscompetent(无意识有能

力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。(2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明

白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【命题分析】议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目。议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1.题材多样化、知识化，它包括社会科学的多种领域，以及和自然

科学交叉学科，体现以人为本的特点。具体说来：(1)一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作。作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题。然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分

析问题。最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题。(2)以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查。(3)文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等。2.侧重考查学生对文章深层意义的理解

。通常情况下，深层理解题占多数，这就要求学生读议论文时，不能仅限于对文章的表层理解，只抓一些事实细节，而且要注重对文章的意图、作者的观点以及内在逻辑联系的审视。3.深层理解题的主要表现形式：(1)主旨性题目：此类题常针对文章

主题、中心思想、标题或作者的写作意图，通常有以下提问方式：a.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?b.Thetextismainlyabout_________.c.Fromthepassageweknowthat______

___.d.Themainideaoftheparagraphis_________.e.Thewriter’spurposeofwritingthistextis_________.f.Thepassagecouldbetitled_________.g.

Thepassagedealswith_________.h.What’sthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?(2)推理判断题：此题主要考查学生对文章内在逻辑联系的把握，通常有以下出题方式：a.回答对why和how的提问。b.Acc

ordingtothetext,whichofthestatementsistrue/wrong?c.Fromthetext,wecaninferthat_________.d.Wherecanthiste

xtbeselectedfrom?e.Whatcanyouimaginewillbedealtwith/writteninthefollowingpassage?f.以短语accordingtothewriterofthetext或inthewriter’sopinion等引出的其他

问题。(3)词义猜测题：判断词义的词可能有四种情况，一是词未学过，二是词已学过，但在该篇中不是已学过的词义，三是某个代词it或them在文中指代什么，四是某句话的意思。【应试策略】议论文体阅读理解题的应对策略解答议论类

阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因—结果(Cause&Effect)型。还有一

种比较常见的是问题—答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验

；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。解题方法：1.把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。2.互推

法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。3.推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有

明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。二、解题技巧历年全国高考英语阅读理解的题型无非基本都是考查主旨大意、词义猜

测、推理判断和细节理解四大题型。其中，命题以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，又兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。细节理解题和推理判断题主要考查的是对原文具体细节的理解和把控能力，难度相对较小，广大考生除了平时必要的阅读量和词汇量的积累以外，掌握一定的解题技巧对解答阅读理解题来说也是至关重要的。具体

说来：1.主旨大意型干扰项可能是文中某个具体事实或细节。干扰项可能是从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。干扰项可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。正确答案根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言

过其实或以偏概全。主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层

次题。选择＂主题＂旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨，通常用词、短语或句子来概括。常见的提问方式有：1.Whatisthemain/generalideaofthistext?2.Whatismainlydiscussedinthispas

sage?3.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?4.Thistextmainlytellsus_________.5.Thispassagemainlydealswith_________.6.Themainideaofthispassagemaybebest

expressedas_________.7.Thetopicofthispassageis_________.标题选择题则是让考生给所读的文章选择一个合适的标题。通常标题由一个名词或名词短语充当，用词简短、精练。常见的提问方式有：1.Whatwouldbeth

ebesttitleforthetext?2.Whichofthefollowingisthebest/mostsuitabletitleforthistext?3.Thebest/mostsuitabletitlefo

rthistextwouldbe__________.不管是选择＂主题＂还是选择＂标题＂，实质上都是要求考生从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般

在文章里或多或少都有涉及，但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。2.事实细节型细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难

度低，只要考生读懂文章，就能得分，属于低层次题。做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从

而选出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行简单分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。(1)解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。文章中心是论点，

事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定

细节的问题常有以下几种命题方式：①Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?②Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?③Theauthor(orthepass

age)statesthat__________.④Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)__________?(2)干扰项：范围过大、过小；偷换概念；正误并存，某个分句是正确的。阅读理解中细节理解题的干扰

项的设置有以下几个原则：①包含项原则在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项(或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。②正反项原则

所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。③委婉项原则所谓委婉

，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably,possibly,may,usually,might,mostof,moreorless,relatively,belikelyto,notnece

ssary,although,yet,inaddition,tendto等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must,always,never,all,every,any,merely,only,completely,none,hardly,already等等。④同形项

原则命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。⑤常识项原则议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻

富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。⑥因果项原则阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)

，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。解题方法：原文定位法。查读法：(1)带着

问题找答案，把注意力集中在与who,what,when,where问题有关的细节上。(2)细心!3.词义猜测型阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考查方法呈多

样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。除此之外，我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherw

ise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号(；)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可

以找出原因。当然了，这些词、短语、习语要么是生词，要么是熟词新义，单靠平时积累是不够的，还要掌握以下做题技巧。(1)根据构词法(转化、合成、派生)进行判断。(2)根据文中的定义、事例、解释猜生词。用事例或解释猜生词；用重复解释的信息猜生词。(3)根据上下

文的指代关系进行选择。文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。(4)根据转折或对比关系进行判断。根据上下句的连接词如but，however，otherwise等可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含

义，来确定另一句的含义。(5)根据因果关系进行判断。俗话说，＂有因必有果，有果必有因＂。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。(6)根据同位关系进行判断。阅读中有时出现新词、难词，后面跟着一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释。(7)利用标

点符号和提示词猜测词义。分号还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义；破折号表示解释说明。常见的问题形式有：(1)Theword＂…＂inLine…means/canbebestreplacedby…(2)Asusedinthepassage,thephrase＂…＂suggests…(3)F

romthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase/thesentence＂…＂is/refersto/means…(4)Theword＂…＂isclosestinmeaningto…常用应对方法：同义法：常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或

or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测词义。反义法：如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，互为反义的词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。释义法：对文章中的生词用定语(从句)、表语，甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加

以解释说明。此外，还有情景推断法、代词替代法等。做题要领(1)从文中找线索或信息词；(2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；(3)根据上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。(4)要特别注意熟词新意！4.推理判断型做题要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，

又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看法。常见的命题方式有：(1)Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_________.(2)Wecanconclude(得出结论)fromthepassagethat_______

__.(3)Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推论)?(4)Whatisthetone(语气)oftheauthor?(5)Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispas

sage?(6)Thepassageisintendedto_________.(7)Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?题组一（2020年高考真题）Passage1(2020·天津卷7月，D)Aftery

earsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosity

anddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtoget

her.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驱策力)countformuchmorethatambition.Galileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjects

ofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground.LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistoryw

erecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”Fortunately,curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned.Wearebornwiththemand

needonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions.

Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavo

idfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople,andnewideas,withhesitation.Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowter

ribleitwouldhavebeen,hadwemissedthechance.Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontenta

ndkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly,soasnottobecomediscouraged.Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.Shewascuriousabou

thowtheexpertsdidit.Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrangement.Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownex

cuses.Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgood,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewi

thnotimewhogetthingsdone.HarrietStowe,motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom’sCabinwhilecooking.You’retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainw

as57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart,rememberthereisnobettertim

etostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment.51.InwritingParagraph1,theauthorai

msto________.A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparisonC.reachaconclusionD.presentanargument52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus?A.Trialanderrorle

adstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious.C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority.D.Great

nesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent?A.Observetheunknownaroundyou.B.Developaques

tioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure.D.Followthefashion.54.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7?A.Gainingsu

ccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D.Yo

ushouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.55.Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage?A.CuriousMindsNeverFeelContente

dB.ReflectionsonHumanNatureC.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearnPassage2(2020·天津卷3月，D)Studying

asubjectthatyoufeelpointlessisneverafunoreasytask.Ifyou'restudyinghistory,askingyourselfthequestion"whyishistoryimportant"isaverygoodfirststep.

Historyisanessentialpartofhumancivilization.Youwillfindsomethingherethatwillarouseyourinterest,orgetyouthinkingaboutthesi

gnificanceofhistory.Historygroundsusinourroots.Historyisanimportantandinterestingfieldofstudy,andlearningtheh

istoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper,moremeaningfulglimpse（一瞥）intoourancestralpasts,andhowwegottowherewearetoday.Manypeoplefee

lliketheyneedasenseofculturalbelonging,whichissomethingthatstudyingyourrootsandbeingopen-mindedtotheevolutio

nofyourculturecanprovide.Historyenrichesourexperience.Readinghistoryisanamazingexperiencebecauseitenablesustoreflectonthesocialandeconomicli

feofthepeoplelivinglongtimeagoAccordingtotheexperts,problemsfacedbypeopleregardlessofthepastandpresentarethesame.Wi

ththeinformationabouttheancestors,onecanbecomemoreexperiencedinhandlingchallengesoflife.Historymakesusmoreempathetic（具有共情能力的

）,Studyinghistorycangiveusinsight（洞察力）intowhyourculturedoescertainthings,andhowthepasthasshapeditintowhatweknown

ow.Italsoprovidesaratherstrongfoundationforempathyacrosscultures.Fearandhateforothersisusuallycausedbyignorance（无知）.We'rescaredof

thethingsthatwedon'tunderstand.Historyhasthepotentialtobreakdownthoseboundariesbyofferingusinsightintoentireworldsthatwouldotherwisebe

foreigntous.Historycaninspireustolearnmore.what'sfantasticabouthistoryisthewayitbroadensourhorizons.It'salmostimpossibletolearnaboutonehistoricalp

eriodwithouthavingdozensofquestionsaboutrelatedconcepts.Studythe19thcenturyEngland,andyoumightcatchaglimpseofCharlesDickens'OliverTwist.Lo

okupCharlesDickens,andyoumightlearnathingortwoaboutrealism.Ormaybeyouendupswitchingyourattentionawayfromnovels,anddiscoverthehistoryofromanticp

oetsinEngland.Itcangoanywhere,andthereissomethinginthereforabsolutelyanybody.Thevalueofhistorycannotbeunderestimated.Wedon'thavetoliveinth

epast,butwecandefinitelydobetterbylearningfromitandusingthelessonslearnttoleadmoremeaningfullives.51．Theunderlined

part"wherewearetoday"inPara.2probablymeans__________.A．theturningpointinourhistoryB．thepresentstateofournationC．thelocationofourhomel

andD．thetotalareaofourcountry52．Accordingtotheexperts,whyishistoryusefulforpeopletohandlechallengesoflife?A．Theproblems

atpresentaresimilartothoseinthepast.B．Ancientpeoplelaideconomicfoundationsforpeopletoday.C．Thecurrentchallenge

soflifewerepredictedbytheancestors.D．Peoplelivinglongtimeagoknewmoreabouthowtosolveproblems.53．WhatcanbeconcludedfromPara.4?A．Itisdifficulttogetrido

fculturalbarriers.B．Peoplearewillingtoacceptforeigncultures.C．Culturalconflictsinhistoryaredifficulttoignore.D．Histor

yhelpsusimproveourcross-culturalawareness.54．WiththeexampleinPara.5,thewriterintendstoshowthat______________.A．CharlesDicke

nscontributesmuchtoBritishliterature.B．OliverTwistcansatisfyourcuriosityforromanticpoets.C．readingnovelsisawaytolearna

boutahistoricalperiod.D．studyinghistorycanarousepeople'sinterestinotherfields.55．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthe

passage?A．HowtoBuildCulturalIdentityB．WhyStudyingHistoryMattersC．KnowthePast,KnowthePresentD．History:aWayt

oBroadenHorizons题组二（2019年高考真题）Passage1(2019·天津卷，D)WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Most

ofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning

，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworld

formorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉诃德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquest

ion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore？We'veallknownpeoplewhorunou

tofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlea

rningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostof

us，infact，progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedini

t.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifwearewillingtolean，theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingsw

elearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathoweve

rmuchwetrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，wecank

eeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However，wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitme

nttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos（自我），whethertolovedones，tofellowhumans，towork，ortosomemoralconcep

t.Manyofusequate（视……等同于）“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablec

ommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellencewhethertheyaredrivingatruck，orrunningastore-maketheworldbetter

justbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantes

toshowthat_________.A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone'screativityB.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoalC.miseryins

piresamantofightagainsthisfateD.disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A.Endone'ss

truggleforliberty.B.Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearnin

g.53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C.Oppo

rtunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5？A.Atoughmancantole

ratesuffering.B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity.C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.55.Whatisthe

author'spurposeinwritingthepassage？A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwor

k.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.Passage2(2019·江苏卷，C)

WhocaresifpeoplethinkwronglythattheInternethashadmoreimportantinfluencesthanthewashingmachine?Whydoesit

matterthatpeoplearemoreimpressedbythemostrecentchanges?Itwouldnotmatterifthesemisjudgmentswerejustamatterofpeople'sopinions.However,the

yhaverealimpacts,astheyresultinmisguideduseofscarceresources.ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)revolution,represen

tedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso"yesterday"thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.

