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考点36阅读理解说明文高考频度：★★★★★说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体，它以说明为主要表达方式，通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按一定的顺序（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准

确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学

科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文

的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、

冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。命题方式考向一细节理解题说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点：⑴在列举处命题，如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、notonly„butalso、then

、inaddition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题，句中常用由as、suchas、forexample、forinstance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者

设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题，一般通过however、but、yet、infact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、notsomuch…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题，无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经

常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题，包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案

。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。考向二语意猜测题说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命

题方式多以theunderlinedpart…inparagraph…refersto…或whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwo

rd?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句

、插入语等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明对象时易发生动作变换、人称转变的现象，这类题目常以it，they，them等代词为命题点，因此考生要根据上下文语境，认真阅读原文，分析动作转换背景，弄清动作不同执行者，以便准确判断代词的其实际指代对象。考向三主旨大意题说明文常用文章

大意判断题考查考生对通篇文意的理解。即对文章的主题或中心意思的概括和归纳。主要考查考生对文章的整体理解能力。命题形式常以thispassagemainlytalksabout____.whatisthemainideaofthepa

ssage?为设问方式。答题时首先阅读题干，掌握问题的类型，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除

干扰项，选出正确答案。考向四判断推理题这种试题常以(1)thepassageisintendedto...(2)theauthorsuggeststhat...(3)thestoryimpliesthat…(4)whichpointofview

maytheauthoragreeto?(5)fromthepassagewecanconcludethat...(6)thepurposeofthepassageisto...为设问方式。这种题型的答案在原文中不是直接

就能找到的，它要求考生进行合理的推断。如因果关系，文中的某些用词、语气也往往具有隐含意义，考生要将这种含义读出来。说明文常出现图示判断题，这种试题可以事物之间正确的依赖关系为命题点，要求考生判断其正确的流程顺序相互关系等。考生一定

要认真阅读原文，并对照原文介绍的情况，弄清图示的差异，根据题干需要最终做出正确判断。如：动物介绍性说明文常出现动物能力判断题，考查考生对特定动物所具有能力的判断。解题时考生应认真阅读原文对动物形态活动能力的判断，了解动物的生存环境和是否会使用工具，是否善于爬行、飞翔和游泳等。

观点态度题也是判断推理题考查的内容之一。说明文的对象为客观事实,但设题以议论的表达方式抒发对该说明对象的想法。如对某种新发明的赞赏,或对某个事物的批判。这类题目常见的题干表达方式有whatwastheauthor’sattitude

towards...?等。高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些

单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断

一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻

辑关系推断生词词义。1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happyandgay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.这是高三册第八单元阅读第五段的句子：Theword＂secu

re＂inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.A.freefromanxietyB.anxiousC.nervousD.happy根据上下文和同义词，可以

选出答案A。二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,M

ars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于＂行星＂这一义域.通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示

否定意义的词语，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根据notatall...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。2.根据因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜词，首

先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：

Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn’thisfault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如：

Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可

见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而adryperiod和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折号等来表示。4.通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coc

onutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，

同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。5.通过描述猜词描述即作者为帮助读者更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSo

uthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类.后面

更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthe

grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用

的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。1.根据前缀猜测词义例如：Hefellintoaditchandlaythere，semi-conscious，forafewminutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的

），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。2.根据后缀猜测词义例如：Insecticide

isappliedwhereitisneeded.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Thenthevapormaychangeinto

droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehi

gh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是＂以强光照射，

使突出＂的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）结合在一起，指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动—斗牛。二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全

文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结

构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段

落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，

对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1.相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2.主题句一般结构简单；3.段落中其他句子必定是用来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。总之，为提高阅读理解能力，在阅读时应抓中心思想,作者意图及关键词语，运用联想、比较、

归纳、推测等方法，得出最佳结论，选择最佳答案，不能主观臆测，把自己的观点强加进去，与文章的观点混为一谈。经过长时间有计划,有目的的系统训练，使学生加快阅读速度，提高阅读的正确性，使两者有机地统一起来，以提高学生阅读英语和运用英语

进行交际的能力，为继续学习和运用英语切实打好基础.阅读是一种综合性很强的语言实际活动。我们只有进行大量的课内外阅读，掌握一定的阅读技巧，正确运用阅读方法，才能有效地提高阅读理解能力。题组一（2020年高考真题）Passage1(2020·全国新课标卷I，C)Rac

ewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproble

m.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongert

hanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremaininco

ntact(接触)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,ana

ssistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordin

gtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichi

sapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,r

acewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwitha

smuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.As

aresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport

’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecauti

ousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertech

nique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.28．Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A．Theymustrunlongdistances

.B．Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C．Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D．Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.29．Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveo

verrunning?A．It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B．It’slesschallengingphysically.C．It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D．I

t’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30．WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A．Gettingexperts’opinions.B

．Havingamedicalcheckup.C．Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D．Doingregularexercises.31．Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A．Ske

ptical.B．Objective.C．Tolerant.D．Conservative.Passage2(2020·全国新课标卷II，B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelpthe

irchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUn

iversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictoro

fcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersan

alyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofageh

avebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.―Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilityto

rotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes,‖Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrena

stheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildre

nplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexp

uzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.Thefindingswe

republishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24．Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A．Buildingconfidence.B．Developingspatialskills.C．Lear

ningself-control.D．Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25．WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A．Pare

nts’age.B．Children’simagination.C．Parents’education.D．Child-parentrelationship.26．Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A．

Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B．Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C．Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.

D．Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod.B．Ascientificstudy.