Thisbeliefin"post-industrialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业)withneg

ativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeInternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshas

movedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe"digitaldivide"betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesandindi

vidualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandInternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthis

iswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelect

ricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputer

orsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofan

cyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.Inyetanotherexample,

afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationaresorevolut

ionarythatnowweliveina"borderlessworld".Asaresult,inthelasttwentyyearsorso,manypeoplehavecometobelievethatwhateverchangeishappeningtodayistheresul

tofgreattechnologicalprogress,goingagainstwhichwillbeliketryingtoturntheclockback.Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeofthevery

necessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.Understandingtechnologicaltrendsisveryimportantforcorrect

lydesigningeconomicpolicies,bothatthenationalandtheinternationallevels,andformakingtherightcareerchoicesattheindividuallevel.However,ourf

ascinationwiththelatest,andourundervaluationofwhathasalreadybecomecommon,can,andhas,ledusinallsortsofwrongdirections

.61.Misjudgmentsontheinfluencesofnewtechnologycanleadto__________.A.alackofconfidenceintechnologyB.aslowprog

ressintechnologyC.aconflictofpublicopinionsD.awasteoflimitedresources62.TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould___

_______.A.takepeople'sessentialneedsintoaccountB.maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC.ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD.providemoreafford

ableinternetfacilities63.Whathasledmanygovernmentstoremovenecessaryregulations?A.Neglectingtheimpactsoftechnologicaladvances.B.Believ

ingthattheworldhasbecomeborderless.C.Ignoringthepowerofeconomicdevelopment.D.Over-emphasizingtheroleofintern

ationalcommunication.64.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtomakemoredonations.B.Traditionaltechnologystillhas

aplacenowadays.C.Makingrightcareerchoicesiscrucialtopersonalsuccess.D.Economicpoliciesshouldfollowtechnologicaltrends.Passa

ge3(2019·新课标III卷，B)ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreat

ive."It'snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(来源)ofinspirationfordesigners,"saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,ag

lobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(时尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibition

inNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringthein

fluenceofChineseaesthetics(美学)onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibi

tionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences."Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,"saysHill."Chinesemodelsarethefacesofb

eautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmov

ement."Ofcourse,onlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina-someofthebestdesignersofcontemporary

fashionarethemselvesChinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGaliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs-andbeatingthemhan

dsdownindesignandsales,"addsHil.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."Themostfam

ousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,"shesays."Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmany

sensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtaki

ngclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways."24.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitioninNewYork?A.Itpromotedthesal

esofartworks.B.Itattractedalargenumberofvisitors.C.ItshowedancientChineseclothes.D.ItaimedtointroduceChinesemodels.25.What

doesHillsayaboutChinesewomen?A.Theyaresettingthefashion.B.Theystartmanyfashioncampaigns.C.Theyadmiresupermodels.D.Theydobusine

ssallovertheworld.26.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?A.learningfromB.lookingdownonC.workingwithD.co

mpetingagainst27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.Diff

erencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD.ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends题组三（2018年高考真题）Passage1(2018·新课标II卷，D)We

’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncom

fortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofussta

rtaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrang

ers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmallt

alkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalki

sthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almost

everygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconn

ectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirw

ayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.T

heresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.＂It’snott

hattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofo

ursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantly

greatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasi

sofgoodmanners,＂hesays.32.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.

Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.33.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoC

arducci?A.Showinggoodmanners.B.Relatingtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic.D.Makingbusinessdeals.34.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopst

udysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk

.D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.Uncomfortable

SilencePassage2(2018·新课标III卷，D)Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumetha

tmoreismorewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings?ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemo

rewithless.Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtimetoencourageyoungchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.Becauseofourefforts,ourdaughterGeorgiadiddecidet

odonatealargebagoftoystoalittlegirlwhosemotherwasunabletopayforherholidayduetoillness.Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoften

usedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintoherschoolfund(基金）(ourkindergartendaughterisseriousaboutbecomingadoctor).Forweeks,I'

vebeenthinkingofbigger,deeperquestions:Howdowemakeitahabitforthem?Andhowdowetrainourselvestohelpthemlivewith,need,anduse

less?Yesterday,Isatwithmyson,Shepherd,determinedtotestmyowntheoryonthis.Idecidedtoplaywithhimwithonlyonetoyforaslongasitwouldkeephis

interest.Iexpectedthatonetoywouldkeephisattentionforaboutfiveminutes,tenminutes,max.Ichosearedrubberball-simple,univer

sallyavailable.Wepassedit,hetriedtoputitinhismouth,hetriedbouncingit,rollingit,sittingonit,throwingit.Itwastotally,com

pletelyenoughforhim.BeforeIknewitanhourhadpassedanditwastimetomoveontolunch.Webothbecameabsorbedinthesimplicityofplayingtogether.Hehadmyf

ullattentionandIhadhis.Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinasingleobjectworkedforbothofus.32.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inparagraph

1probablymean?A.Themore,thebetter.B.Enoughisenough.C.Moremoney,moreworries.D.Earnmoreandspendmore.33.Whatma

deGeorgiaagreetosellsomeofherobjects?A.SavingupforherholidayB.RaisingmoneyforapoorgirlC.AddingthemoneytoherfundD.Givingthemon

eytoasickmother34.WhydidtheauthorplaytheballwithShepherd?A.TotryoutanideaB.Toshowaparent'sloveC.TotrainhisattentionD.Tohelphimstartahobby35.Whatcanb

easuitabletitleforthetext?A.TakeItorLeaveItB.ALessonfromKidsC.LiveMorewithLessD.ThePleasureofGivingPassage3(2018·北京卷，D)PreparingCitiesfor

RobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapp

arentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingca

rsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices

.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverles

scarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsys

temsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesa

fetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,c

utemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenviro

nmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagine

afuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entert

ainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebui

ldingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Th

econvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫车)services.Astudyfromt

heUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingan

dsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations

40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcer

tainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题)

.Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthin

kingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecom

ingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andm

oreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.hel

pdealwithtransportation-relatedproblemsB.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironmentD.makesomepeoplelosejob

s48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety.B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability.D.Managem

ent.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed.B.Replaced.C.Shared.D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudeto

thefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Sympathetic.Passage4(2018·天津卷，D)Giveyourselfatest.Whichw

ayisthewindblowing?Howmanykindsofwildflowerscanbeseenfromyourfrontdoor?Ifyourawarenessisassharpasitcou

ldbe,you’llhavenotroubleansweringthesequestions.Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwith

fascination,newnessandwonder.Curiositygaveusallanaturalawareness.Butdistinctionsthatweresharptousaschildrenbecomeunclear;wearenumb

(麻木的)tonewstimulation(刺激),newideas.Relearningtheartofseeingtheworldaroundusisquitesimple,althoughittakespracticeandrequiresbreakingsomebadhabits.The

firststepinawakeningsensesistostoppredictingwhatwearegoingtoseeandfeelbeforeitoccurs.Thisblocksawareness.OnechillynightwhenIwashiking

intheRockyMountainswithsomestudents,Imentionedthatweweregoingtocrossamountainstream.Thestudentsbegancomplainingabouthowcolditwouldbe.Wereac

hedthestream,andtheyunwillinglywalkedahead.Theywerealmostknee-deepwhentheyrealizeditwasahotspring.Late

rtheyalladmittedthey’dfeltcoldwateratfirst.Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(痴迷)manyofushavewithnamingthings.Isawbir

dwatcherswhospottedabird,immediatelylookeditupinfieldguides,andsaid,a"ruby-crownedkinglet"andchecked

itoff.Theynolongerpaidattentiontothebirdandneverlearnedwhatitwasdoing.Thepressuresof"time"and"destination"arefur

therblockstoawareness.Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowereheadedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogetthere

beforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundthem.Iaskedthemwhatthey’dseen."Oh,afewbirds,"theysaid.Theyseemed

bentontheirdestinations.Natureseemstounfoldtopeoplewhowatchandwait.Nexttimeyoutakeawalk,nomatterwhereitis,takeina

llthesights,soundsandsensations.Wanderinthisframeofmindandyouwillopenanewdimensiontoyourlife.51.AccordingtoParagr

aph2,comparedwithadults,childrenaremore_____________.A.anxioustodowondersB.sensitivetoothers’feelingsC.likelyto

developunpleasanthabitsD.eagertoexploretheworldaroundthem52.WhatideadoestheauthorconveyinParagraph3?A.Toavoidj

umpingtoconclusions.B.Tostopcomplainingallthetime.C.Tofollowtheteacher’sadvice.D.Toadmitmistakeshonestly.53.Thebirdwatchers’behavior

showsthatthey____________.A.areverypatientintheirobservationB.arereallyfascinatedbynatureC.careonlyaboutthenamesofbirdsD

.questiontheaccuracyofthefieldguides54.Whydothehikerstakenonoticeofthesurroundingsduringthejourney?A.Thenaturalbeautyisn’tattractivetothem.B.Theyfo

cusonarrivingatthecampintime.C.Theforestinthedarkisdangerousforthem.D.Theyarekeentoseerarebirdsatthedestination.55.Inthepassage,theauthorint

endstotellusweshould__________.A.filloursensestofeelthewondersoftheworldB.getridofsomebadhabitsinourdailylifeC.openourmindtonewthingsandideasD

.tryourbesttoprotectnature题组四Passage1（2020·重庆高三开学考试）AttheWorldEconomicForumlastmonth,PresidentTrumpdrewclapswhenheannounce

dtheUnitedStateswouldrespondtotheforum'sproposaltoplantonetrillion(万亿)treestofightclimatechange.Thetrillion-treeideawonwideattentionlastsu

mmerafterastudypublishedinthejournalScienceconcludedthatplantingsomanytreeswas“themosteffectiveclimatechangesolutiontodate”.Ifonlyit

weretrue.Butitisn't.Plantingtreeswouldslowdowntheplanet'swarming,buttheonlythingthatwillsaveusandfuturegener

ationsfrompayingahugepriceindollars,livesanddamagetonatureisrapidandconsiderablereductionsincarbonreleasef

romfossilfuels,tonetzeroby2050.Focusingontreesasthebigsolutiontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion(偏离).Worsestill,ittakesattentionawayfromthos

eresponsibleforthecarbonreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.Forexample,intheNetherlands,youcanpayShellanadditional1eurocentforeachliterof

regulargasolineyouputinyourtank,toplanttreestobalancethecarbonreleasefromyourdriving.That'sclearlynomorethandisasterslightlydelayed.Theonlywaytosto

pthisplanetfromoverheatingisthroughpolitical,economic,technologicalandsocialsolutionsthatendtheuseoffossilfuels.Thereisnowaythatpla

ntingtrees,evenacrossaglobalareathesizeoftheUnitedStates,canabsorbthehugeamountsoffossilcarbonreleasedfromindustrialsociet

ies.Treesdotakeupcarbonfromtheatmosphereastheygrow.Butthisuptakemerelyreplacescarbonlostwhenforestswereclear

edinthefirstplace,usuallylongago.Regrowingforestswheretheyoncegrewcanundosomedamagedoneinthepast,butevenatr

illiontreescan'tstoreenoughcarbontoheadoffdramaticclimatechangesthiscentury.Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScience,JustinGilliswrote

inthesamejournalinOctoberthatthestudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsoftheglobalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat“theclaimthatglobaltreerest

oration(复原)isourmosteffectiveclimatesolutionissimplyscientificallyincorrectanddangerouslymisleading”.16．Whatdowekno

waboutthetrillion-treeidea?A．Itwaspublishedinajournal.B．Itwasproposedlastsummer.C．ItwasputforwardbyTrump.D．Itdrewlotsofpublicattention.17．What

isparagraph3mainlyabout?A．Adrawbackofthetreeplantingstrategy.B．Anexampleofbalancingcarbonrelease.C．Ananecdoteofmakingapu

rchaseatShell.D．Aresponsibilityforpoliticiansandeconomists.18．WhatwasJustinGillis'sattitudetowardsglobaltreerestoration?A．Ind

ifferent.B．Opposed.C．Hesitant.D．Supportive.19．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ContradictoryIdeasonTreePlanting.B．ATrillionTreesCometotheRescu

e.C．PlantingTreesWon'tSavetheWorld.D．TheBestSolutiontoClimateChange.Passage2（2020·宁夏兴庆�银川一中高二期末）Doyouwanttoli