C．AwomanpsychologistD．Ateachingprogram.Passage3(2020·全国新课标卷III，D)Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.As

scientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.People

inEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamut

ation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoa

irortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehund

redsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoast

alwaters.―Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland,‖saidRedneyC．Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostud

iestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.―Wew

eresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,‖Dr.Jubiladosaid.―Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.‖In2015,MelissaIlard

o,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledt

otheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.―itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoacto

napopulation,‖saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinpara

graph1?A．Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B．Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C．Recentfindingsofhumanor

igin.D．Significanceoffoodselection.33．WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A．Invalleys.B．Nearrivers.C．Onthebeach.D．Offthecoast

.34．WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A．Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B．Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C．

Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D．Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BodiesRemod

eledforaLifeatSeaB．Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC．BasicMethodsofGeneticResearchD．TheWorld’sBestDiversPassage4(2020·全国山东新高考卷I，D)Accordi

ngtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintak

e.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyou

reallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst

,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,e

achwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthe

casessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamount

offood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhenthe

actorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothef

irsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextrem

elyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe―I’llhavewhatshe'shaving‖effect.How

ever,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseati

nghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12．Whatistherecentstudymai

nlyabout?A．Foodsafety.B．Movieviewership.C．Consumerdemand.D．Eatingbehavior.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword―beanpoles‖in

paragraph1referto?A．Bigeaters.B．Overweightpersons.C．Pickyeaters.D．Tallthinpersons.14．Whydidtheresearchers

hiretheactor?A．Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B．Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C．Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests

.D．Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15．Onwhatbasisdowe―adjusttheinfluence‖accordingtothelastparagraph?A．Howhungrywear

e.B．Howslimwewanttobe.C．Howweperceiveothers.D．Howwefeelaboutthefood.题组二（2019年高考真题）Passage1(2019·全国新课标卷I，C)Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandm

orecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric(生物测量)technologies—likefingerprintscans—tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologie

sarestillexpensive,though.ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice(装置)thatgetsaroundthisproblem

:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence(节奏)withwhichonetypesandthepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglaye

rofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminep

eople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputerit'sconnectedto—regardlessofwhethe

rsomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeve

rybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollecte

dfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystra

ightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.28.Whydotheresearchersdevelo

pthesmartkeyboard?A.Toreducepressureonkeys.B.ToimproveaccuracyintypingC.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D.Toc

utthecostofe-spaceprotection.29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible？A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.B.Fingerprintscanningtechnique

sdevelopfast.C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesm

artkeyboard？all1osoisgitieocooll.A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly.B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.C.It'llbemadeofplastics.D.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.31.Whereist

histextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary.B.AguidebookC.Anovel.D.Amagazine.Passage2(2019·全国新课标卷I，D)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoye

dsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens

,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfo

undmyself.Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologyso

rtsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendshi

ps,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:st

atusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Th

osewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are―mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandr

iskybehavior.‖Inonestudy,Dr.Prinsteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked

,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsurveys(调查研究).―Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveov

ertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheop

positeeffectonus."Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,o

penness—carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，

Dr.Prinsteincametoanotherconclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcre

atesopportunitiesforlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,‖hesaid.32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorin

herearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyab

out？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.34.Wha

tdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C.Theye

njoyedthehigheststatus.D.Theyperformedwellacademically.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon’tFi

nishLastB.TheHighertheStatus,theBeerC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressivenessPassage3(2019·全国新课标卷II，D)B

acteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheIntern

ationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturningtoabunchofhigh

schoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSch

oolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Go

rdon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasolution(解决方案).―Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.Theyha

vetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,‖saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.―Therearenotests,‖Gordonsays.―Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostareno

grades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,presentittoNASA.’Engine

erscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and„it’snotaverynicethingattime.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.‖GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasani

mpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.―ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.‖Andthatannoyingbacter

ia?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.32.Whatdoweknow

aboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.C.Theyappeardifferentforms.D

.Theydamagetheinstruments.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.To

sharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnology

withschooleducation34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A.Checktheirproduct.B.Guideproje

ctdesignsC.Adjustworkschedules.D.Gradetheirhomework.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronauts.B.Space:TheFinalHo

meworkFrontier.C.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroom.D.HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform.Passage4(2019·全国新课标卷I，D)Beforethe1830s,mostnewspapersweresoldthro

ughannualsubscriptionsinAmerica,usually$8to$10ayear.Today$8or$10seemsasmallamountofmoney,butatthattimetheseamountswerefo

rbiddingtomostcitizens.Accordingly,newspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeopleinpoliticsorthetrades.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlittleinth

emthatwouldappealtoamassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.Buttherevolutionthatwastakingplaceinthe1830swouldchangeallthat.Thetr

end,then,wastowardthe"pennypaper"-atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletothepublic.Itmeantanyinexpensivenewspaper;perhapsmoreimporta

ntlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.Thisdevelopmentdidnottakeplaceovernight.Ithadbeenpossible(butnoteasy)tobuysing

lecopiesofnewspapersbefore1830,butthisusuallymeantthereaderhadtogodowntotheprinter'sofficetopurchaseacopy.Streetsaleswerealmostunknown.However,with

inafewyears,streetsalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplaceineasterncities.Atfirstthepriceofsinglecopieswasseldomapenny-usuallytwo

orthreecentswascharged-andsomeoftheolderwell-knownpaperschargedfiveorsixcents.Butthephrase"pennypaper"caughtthepublic'sfa

ncy,andsoontherewouldbepapersthatdidindeedsellforonlyapenny.Thisnewtrendofnewspapersfor"themanonthestreet"didnotbeginwell.Someofth

eearlyventures(企业)wereimmediatefailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhowereownersofsuccessfulpape

rs,hadlittledesiretochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaringbusinessmentogettheballrolling.28.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesnewspap

ersinAmericabeforethe1830s?A.Academic.B.Unattractive.C.Inexpensive.D.Confidential.29.Whatdidstreetsalesmeantonewspapers?A.Theywouldbepr

icedhigher.B.Theywoulddisappearfromcities.C.Theycouldhavemorereaders.D.Theycouldregainpublictrust.30.Whowerethenewsp

apersofthenewtrendtargetedat?A.Localpoliticians.B.Commonpeople.C.Youngpublishers.D.Richbusinessmen.31.Whatcanwesayaboutthebirthofthepennypap

er?A.Itwasadifficultprocess.B.Itwasatemporarysuccess.C.Itwasarobberyofthepoor.D.Itwasadisasterforprinters.题组三（2018

年高考真题）Passage1(2018·全国新课标卷I，D)Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepu

singourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdate

ddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRoche

sterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestop

usingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcom

puters,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andL

CDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn’tthrow

outouroldones.―Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,‖said

oneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeeping

theseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithca

thoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions(排放)morethandoublingduringthe19

92to2007window.Sowhat’sthesolution(解决方案)?Theteam’sdataonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldha

ppenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.Theyfoundth

atmoreon-demandentertainmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.32

.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A.Theyareenvironment-friendly.B.Theyarenobetterthantheold.C.Theycostmoretouseathome

.D.Theygooutofstylequickly.33.WhydidBabbitt’steamconducttheresearch?A.Toreducethecostofminerals.B.Totestthelifecycleof

aproduct.C.Toupdateconsumersonnewtechnology.D.Tofindoutelectricityconsumptionofthedevices.34.Whichofthefollowingusestheleastenergy?A.Thebox-setTV.

B.Thetablet.C.TheLCDTV.D.Thedesktopcomputer.35.Whatdoesthetextsuggestpeopledoaboutoldelectronicdevices?A.St

opusingthem.B.Takethemapart.C.Upgradethem.D.Recyclethem.Passage2(2018·全国新课标卷I，B)GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverym

orning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.

InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunde

r£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’sleantintopractic

einherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11."WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexpla

ins."Ipay£5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe’renotaw

arehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves."Theeight-partseries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV’sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,w

hichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdex

pense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyin

needofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.24.Whatdoweknowabou

tSusannaReid?A.Sheenjoysembarrassingherguests.B.Shehasstartedanewprogramme.C.Shedislikesworkingearlyinthemorning.D.Shehashadatightbudgetfo

rherfamily.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hepreparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.

D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.26.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparagraph4?A.Summarizethepreviouspara

graphs.B.Providesomeadviceforthereaders.C.Addsomebackgroundinformation.D.Introduceanewtopicfordiscussion.27.Whatcanbeasuitab

letitleforthetext?A.KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.MakingyourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLessC.M

akingYourselfaPerfectChefD.CookingWellforLessPassage3(2018·全国新课标卷II，B)ManyofusloveJulybecauseit’sthemonthwh

ennature’sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsformBritishColumbia’sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.Of

thecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalit

tlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).Theyellowandorangesto

nefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?Howeve

r,theyarerichinvitaminC.Whencombinedwithberriesofslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakes

andlowfat―icecream‖.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagso

rcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,

dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.Ifyouhaveajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.O

utcomesa―soft-serve‖creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfroz

enbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.24.Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A.Theycontainprotein.B.They

arehighinvitaminA.C.Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D.Theyarerichinantioxidants.25.Whyisfreshlemonjuiceusedinfreezingbananas?A.Tomakethemsmellbetter.B.To

keeptheircolour.C.Tospeeduptheirripening.D.Toimprovetheirnutrition.26.Whatis―ajuicer‖inthelastparagraph?A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acont

ainer.D.Amachine.27.Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A.Abiologytextbook.B.Ahealthmagazine.C.Aresearchpaper.D.Atravelbrochure.Passage4(2018·北京卷，B)FindY

ourAdventureattheSpaceandAviation(航空)CenterIfyou’relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.

TheCenteroffersprogramsdesignedtochallengeandinspirewithhands-ontasksandlotsoffun.Morethan750,000havegraduatedfromSAC,withmanyseekingemploymenti

nengineering,aviation,education,medicineandawidevarietyofotherprofessions.Theycometocamp,wantingtoknowwhatitisliketobeanastronautorapilot,andt

heyleavewithreal-worldapplicationsforwhatthey’restudyingintheclassroom.Forthetrainees,theprogramsalso

offeragreatwaytoearnmeritbadges(荣誉徽章).AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learn

aboutspacetasksandtrysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.TheAviationChallengeprogramgivestrai

neesthechancetoearntheirAviationbadge.Theylearntheprinciplesofflightandtesttheiroperatingskillsinthecockpit(驾驶舱)ofavarietyofflightsimulat

ors.TraineesalsogetagoodstartontheirWildernessSurvivalbadgeastheylearnaboutwater-andland-survivalthroughd

esignedtasksandtheirsearchandrescueof＂downed＂pilot.Withalltheprograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingp

artofabiggertask.Allthisfunisavailableforages9to18.Familiescanenjoytheexperiencetogether,too,withFamily

Campprogramsforfamilieswithchildrenasyoungas7.Stayanhourorstayaweek—thereissomethinghereforeveryone!Formoredetails,pleasevisitusonlineatwww.oursac

.com.40.WhydopeoplecometoSAC?A.Toexperienceadventures.B.Tolookforjobsinaviation.C.Togetadegreeinengineering.D.Tolea

rnmoreaboutmedicine.41.ToearnaSpaceExplorationbadge,atraineeneedsto.A.flytospaceB.getanAviationbadgefirstC.studytheprinciplesofflightD.buildan

dfiremodelrockets42.Whatisthemostimportantfortrainees?A.Leadership.B.Teamspirit.C.Taskplanning.D.Survivalskills

.题组四（名校模拟题）Passage1（2020·河北衡水中学高三一模）PigeonsinLondonhaveabadreputation.Somepeoplecallthemflyingrats.Andmanyblamethemforca

usingpollutionwiththeirdroppings.Butnowthebirdsarebeingusedtofightanotherkindofpollutioninthiscityof8.5million.―Theproblemforairpollutionisthat

it’sbeenlargelyignoredasanissueforalongtime,‖saysAndreaLee,whoworksfortheLondon-basedenvironmentalorganizationCli

entEarth.―Peopledon’trealizehowbaditis,andhowitactuallyaffectstheirhealth.‖London’spoorairqualityislinkedtonearly10,000ea

rlydeathsayear.Leesays,citing(引用)areportreleasedbythecitymanagerlastyear.Ifpeoplewerebetterinformedaboutthepollutionthey’rebreathing,shesays,

theycouldpressurethegovernmenttodosomethingaboutit.Nearby,onawindyhillinLondon’sRegent’sPark,anexperimentisunderwaythatc

ouldhelp—thefirstweekofflightsbythePigeonAirPatrol.ItallbeganwhenPierreDuquesnoy,thedirectorforDigitasLB

i,amarketingfirm,wonaLondonDesignFestivalcontestlastyeartoshowhowaworldproblemcouldbesolvedusingTwitter.Duquesnoy,fromFrance,chosetheproblemofairp