veanother100yearsormore?Someexpertssaythatscientificadvanceswillonedayenablehumanstolasttensofyearsbeyondwhatisnowseenast

henaturallimitofthehumanlifespan.“Ithinkweareknockingatthedoorofimmortality(永生),”saidMichaelZey,aMontclairStateUniversitybusinessprofessorandautho

roftwobooksonthefuture.“Ithinkby2075wewillseeitandthat’saconservativeestimate(保守的估计).”AttheconferenceinSanFrancisco,DonaldLouria,aprofessoratNewJe

rseyMedicalSchoolinNewarksaidadvancesinusinggenesaswellasnanotechnology(纳米技术)makeitlikelythathumanswillliveinthefuturebeyondwhatwasp

ossibleinthepast.“Thereisagreateffortsothatpeoplecanlivefrom120to180years,”hesaid.“Somehavesuggestedthatthereisnolimitandthatpeoplecouldliveto200or

300or500years.”However,manyscientistswhospecializeinagingaredoubtfulaboutitandsaythehumanbodyisjustnotde

signedtolastpastabout120years.Evenwithhealthierlifestylesandlessdisease,theysayfailureofthebrainando

rganswillfinallyleadallhumanstodeath.Scientistsalsodifferonwhatkindoflifethesuperagedmightlive.“Itremainstobeseenifyoupass120,youknow;couldyoubehe

althyenoughtohavegoodqualityoflife?”saidLeonardPoon,directoroftheUniversityofGeorgiaGerontologyCentre.“Atpresentpeoplewhocouldgettothatpointar

enotingoodhealthatall.”1．Bysaying“weareknockingatthedoorofimmortality”,MichaelZeymeans_________.A．theyhav

egotsomeideasaboutlivingforeverB．theybelievethatthereisnolimitoflivingC．theyareabletomakepeoplelivepastthepresentlifespanD．theyaresuretofindthetruth

aboutlongliving2．DonaldLouria’sattitudetowardslonglivingisthat________.A．thehumanbodyisdesignedtolastpastab

out120yearsB．itispossibleforhumanstolivelongerinthefutureC．itisstilldoubtfulhowlonghumanscanliveD．peoplecanlivefrom120to1803．Theunderlinedword“it”

(inParagraph4)refersto________.A．agreateffortB．theconservativeestimateC．theideaoflivingfrom200to300yearsD．theideaoflivingbeyondthepresentl

ifespan4．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?A．NoLimitforHumanLifeB．LivingLongerornotC．Science,TechnologyandLongLivingD．Hea

lthyLifestyleandLongLivingPassage3（2019·河南高考模拟）Whenyouwereatschool,thelastthingyouprobablywantedtodowasspendy

ourweekendsgoingtowork.Therewashomeworktodo,sporttoplayandfuntohave.Butourparentsprobablypersuadedustofindajobtoearnsomemoneyandgetsomelifeexperience

.WhenIwasateenagerIhadapaperround:deliveringnewspaperstopeople'shomes.IthenprogressedtoaSaturdayjobina

supermarket:stackingshelvesandworkingatthecheckout.TodayintheUKyouareallowedtoworkfromtheageof13,andmanychildrendotakeuppart-timejobs.It'soneofth

osethingsthatareseenalmostasariteofpassage(成人仪式).It'satasteofindependenceandsometimesausefulthingtoputonyourCV(简历)

.Teenagersagreethatitteachesvaluablelessonsaboutworkingwithadultsandalsoaboutmanagingtheirmoney.SomeresearchhasshownthatnottakingupaSaturdayor

holidayjobcouldbedeleterioustoapersonlateron.A2015studybytheUKCommissiononEmploymentandSkillsfoundth

atnotparticipatinginpart-timeworkatschoolagehadbeenblamedbyemployer'sorganizationsforyoungadultsbeingill-

preparedforfull-timeemployment,butdespitethis,recentstatisticshaveshownthatthenumberofschoolchildrenintheUKwithapart-

timejobhasfallenbyafifthinthepastfiveyears.So,doesthismeanthatBritishteenagersarenowafraidofhardwork?Probablynot.Someexpertsfeelthatyou

ngpeoplefeelgoingouttoworkwillaffecttheirperformanceatschool,andtheyareundermorepressurenowtostudyhardandgetgoodexamresults-andag

oodjobinthelongterm.However,GeoffBarton,generalsecretaryoftheAssociationofSchoolandCollegeLeaders,toldBBCNewsthat"Properlyregulated（控制的）part-timework

isagoodwayofhelpingyoungpeoplelearnskillsthattheywillneedintheirworkinglives."Inreality,it'sallaboutgettingtherightbalancebetw

eendoingpart-timeworkandhavingenoughtimetostudyandrest.1．Howdidtheauthorfeelaboutdoingpart-timejobson

weekendswhenhewasateenager?A．Unwilling.B．Interested.C．Delighted.D．Angry.2．WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethebenefitofschoolchildren'sdoingpart-timejobs

?A．Learningtobeindependent.B．Gainingsomelifeexperience.C．Beingpreparedforfuturejobs.D．Spendingwhattheyearnastheylike.3．Wha

tdoestheunderlinedword"deleterious"inParagraph3probablymean?A．valuable.B．harmful.C．necessary.D．benef

icial.4．WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph4?A．Studentsshouldspendalltheirtimeonstudies.B．Studentsshouldhaveasmanypart-timejobsaspos

sible.C．Doingpart-timejobsmustaffectstudents'schoolresults.D．It'simportantforstudentstobalancepart-timejobsandstudies.Passage4（2020·江苏江都�

高三二模）Theideathatsomekidspickupinformationbetterwhenit'spresentedvisually,andothersphysicallyorbylistening,isamyth(错误观念)thatcouldrobchi

ldrenofopportunitiestolearnandawasteofparents'money,accordingtoscientists.ResearchersattheUniversityofMichiganlookedatthepervasivenessofmythsabo

utso-calledlearningstyles.Theyquestionedwhatisknownaspsychologicalessentialism(本质主义):Theideathatthecat

egorysomethingfitsintoisdeterminedbyabiological"truth"withageneticbasis.Forinstance,girlslikingpink,pitbullsbeingviolent,orvisuallearne

rsonlyrememberinginformationwhenitispresentedtotheminaspecificway.Theythoughtdespitethetheoryexistingfordecades,thereisnoevidencetosuggesttailoringap

erson'slearningexperiencetotheirself-reportedlearningstylehelpsthemtorememberinformation.Theresearchersrecruitedatotalof668U.S.adultsforthestu

dy,askingthemabouttheirbeliefsaboutlearningstyles.Respondentswereaskedtoratetheiragreementordisagreementwithstatementslike"People

arebornwithatendencytohaveacertainlearningstyle."Inbothsurveys,over90percentofparticipantssaidtheybelievedinlearningstyles.Andaroundh

alfofthepeopletestedsaidtheybelievedthatwearebornwithlearningstyles;thattheycaneasilybeidentified;inheritedfromourparents;andhelptopredictwhat

achildwilldoinlife.ShayleneNancekivell,avisitingscholarattheUniversityofMichiganandstudyco-author,toldNewsweek:"Weshouldbeusingbestprac

ticesinourclassroomsandathometoteachourchildren.Thepopularityofthelearningstylemythandcommercialproducts

meansthatitisveryeasytospendmoneyandtimeonprogramsorstrategiesthatmaynotbehelpingchildrenlearn.Mybiggestconcernisthattimeisbeingspenttea

chingyoungchildrenmaladaptivestrategiesforlearning.Itisimportantthatchildrenfromaveryyoungagearetaughtwiththebestpractice

ssotheywillsucceed."Askedhowthestudywaslimited,Nancekivellexplained:"Weneedtoreexamineandbetterunderstandourfindingswi

theducators.Itwillbeimportanttodivedeeperintoeducators'beliefsandreexamineourfindingthateducatorswhoworkwithyoungerchildrenaremorelikelytoview

learningstylesinanessentialistlight.Wealsoneedtobetterunderstandhowthedifferingbeliefswehavediscoveredtranslateintopractice."Dr.PaulA．Kirsc

hneralsocommented:"Thestudyidentifiesoriginsofthebelief,andthusispossiblytheoreticallyorphilosophicallysignificant,itstopsthere.

TherealproblemisthatTHEYrobchildrenofopportunitiestolearnbybrandingorclassifyingthemasbelongingtoaspecificgroupthatcannotdocertain

things.It'salsoagoodexcuseforparentstoblameteachersandschoolsfortheirchildren'spoorstudyhabitsandforschoolsa

ndteacherstoblamemakersoflearningmaterials."1．Whateffectswilllearningstylemythprobablycause?①Robbingchildreno

flearningopportunities.②Wastingchildren’stimeandmoney.③Acquiringmaladaptivelearningstrategies.④Beingtaughtwiththebestpractices.⑤Believingtheyare

bornwithacertainlearningstyle.A．①②⑤B．①③⑤C．②③④D．①④⑤2．Whatdoestheword“THEY”inlastparagraphreferto?A．Differentbeliefs.B．Bothsurv

eys.C．Learningstyles.D．Originsofthebelief.3．Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A．Childrenaren’tbornwithlearningstyles.B．Self-reported

learningstylehelpschildrensucceed.C．Whatispsychologicalessentialismanditseffect?D．Expertshavedifferentattitudestowardlearningstyles.题组一Passage

1(2020·天津卷7月，D)【答案】51.D52.D53.B54.C55.C【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。51.推理判断题。根据第一段内容Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedtha

ttwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknow

nanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，

而且两者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。52.推理判断题。根据第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?W

hy?Why?”可知，像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告诉我们，伟大来自于持久的探索欲望。故选D。53.细节理解题。根据第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecur

iousandaskedindiscontent,“Why?Why?Why?”及第四段中的“Thegreatman,”saidMencius(孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit.West

opaskingquestions.Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.可知，历史上所有的伟人都感到好奇，并不满地问：“为什么？为什么？为什么？”孟子认为“不失去孩子的心，就是伟大的人。”然而，我们大多数人确实失去了它。我们不再问问题。我们

不再挑战习俗。我们只是随大流。由此可知，你可以通过培养了一个善于提问的头脑，来重新获得好奇心和不满。故选B。54.推理判断题。根据第六段中的Howsheisoneoftheexperts,writingbooksonflowerarrang

ement.及第七段中的Youhaven’tanyspecialability?Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime?That’sgo

od,becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone.以及列举了ThomasCostain在57岁时出版了他的第一部小说，GrandmaMoses在78岁时展示了她的第

一批照片。由此可知，这两段想告诉我们“缺乏天赋和时间不是不采取行动的理由”。故选C。55.主旨大意题。根据第一段内容Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofg

reatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither.AndIhaveneverknownanaverage

manwhohadboth.Thetwobelongtogether.及下文论述可知，本文主要论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。由此可知，C项TheKeystoAchievement(成就的关键)适合做本文最佳标题。故选C。Passage2

(2020·天津卷3月，D)【答案】51．B52．A53．D54．D55．B【解析】本文是议论文。开头提出问题为什么历史重要。然后分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。51．猜测词义题。根据上句le

arningthehistoryofourhomecountrycangiveusadeeper,moremeaningfulglimpse(一瞥)intoourancestralpasts.,可知学习我们祖国的历史能更深、更有意义地了解我们祖先的过去。此处指学历

史着眼于大局，是从国家层面讲的，与之一致，可推知画线的wherewearetoday指的是我们国家的现状。故选B。52．细节理解题。根据第三段Accordingtotheexperts,problemsfacedbypeopleregardlessofthepastandpr

esentarethesame.Withtheinformationabouttheancestors,onecanbecomemoreexperiencedinhandlingchallengeso

flife.可知专家认为，无论过去和现在，人们面临的问题都是一样的。有了祖先的信息，我们在处理生活中的挑战时会更有经验。故选A。53．推理判断题。根据第四段中Italsoprovidesaratherst

rongfoundationforempathyacrosscultures和Historyhasthepotentialtobreakdownthoseboundariesbyofferingusinsightin

toentireworldsthatwouldotherwisebeforeigntous.可知历史为跨文化的同理心提供了一个相当坚实的基础，历史有可能打破对未知事物的恐惧和憎恨，为我们提供洞悉整个世界的机会。由此推之历史帮助我们提高跨文化意识。故选D。54．推理判断题。根据第五段标题是Hist

orycaninspireustolearnmore:(历史可以激励我们学习更多),下面列举了阅读OliverTwist的例子,通过OliverTwist我们能去了解作者CharlesDickens,还可能会学到一些关于现实主义的东西，会发现英国浪漫主义诗人的