ollution.―Basically,Irealizedhowimportanttheproblemwas,‖hesays.―ButalsoIrealizedthatmostofthepeoplearoundmedidn’tknowanythingaboutit.‖D

uquesnoysayshewantstobettermeasurepollution,whileatthesametimemakingtheresultsaccessibletothepublicthroughTwitter.―So‖,hewondere

d,―howcouldwegoacrossthecityquicklycollectingasmuchdataaspossible?‖Droneswerehisfirstthought.Butit’silleg

altoflythemoverLondon.―ButpigeonscanflyaboveLondon,right?‖hesays.―Theylive—actually,theyareLondonersaswell.So,yeah,Ithoughtab

outusingpigeonsequippedwithmobileapps.Andwecanusenotjuststreetpigeons,butracingpigeons,becausetheyflyprettyquic

klyandprettylow.‖SoitmightbetimeforLondonerstohavemorerespectfortheirpigeons.Thebirdsmayjustbehelpingtoimprovethequalityofth

ecity’sair.5．WhatcanweinferaboutLondon’sairqualityfromParagraph2?A．Londonersareverysatisfiedwithit.B．Thegovernmentistryingtoim

proveit.C．Londonersshouldpaymoreattentiontoit.D．Thegovernmenthasdonealottoimproveit.6．DuquesnoyattendedtheLondonDesi

gnFestivalto_________.A．entertainLondoners.B．solveaworldproblem.C．designaproductforsale.D．protectanimalslikepigeons.7．WhydidDuquesnoygiveupu

singdronestoflyacrossLondon?A．Becausetheyaretooexpensive.B．Becausetheyflytooquickly.C．Becausetheyareforbidden.D．Becausetheyflytoohigh.

8．Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．CleanairinLondon.B．London’sdirtysecret.C．London’snewpollutionfighter.D．CausesofairpollutioninLondon.Passage2（2

020·天津耀华中学高三一模）Aremotecontrolisseeminglycapableofinvisiblemagictomostofus.Wejustassumeitshould.Andthelongeragiventechnologyexits,themorewetakei

tforgranted.Considerforamomentasplitscreenshowingmodemremotecontrolusersversusthefirstremotecontrolusers:theoriginalus

erswouldbecarefullyaimingtheremotedirectlyatthetelevision,readingthenamesofthebuttonstofindtherightone,andintentionallypressingthebutton

withaforcethataddsnothingtotheeffectivenessofthedevice.Themodernuserswouldbeleaningonasofa,pointingtheremoteanywhichway

instinctively（本能的）feelingforthebuttontheydesired,intuiting（凭直觉知道）itssize,shape,andpositionontheremote.Humansareknownforbeinghandywithtoo

ls,soitisnosurprisethatwegetsocomfortablewithourtechnology.However,aswebecomeincreasinglycomfortablewithhowtousenewtechnologi

es,webecomelessawareofhowtheywork.Mostpeoplewhousemoderntechnologyknownothingofitsunderlyingscience.Theyhavespentneithermentalnorfinancialresource

sonitsdevelopment.Andyet,ratherthanbehumbled（使谦逊）byitsoriginality,weconsumersoftenbecomeunfairlydemandingofwhatourtechnolog

yShoulddoforus.Manyofthelandmarkinventionsofthetwentiethcenturyfollowedpredictabletracks:initialversio

nsofeachtechnology(television,videogames,computers,cellphones,etc.)succeededinimpressingthegeneralpublic.Then,thesewonderfulne

winventionsquicklybecamecommonplace.Soon,thefocusofconsumerattitudestowardsthemchangedfromgratitudewithrespecttodi

scriminatingpreference.Televisionsneededtobebiggerandhaveahigherresolution.Videogamesneededtobemorerealistic.Computersneededtobem

orepowerfulyetsmallerinsize.Cellphonesneededtobesmalleryetcapableofperformingothertaskssuchastakingpictures,accessingtheInternet,andevenplay

ingmovies.Forchildrenofthelasttwentyyearsbornintothismodernlife,thesetechnologicalmarvelsseemlikeelementsoftheperiodictable:agiveningredientthat

issimplypartoftheuniverse.Youngergenerationsdon'teventrytoimaginelifewithoutmodemconveniences.Theydonotappreciat

etheunprecedented（史无前例的）technologythatisintheirpossession;rather,theycomplainaboutthewaysinwhichitfailstoliveuptoidea

lexpectations.―Mydigitalvideorecorderathomedoesn'tallowmetoprogramitfrommycomputeratwork.‖―It'stakingtoolongforthisinteractiv

emaptodisplayonmyportableGPS‖.Ifitsoundsasthoughwe'reneversatisfied,wearen't.Ofcourse,ourcomplaintsdoactuallymotivateengineersto

continuallyrefinetheirproducts.Afterall.attherootofourtool-makinginstinctisthenotion(观念）that―theremustbe

abetterway.‖Thus,theshortcomingsofanycurrentversionoftechnologyarepinnedonthelimitationsofitsdesigners,andthe

expectationisthatsomeone,somewhereisworkingonhowtomaketheexistingproductevenbetter.35．Thesecondparagraphisusedtosuggestthat______________.