历史。作者通过这个例子是为了说明学习历史可以引起人们对其他领域的兴趣。故选D。55．主旨大意题。根据第一段Ifyou'restudyinghistory,askingyourselfthequestion

"whyishistoryimportant"isaverygoodfirststep.提到学历史前先问自己为什么历史重要。下文分四方面论述学历史的好处，最后一段总结扣题说明学历史的意义——历史的价值不可低

估，通过从中学习，并利用学到的教训过更有意义的生活。故WhyStudyingHistoryMatters?能概括全文内容。故选B。题组二Passage1【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。51.B【解析】推理判断

题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。52.D【解析】词

义猜测题。根据第三段I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoo

oftencomewithpassingyears.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知runoutofsteam可知，停止学习，故选D。53.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段welosethesenseofwon

der.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。54.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段welearntobe

arwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtolove

us—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点

起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。55.A【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的

成年人生活，故选A。Passage2【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。61.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段However,theyhavereakimpacts,astheyresultinmisgui

deduseofscarceresources.可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。62.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdi

ggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople'slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcompu

terorsettingupInternetcentresinruralvillages,Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancy

programmeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong-termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给

钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。63.B【解析】推理

判断题。根据第五段Inyetanotherexample,afascinationwiththenewhasledpeopletobelievethattherecentchangesinthetechnologiesofcommunicationsandtransportationare

sorevolutionarythatnowweliveina"borderlessworld".以及Believinginsuchaworld,manygovernmentshaveputanendtosomeofthe

verynecessaryregulationsoncross-borderflowsofcapital,labourandgoods,withpoorresults.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世

界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。64.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段ThefascinationwiththeICT(InformationandCommun

icationTechnology)revolution,representedbytheInternet,hasmadesomerichcountrieswronglyconcludethatmakingthingsisso"yesterd

ay"thattheyshouldtrytoliveonideas.Thisbeliefin"post-industrialsociety"hasledthosecountriestoneglecttheirmanufacturingsector(制造业)w

ithnegativeconsequencesfortheireconomies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能

新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。Passage3【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。24.B【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第三段T

heexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.（此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴趣。）由此可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选B

。25.A【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenalloverthew

orld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion-theyarecentraltoitsmovement.（中国模特是向全世界女性推销梦想的美和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中

国女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。）由此可知，Hill说中国女性开创了新时尚，故选A。26.D【解析】词义猜测题。下文andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales说并在设计和销售上击败他们。由此推

断出上文VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGalliano,Albaz,MareJacobs的意思是VeraWang、AlexanderWang和JasonWu正在与Galliano、

Albaz和MareJacobs竞争。takingon意思是“竞争”，故选D。27.D【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段chinaanditsculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforwesterncreations.以及

最后一段Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyackn

owledgingthatinmanyways."（如果你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国——它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。），结合全文内容，可知这篇文章最恰当的题目是“中国文化助力国际时

尚潮流”，故选D。题组三Passage1【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且

也有很多好处。32.C【解析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏

沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C项。33.B【解析】推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根

据第三段最后一句“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem”（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表

现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为：做商业交易。故选B项。34.D【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项

意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。35.C【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间

缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。Passage2【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述作者引导孩子主动捐

献玩具，并从玩耍简单玩具中获得快乐的做法。32.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据文章第一段最后一句…IcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless可以推断出，人们通常认

为越多越好。故选A。33.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中Shechosetosellafewlargerobjectsthatwerelessoftenusedwhenwepromisedtoputthemoneyintohersch

oolfund(基金)可知，当我们承诺给她把卖玩具的钱放到她的教育基金里时，她同意卖玩具。故选C。34.A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段最后一句Mylittleexperimenttofindjoyinas

ingleobjectworkedforbothofus.表明，跟Shepherd玩球是为了测试自己的一种想法是否可行。故选A。35.C【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段可知，作者想要教会孩子howtolivemorewithless，而二三段是作者的尝试，故C作标题适合。Passage3【文

章大意】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。47.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),pol

icymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,

affordablemobilityoptions.可知，政策制定者应该讨论无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。48.D【解析

】推理判断题。根据文章第一段Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandou

rcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.可知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最

后一句话Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。49.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据第四段Thefirstcommercial

lyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechn

ologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A.Employed被应用；B.Replaced被取

代；C.Shared被分享；D.Reduced被减少。故选A。50.B【解析】观点态度题。根据文章最后一段Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportat

ionsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.中的advancement，movemorepeo

ple,andmoreaffordably.以及planforit可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。Passage4【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来

感受周围世界的奇妙。51.D【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第二段Mostofusobservedmuchmoreaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Achild’sdayisfilledwithfascination,newnessandwonder.可知，

与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。52.A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时候，学生们抱怨水

太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。53.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Anotherblocktoawarenessistheobsession(痴迷)manyofushave

withnamingthings.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。54.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第五段Iencounteredmanyhikerswhowerehe

adedtoadistantcamp-groundwithjustenoughtimetogettherebeforedark.Itseldomoccurredtothemtowanderabit,totakeamomenttoseewhat’saroundth

em.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。55.A【解析】推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选A。题组四Passage1【答

案】16．D17．A18．B19．C【解析】本文为一篇议论文。文章论述了作者不赞成美国总统Trump响应“种一万亿棵树”来对抗气候变化的倡议，作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放。16．细节理解题。根据第一段Thetrillion-treeide

awonwideattentionlastsummerafterastudypublishedinthejournalScienceconcludedthatplantingsomanytreeswas“themostef

fectiveclimatechangesolutiontodate”.去年夏天，发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究得出结论，大量种树是“迄今为止最有效的气候变化解决方案”，这“一万亿棵树”的想法赢得了广泛关注。可知，一万亿树的想法引起了公众的广泛关注。故选D项。17．主旨大意题。根据第三

段Focusingontreesasthebigsolutiontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion(偏离).Worsestill,ittakesattentionawayfromthoseresponsiblef

orthecarbonreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.把树木作为解决气候变化的主要办法是一种危险的转移。更糟糕的是，它把注意力从那些对碳排放负责的人身上移开，正是这些人把我们推向灾