A．modemhumansdonotpayenoughattentiontoinstructionsB．remotecontrolshavebecomefarmoreeffectiveovertheyearsC．consumerbehaviortowar

dnewformsoftechnologychangesovertimeD．thefirstconsumersofnewtechnologyusednewdeviceswitheaseandcomfort

36．Thepassagestatesthatoriginalusersofremotecontrolslikely__________.A．havenoinstinctivefeelingforsizesandshapesB．pressthebuttonsharderthan

itisnecessaryC．don'ttrustontheeffectivenessofremotecontrolD．havedifficultyreadingthenamesofthebuttons37．Whichofthefollowingcanillustratepeop

le'sdiscriminatingpreference?A．Peopletakeagiventechnologyforgranted.B．Consumersexpectmorepowerfulcomputers.C．Child

renlackpatiencewiththeshortcomingsoftechnology.D．Originalusersunfairlydemandofwhattechnologyshoulddo.38．Wh

atdoestheunderlinedstatementinparagraph6probablymean?A．Spaceexplorationprovidesuswithnewtechnology.B．Adultslearntechnologyw

hiletheyaredoinghouseholdchores.C．Highexpectationmakesupforthelimitationoftechnologydesigners.D．Consumersregardmanytechnologicalinventi

onsasunremarkable39．Thewriterthinksthewaypeopleconsidertechnology____________.A．encouragedesigners'creativityB．limithumans’produc

tivityC．raiseconsumers'expectationD．guaranteeusers'satisfactionPassage32020·江苏江都高三二模）Sweetpotatoplantsdon'thavespinesorpoisonstodefendthemselves.B

utsomehaveevolvedacleverwaytolethungryherbivores(食草动物)knowtheyaren'tanall-you-can-eatbuffet,anewstudyfinds.Whenoneleafinjured,itproduce

sachemicalthatwarmstherestoftheplantanditsneighborstomakethemselvesinedible(不宜食用的)tobugs.Sweetpotatobreederscouldpotentiallyengineerplantstop

roducethechemicalasanall-naturalpestdefense.PlantecologistsledbyAxelMithoferoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforChemicalEcologyinJena,Germany,startedtolookint

osweetpotato(Ipomoeabatatas)defensesaftertheynoticedsomethinginterestingabouttwovarietiesoftheplantgrowninTaiwan:The

yellow-skinned,yellow-fleshedTainong57isgenerallyherbivore-resistant,butitsdarkerorangecousin,Tainong66,isplagued(造

成麻烦)byinsectpests.Tofindoutwhy,theteamofferedupTainong57and66plantstohungryAfricancottonleafwormcaterpillars(毛虫).B

othplantsreleasedatleast40airbornecompoundsasthecaterpillarssnackedontheirleaves.ButTainong57producedalotmoreofachemicalcalledDMNT,whichhasaver

ydistinctsmell,theteamdetailsthismonthinScientificReports.(―Thesmellisnotnice,‖Mithofersays.―Youwouldn'twanti

tasaperfume.‖)DMNTisn'tanewcompound;researchershaveisolated(分离出)thesmellychemicalfromotherplantssuchascornandcab

bage,anditisknowntoinducedefenseresponsesinsomespecies.Todeterminewhetherthiswashappeninginsweetpotatoes,scientistssetuptwoexperiments.First,t

heyputtwoplantsnexttoeachotherandwoundedonesoitproducedDMNT.Then,theyexposedhealthyTainong57plantstoDMNTtheyhad

synthesized(合成).Inbothcases,theDMNTcausedtheexposedplantstoproducemoreofaproteincalledsporaminintheirleaves.(Tainong66d

idnothavethesamereaction.)Whenthecaterpillar’ssnackonsporamin,―theyimmediatelystopeatingbecausetheydon'tfeelw

ell,‖Mithofersays.Sporaministhemainproteininsweetpotatotubers(块茎),andisindigestibleraw,whichiswhysweetpotatoesmustbecookedforhumanstoenjoythem.―Ift

hecaterpillarscouldcookit,theycouldeatit,‖Mithofersays.Theoretically,hesays,sweetpotatobreederscouldusegeneticen

gineeringtomakedifferentvarietiesofsweetpotatoproduceasmuchDMNTasTainong57,anddisplaythesamedefenseresponses.Still,theresearchisn'treadyforprime

time,cautionsplantecologistMartinHeil.DMNTmightworkinthelab,butinthefield,airbornechemicalscanbe―blownawayinseconds,‖saysHeil,whostudiesplant-

insectinteractionsattheNationalPolytechnicInstituteinIrapuato,Mexico.Mithoferhimselfhasnoplansnowtocreategenetica

llyengineeredsweetpotatoplants,becausetheywouldnotbeaviable(能活下去的)cropinEurope,wheregeneticallymodifiedcropsar

eoutlawed.Sofornow,Tainong66willhavetoputupwithbeingacaterpillarsaladbar.1．WhatisthepurposeoftheexperimentcarriedoutbyAxel'steam?A．Tofind

outwhyDMNThasaverydistinctsmell.B．Todeterminewhichsweetpotatosuitscaterpillarsbetter.C．TofindoutwhyT

ainong57resistsbugswhileTainong66doesn't.D．Todeterminewhatcompoundsarereleasedwhenbugseatsweetpotatoes.2．Whi

chisanexampleoftheunderlinedwords―defenseresponse‖inParagraph4?A．Researcherisolatedthesmellychemicalfromplants.B．Cornproducesachemicaltoa

voidbeingeatenbybugs.C．Twoplantsareputnexttoeachotherforanexperiment.D．Caterpillarshavestomachtroublewhentheysnackonspor

amin.3．Thetoneofthethispassagecanbedescribedas.A．humorousB．seriousC．causalD．subjective4．What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardsGMTainong66?A

．Supportive.B．Objective.C．Opposed.D．Skeptical.Passage4（2020·山西大同高三月考）ThenewgarbagesortingregulationhastakeneffectinShanghaistarting

July1.Manycitizensarestillconfusedabouttheclassificationofthefourdifferenttypesoftrash.Thankfully,authorities

havereleasedanofficialguidelinetoclarifythenewrules.Theguideline,publishedbytheShanghaiGreeneryandPublicSanitationBureau,providesarathercl

eardefinitiononthefourkindsofwaste:recyclablewaste,hazardous(有害的)waste,householdfoodwasteandresidual(剩余的)waste.Hazardouswast

e,asthenamesuggests,includesassortedpoisonousmaterialslikeusedbatteries,lightbulbs,out-of-datemedicines,

paintandpesticides.Householdfoodwaste,whichistranslatedto―wettrash‖inChinese，referstofoodleftovers,rott

enfood,petfood,fruitpeels,remainsofTCMherbs(中药)andflowers.Paper,plastic,glass,metalandtextiles(纺织品)arecountedasrecycl

ablewaste.Thedefinitionofresidualwasteisalittleconfusing.Anythingthatisnotlistedabovebelongsinthiscategory.Asspecificas

thenewguidelineis,residentsstillhaveahardtimesortingtrashcorrectlyandarefindingitchallengingtomemorizethemall.Forins

tance,bothplasticbottlesandbubbleteaorcoffeecupsareplasticmaterials.However,theformerfallstothecategory

ofrecyclablewasteandthelatterbelongstoresidualwaste.Tosavethehassle,somenetizenshavecomeupwiththeirownwaystosorttrash.―Weshou

lddothisfromapig’sangle,‖commentedonenetizen.―Thoseedible(可食用的)forpigsarehouseholdfoodwaste.Thoseevenpigs

don’twanttoeatareresidualwaste.Ifapigconsumessomethinganddiesofit,thensomethingmustbehazardouswaste.Thosewhichcanbesoldandthemoneywegaincanbeusedtop

urchasepigsarerecyclablewaste.‖ThenewregulationhasgoneintoeffectonJuly1.ThosewhodonotsorttheirtrashproperlywillbefinedRMB200.1．Whatdotheoldthrown-

awaysweatersbelongto?A．Residualwaste.B．Hazardouswaste.C．Recyclablewaste.D．Householdfoodwaste.2．Whatdoes―wettrash‖haveincommon?A．Theyar

ecompletelywet.B．Theyallcomefromplants.C．Theycangiveoffbadsmell.D．Theycanbreakupeasily.3．Whatisthetoneofth

enetizen?A．Humorous.B．Serious.C．Delightful.D．Uncertain.4．Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A．Shanghaibansfoursort

sofgarbage.B．Shanghailaunchesgarbagesortingenforcement.C．CitizensinShanghaistillquestiongarbagesorting.

D．CitizensinShanghaiwelcomethegarbagesortingpolicy.题组一Passage1(2020·全国新课标卷I，C)【答案】28．C29．D30．A31．B【解析】这是一篇说明

文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。28．细节理解题。根据第二段“Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthro

ughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸

直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。29．细节理解题。根据最后一段―Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunni

ng,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.‖可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。30．细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr.Nor

berg说的话―Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnprop

ertechnique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)‖可知，Dr.Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。31．推理判断题。根据第一段―Racewalkingsharesmanyfitne

ssbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownprobl

em.‖可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。Passage2(2020·全国新课标卷II，B)【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智

力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。24．细节理解题。根据第二段中„foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill(在

2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间技能。B.Developingspatialskills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B项。25．细节理解题。根据

第二段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'income,e

ducationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.(Levine说，在父母的收入、教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine在设计这个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的

次数。C.Parents'education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C项。26．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirl

s,可知男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D项。27．主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，

研究过程和结果。所以是关于科学研究的。B.Ascientificstudy(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B项。Passage3(2020·全国新课标卷III，D)【答案】32．B33．D34．C35．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年

前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。32．推理判断题。根据第一段的wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutiont

hatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes,theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.(我们是进化的产物，而

且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B

.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。33．细节理解题。根据第二段的TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinhundredsofthousandsin

Indonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallyliveonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesons

tiltsincoastalwaters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海区域。D.Off

thecoast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。34．细节理解题。根据第三段的weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可

知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.(他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说法，故选C项。35．主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的OnThursdayinanarti

clepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaption-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而

是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更适应海洋生活。A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。Passage4(2020·全国山东新高考卷I，D)

【答案】12．D13．D14．A15．C【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详述了这个实验的过程。12．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Acc

ordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根据

消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为的。故选D。13．词义猜测题。根据前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideat

ingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是thebeanpoleswit

hbigappetites。由contraryto可推断出，画线词和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故选D。14．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Totest

theeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研

究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ifan

overweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsu

it.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的

。故选C。题组二Passage1【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。28.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的Atpresent,thes

etechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.和第二段的ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevicethatgetsaroundthi

sproblem:asmartkeyboard.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。29.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofs

ecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser’stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus，thekeyboardca

ndeterminepeople’sidentities可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选C。30.B【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Theteamhopestomake

ittomarketinthenearfuture.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。31.D【解析】推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space用户带来安全，由此可知，本

文是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。Passage2【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。32.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool,I

enjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是

一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。33.A【解析】主旨大意题。第二段MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocateg

ories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.（临床心理学教授MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对thelikable和thestatusseekers做了解释，所以

本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。34.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment（它清楚地表

明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授MitchPrinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。35.A【解析】标题归纳题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“

对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。Passage3【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。32.A【解析】细节理解题。根

据第一段中的“Bacteriaareannoyingproblemforastronauts.ThemicroorganismsformourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastron

autsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“th

emicroorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知，A项符合题意。33.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroom

swithNASAengineers.Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。G

ordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌,...”。结合最后一段中的“GordonstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起

探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCHprogram的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。34.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,atth

eendoftheyear,presentittoNASA,”“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...It’snotaverynicethingattimes

.It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。35.B主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借助美国国家航空航天局的H

UNCH高中班，此计划的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。故选B。Passage4【语篇解读】本文为说明文。文章叙述了“便士报纸”的

诞生历史。28.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before1830s，...Accordinglynewspaperswerereadalmostonlybyrichpeople.Inaddition,mostnewspapershadlitt

leinthemthatwouldappealtomassaudience.Theyweredullandvisuallyforbidding.”可知，在19世纪30年代之前,只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，，视觉上令人望而却

步。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选项，A.Academic学术的；B.Unattractive没有吸引力，无魅力的；C.Inexpensive廉价的，不贵的；D.Confidential机密的，保密的。可知A、C和D是错误的，只有B符合题意，故选B。29.C【解析】推理判断题。根

据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。结合第三段中间的“streetssalesofnewspaperswouldbecommonplacedineasterncities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可

知C符合题，故选C。30.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Thetrend,then,was‘pennypaper’—atermreferringtopapersmadewidelyavailabletoth

epublic.perhapsmoreimportantlyitmeantnewspapersthatcouldbeboughtinsinglecopiesonthestreet.”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大