难。因此，第3段主要论述了以植树来保护环境的缺点。故选A项。18．推理判断题。根据最后一段Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScience,JustinGilliswroteinthesamejournalinOctoberthatth

estudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsoftheglobalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat“theclaimthatglobaltreerestoration(复原)isourmosteff

ectiveclimatesolutionissimplyscientificallyincorrectanddangerouslymisleading”.JustinGillis在《科学》杂志上发表了与去年夏天《科学》杂志公布的研究结果截然相反的观点，

他认为去年夏天公布的那个研究结果是不符合地球碳循环动力学的。同时，他发出警告：通过植树来解决气候问题是不科学的，是错误的，是危险的，是具有误导性的。推测，JustinGillis对植树提议是持反对态度的。故选B

项。19．主旨大意题。结合全文，文章论述了作者不赞成美国总统Trump响应“种一万亿棵树”来对抗气候变化的倡议，作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放，种树的想法是不科学的，且具有误导性。C项“植树不会拯救世界。”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选C项。Passage2【答案】1．A2．

B3．D4．B【解析】这是一篇议论文。人类是否能够获得更长更健康？科学家对此有不同的看法。1．推理判断题。根据文章第二段““Ithinkweareknockingatthedoorofimmortality(永生),”

saidMichaelZey,aMontclairStateUniversitybusinessprofessorandauthoroftwobooksonthefuture.“Ithinkby2075wewillseeitandthat’saconservati

veestimate(保守的估计).”我认为我们正在敲永生的门,”蒙特克莱尔州立大学的商业教授迈克尔说，“我认为,到2075年我们将会看到这种现象，这是一个保守的估计。”这里教授表明到2075年就可以实现永生，由此判断出这里的含义是科学家们对如何获得永生有了一些想法。故选

A项。2．细节理解题。根据第三段“AttheconferenceinSanFrancisco,DonaldLouria,aprofessoratNewJerseyMedicalSchoolinNewarksaidadvancesinusinggenesaswellasnanotechno

logy(纳米技术)makeitlikelythathumanswillliveinthefuturebeyondwhatwaspossibleinthepast.”唐纳德教授说使用基因以及纳米技术的进步表明人类将生活在超越过去可能的未来是很可能的。

所以这里教授觉得人类在未来会活的更久是有可能的，故选B项。3．词义猜测题。根据第三段末尾“Somehavesuggestedthatthereisnolimitandthatpeoplecouldliveto200or300or500years.”有些科学家表明，人类可以活到200年，300

年或者500年都是没有限制的，但是许多专攻衰老方面的科学家对此抱有疑问。所以这里it指代前一段提到的人类可以活到200年或300年，故选D项。4．主旨大意题。文章第二段““Ithinkweareknockingatthedoorofimmortality(永生),”教授迈克尔

表明到2075年就可以实现永生，第四段“However,manyscientistswhospecializeinagingaredoubtfulaboutitandsaythehumanbodyisjustnotdesignedtolastpastabout120years

.”然而，许多专门研究衰老问题的科学家对此表示怀疑，他们说，人的身体设计不适合活过大约120年，提出人类永生的质疑，所以整篇文章是围绕着人类是否永生展开。故短文的最佳标题为“人类是否能够获得更长更健康”。故选B项。Passage3【答案

】1．A2．D3．B4．D【解析】本文为议论文。研究和调查表明，适当的兼职会让学生们学会独立、获取阅历、为将来工作做好准备，同时还要在做兼职和有足够的时间学习和休息之间取得平衡。1．推理判断题。依据第一段Whenyouwereatschool,the

lastthingyouprobablywantedtodowasspendyourweekendsgoingtowork.可知作者认为当你在学校的时候，你可能最不想做的事情就是周末去上班。故作者的态度是不情愿的，选A。2．细节理解题。依据第二段It’satasteofindependen

ceandsometimesausefulthingtoputonyourCV.…itteachesvaluablelessonsaboutworkingwithadultsandalsoaboutmanagi

ngtheirmoney.第三段notparticipatinginpart-timework...ill-preparedforfull-timeemployment.可知兼职会让学生们学会独立、获取阅历、

为将来工作做好准备。故选D。3．词义猜测题。依据划线词后调研内容A2015study...foundthat...可知，该研究表明，雇主们一直将年轻人对全职工作准备不足归咎于他们在上学时没有参加兼职工作。故学生不参加兼职工作可能对以后的

生活有害，选B符合题意。4．推理判断题。依据最后一段Inreality,it’sallaboutgettingtherightbalancebetweendoingpart-timeworkandhavingenoughtimetostudyan

drest.可知，在做兼职和有足够的时间学习和休息之间取得平衡是非常重要的。故选D。Passage4【答案】1．B2．C3．A【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要驳斥了孩子天生具有学习方式这种观点，认为我们应该使用更好的方法去教孩子。1．细节理解题。第一段提到了ro

bchildrenofopportunitiestolearn(让孩子丧失学习的机会)，第五段提到了beingspentteachingyoungchildrenmaladaptivestrategiesforlearning(

把时间花在教导孩子学习的不良适应策略上)，第二段提到了Theideathatthecategorysomethingfitsintoisdeterminedbyabiological"truth"withageneticbasis(某物所属的类别是由具有遗传基础的

生物学“真相”所决定的。)由此可见①③⑤都是“learningstylemyth”带来的影响。故选B。2．词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“TherealproblemisthatTHEYrobchildrenofopportunitiestolearnbybr

andingorclassifyingthemasbelongingtoaspecificgroupthatcannotdocertainthings.(真正的问题是，他们剥夺了孩子们学习的机会，通过给他们打上烙印或将他们归类为某个特定的群体，使

他们不能做某些事情。)”结合文意及上文可知，应该是学习方式剥夺了孩子学习的机会。所以they指代“learningstyles(学习方式)”。故选C。3．主旨大意题。第一段Theideathatsomekidspickupinformationbetterwhe

nit'spresentedvisually,andothersphysicallyorbylistening,isamyth(错误观念)thatcouldrobchildrenofopportunitiestol

earnandawasteofparents'money,accordingtoscientists.（科学家称，有些孩子通过视觉展示，而有些孩子通过听觉或身体接触能更好地获取信息，这种观点是错误的，可能会剥夺孩子学习的机会，浪费父母的钱）是全文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章

主要驳斥了孩子天生具有学习方式这种观点，认为我们应该使用更好的方法去教孩子。故选A。