众的，在街上可以买的到报纸。分析选项可知，选项B符合题意，故选B。31.A【解析】推理判断题。第二段“Thetrend,then,was‘pennypaper’”及最后一段“Thenewtrendofnewspapersfor‘themanonthe

street’didnotbeginwell.Someoftheearlyventureswereimmediatelyfailures.Publishersalreadyinbusiness,peoplewhoownersofsuccessfulpapers,hadlittledesire

stochangethetradition.Ittookafewyouthfulanddaringbusinessmentogettheballrolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期

的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A项符合题意，故选A。题组三Passage1【文章大

意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。32.A【解析】观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–a

ndourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设

备更多的能量。由此推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。33.D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbitt

andhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife可知，Babbi

tt’steam研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。34.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的Theyfoundthatmoreon-demandentertainmentviewing

ontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。35.A【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以

作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。Passage2【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。24.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReid

isusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。25.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段

中的InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhow

toreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.可知，Susanna在MattTebbutt的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：

同义词表达withthehelpof和help。26.C【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.可知，Save

Money:GoodFood节目是SaveMoney:GoodHealth节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。27.D【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在

讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的preparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜；howtoreducefoodwaste

,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱；howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodour

selves.我们自己做这种食物有多便宜；lessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。Passage3【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文章主要介绍并比较了几种水果各自的营养价值和健康功效，并列出了一些食用这些水果的方法。

24.C【解析】细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。25.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的Ifyoulik

e,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香蕉的颜色的。故选B。26.D【

解析】词义猜测题。根据最后一段中theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台

机器的上部，然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出ajuicer就是一台机器。故选D。27.B【解析】文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用ajuicer为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A项意为：生物教科书；B

项意为：一本健康杂志；C项意为：一篇研究论文；D项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。Passage4【文章大意】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦

想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。40.A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句Ifyou’relookingforauniqueadventure,theSpaceandAviationCenter(SAC)istheplacetobe.可知，人们来SAC是为

了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A。41.D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段AtSpaceCamp,traineescanearntheirSpaceExplorationbadgeastheybuildandfiremodelrockets,learnaboutspacetasksandt

rysimulated(模拟)flyingtospacewiththecrewfromallovertheworld.可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模拟太空飞行等，故选D。42.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段Withallthepr

ograms,teamworkiskeyastraineeslearntheimportanceofleadershipandbeingpartofabiggertask.可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，故选B

。题组四Passage1【答案】5．C6．B7．C8．C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一个用鸽子监测伦敦的空气质量的创意。5．推理判断题。根据第二段“Theproblemforairpollutionisthatit’sbeenlargelyignored

asanissueforalongtime,‖（空气污染的问题在很大程度上已经被忽视了很久）以及Peopledon’trealizehowbaditis,andhowitactuallyaffectstheirhealth.（人们没有意识到它有多糟糕，以及它实际上如何影响他们的

健康。）由此推断出，伦敦人应该更关注伦敦的空气质量，故选C。6．细节理解题。根据第三段ItallbeganwhenPierreDuquesnoy,thedirectorforDigitasLBi,amarketingfirm,wonaLondonDesignFestivalc

ontestlastyeartoshowhowaworldproblemcouldbesolvedusingTwitter.可知,Duquesnoy参加伦敦设计节是为了解决一个世界性的问题，故选B。7．细节理解题。

根据第五段Butit’sillegaltoflythemoverLondon.由此可知，最初，Duquesnoy想用无人机飞跃伦敦监测空气质量，但是因为市内禁止无人机飞行，所以他放弃了这个想法，故选C。8．主旨大意题。根据第一段Butnowt

hebirdsarebeingusedtofightanotherkindofpollutioninthiscityof8.5million.和最后一段SoitmightbetimeforLondonerstohavemorerespectfortheirpigeons.Thebirds

mayjustbehelpingtoimprovethequalityofthecitysair.这些关键句可知，这篇文章主要讲了Duquesnoy用鸽子监测空气质量，引起人们关注空气污染，鸽子成了伦敦新

的环保战士，故选C。Passage2【答案】35．C36．B37．B38．D39．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了消费者对新技术形式的行为会随着时间的推移而改变。每种技术（电视、视频游戏、计算机、手机等）的最初版本成功地给大众留下了深刻的印象。然后，这些

奇妙的新发明很快就变得司空见惯了。很快，消费者对他们的态度焦点从感恩转向歧视性偏好。当然，人们看待技术的方式确实鼓励了设计师的创造力。35．推理判断题。根据第二段theoriginaluserswouldbecarefullyaimingtheremotedirectlyatthetele

vision,readingthenamesofthebuttonstofindtherightone,andintentionallypressingthebuttonwithaforcethatad

dsnothingtotheeffectivenessofthedevice.Themodernuserswouldbeleaningonasofa,pointingtheremoteanywhichwayinstinctivel

y（本能的）feelingforthebuttontheydesired,intuiting（凭直觉知道）itssize,shape,andpositionontheremote.（最初的用户会仔细地将遥控器对准电视机，阅读按钮的名称以找到正确的按钮，然后有意地以一种不会增

加设备有效性的力度按下按钮。现代的用户可能会靠在沙发上，将遥控器指向任何方向，本能地感受他们想要的按钮，凭直觉判断遥控器的大小、形状和位置）可推知第二段是用来说明消费者对新技术形式的行为会随着时间的推移而改变。故选C。36．细节理解题。根据第二段theor

iginaluserswouldbecarefullyaimingtheremotedirectlyatthetelevision,readingthenamesofthebuttonstofindtherightone,andintentio

nallypressingthebuttonwithaforcethataddsnothingtotheeffectivenessofthedevice.（最初的用户会仔细地将遥控器对准电视机，阅读按钮的名称以找到正确的按钮，然后有意地以一种不会增加设备有效性

的力度按下按钮）可知文中指出，最初使用遥控器的用户按下按钮的力度可能比必要的更大。故选B。37．细节理解题。根据第四段Soon,thefocusofconsumerattitudestowardsthemchangedfromgrati

tudewithrespecttodiscriminatingpreference.（很快，消费者对他们的态度重心从感恩转向了歧视性偏好）和第五段Computersneededtobemorepowerfulyetsmallerinsize.（计算机需要功能更强大但体积更小）可知“消费

者期待更强大的电脑”可以说明人们的歧视性偏好。故选B。38．词句猜测题。根据划线句后面的句子agiveningredientthatissimplypartoftheuniverse.Youngergenerationsdon'teventrytoimaginelifew

ithoutmodemconveniences.Theydonotappreciatetheunprecedented（史无前例的）technologythatisintheirpossession;rather,theycomplainab

outthewaysinwhichitfailstoliveuptoidealexpectations.（一个给定的成分，只是宇宙的一部分。年轻一代甚至不去想象没有现代便利设施的生活。他们不欣赏他们所拥有的前所未有的技术;相反，他们抱怨它无法达到理想的期望）可推知

，划线的句子意思是消费者认为许多技术发明很平常。故选D。39．推理判断题。根据最后一段Ofcourse,ourcomplaintsdoactuallymotivateengineerstocontinuallyrefinetheirproducts.（当然，我们的抱怨确实激励着工程师

不断改进他们的产品）可推知作者认为人们看待技术的方式鼓励了设计师的创造力。故选A。Passage3【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。一项新的研究发现，有些甘薯植物在叶子受损时会产生一种化学物质来保护自己不被食草动物吃掉。植物生态学家对此现象进行了深入的研究。1．

推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Tainong57isgenerallyherbivore-resistant,but…Tainong66,isplaguedbyinsectpests.”和第三段的“Tofindoutwhy,theteamofferedup…”可知，Tainong57一

般都是抗草食动物的，但Tainong66却受到害虫的侵扰，因此，Axel的研究小组做实验是为了找出Tainong57能抵抗虫子，而Tainong66却不能的原因。故选C。2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“DMNTisn’tanewcompound;researchershaveisolated

(分离出)thesmellychemicalfromotherplantssuchascomandcabbage,anditisknowntoinducedefenseresponsesinsomespecies.”可知

，DMNT并不是一种新的化合物，研究人员已经从其它植物如玉米和卷心菜中分离出这种有臭味的化学物质，人们知道它能使某些物种产生防御反应，因此玉米产生一种化学物质以避免被虫子吃掉是“防御反应”的一个例子。故选B。3．推理判断题。

由第三段的“Youwouldn’twantitasaperfume.(你不会想要DMNT作为香水的)”和第六段中的“Ifthecaterpillarscouldcookit,theycouldeatit,”(如果毛毛虫

能将甘薯煮熟，它们就可以吃甘薯了)”和最后一段的“Sofornow,Tainong66willhavetoputupwithbeingacaterpillarsaladbar.(所以现在，Tainong66将不得不忍受成为毛毛虫的美味餐馆)可知，从这几处可以看出，文章中使

用了“比喻”和“拟人”的写作手法，给人带来的是“幽默的”感觉。A.humorous幽默的；B.serious严肃的；C.casual漫不经心的；D.subjective主观的。故选A。4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Mit

hoferhimselfhasnoplansnowtocreategeneticallyengineeredsweetpotatoplants,becausetheywouldnotbeaviablecropinEurope,wheregeneticall

ymodifiedcropsareoutlawed.Sofornow,Tainong66willhavetoputupwithbeingacaterpillarsaladbar.”可知，Mithofer本人目前还没有计划

创造转基因甘薯植物，因为在欧洲，转基因作物是不合法的，因此它们不会成为一种可种植的作物。所以现在，Tainong66将不得不忍受成为毛毛虫的美味餐馆。因此从作者引用研究人员的研究结果来看，作者接受目前的现状，即对于Tainong66的态度是“客观的”，没有表现出支持、反对和怀疑

的态度来。A.Supportive.支持的；B.Objective.客观的；C.Opposed.反对的；D.Skeptical.怀疑的。故选B。Passage4【答案】1．C2．D3．A4．B【解析】这是一篇说明文。

文章主要讲述了上海执行新的垃圾分类规定，并对垃圾分类给出了官方解释。1．推理判断题。根据文章第五段的Paper,plastic,glass,metalandtextiles(纺织品)arecountedasrecyclablewaste

.(纸，塑料，玻璃，铁制品和纺织品都属于可回收垃圾)可知，纺织品属于可回收垃圾，扔掉的旧毛衣属于纺织品，故它是可回收垃圾。C.Recyclablewaste.(可回收垃圾)符合以上推测，故选C项。2．推理判断

题。根据文章第四段的Householdfoodwaste,whichistranslatedto―wettrash‖inChinese，referstofoodleftovers,rottenfood,petfood,fruitpeels,remainsofTCMherb

s(中药)andflowers.(家庭食物垃圾，中文也叫湿垃圾，是指食物剩余，腐烂的食品，宠物食品，水果皮，中药残余和花等)可推测，湿垃圾有一个共同特征——容易降解。D.Theycanbreakupeasily.(它们容易降解)符合以上推测，故选D项。3．推理判断题

。根据文章最后一段的Weshoulddothisfromapig’sangle,‖commentedonenetizen.―Thoseedible(可食用的)forpigsarehouseholdfoodwaste.Tho

seevenpigsdon’twanttoeatareresidualwaste.Ifapigconsumessomethinganddiesofit,thensomethingmustbehazardouswaste.Thosewhichcanbesoldandthemoneywegai

ncanbeusedtopurchasepigsarerecyclablewaste.(一位网友说，我们可以从猪的角度来做这件事，猪可以食用的是家庭食物垃圾；那些猪都不吃的是残余物；如果一头猪吃了什么东西死了，那些东西一定是有害垃圾

；那些可以卖掉赚钱卖猪的是可回收垃圾)可以看出该网友很幽默。故选A项。4．主旨大意题。这是一篇说明文，其主旨一般在首段或者尾段。根据本文的主要内容，尤其是第一段的Thenewgarbagesortingregulationhastakeneffectin

ShanghaistartingJuly1.(新的垃圾分类规定已定于7月1日在上海生效)和Thankfully,authoritieshavereleasedanofficialguidelinetoclarifythenewrules.(值得庆幸的是，

当局已经发布了一份官方指南来澄清这些新规定)可知，本文主要讲述上海执行新的垃圾分类标准。B.Shanghailaunchesgarbagesortingenforcement.(上海实行垃圾分类执法)可以概括本文主旨，故选B项。