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考点32阅读理解主旨大意题高考频度：★★★★★高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分

运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetex

t?/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis_________.(3)Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthi

spassageis…(4)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison_________.(5)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(6)Whatisthem

ainideaofthepassage?(7)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(8)Thepurposeofthispassageis.(9)Whichofthefollowingstatements

isbestsupportedbythetext?(10)Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?(11)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.从上述命题形式可以看出，此类阅读测试题主要

可概括为两大类，即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意——主题句定位法文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子，段

落围绕着中心思想展开，而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想，文章的主题句通常都有一个话题，它是文章的核心。―主题句定位

法‖是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题

句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming)，浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，

只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：1.中心主题句出现在文首开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式

，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为―新闻导语‖，―导语‖实际上就是主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。（2020·新课标III

卷，C）Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤独),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,

forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law,shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.Fouryearsagotheya

llmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol-oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafront

doorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.―Wefloatedtheideatomymumofs

haringatahouse,‖saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:―WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit’sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-

law.‖AndwhatdoesNickthink?―Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.‖

It’shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhou

seholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2001to419,000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepe

oplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;manymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaid

thatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.Thetotalnumberofallmultigener

ationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyroo

ted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband’sfamilywhentheygetmarried.31．W

hatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B．Conflictsbetweengenerations.C．AhousingprobleminBritain.D．ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.【答案】3

1．D【解析】31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段―Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤独),morefamil

iesarechoosingtolivetogether.‖可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选D项。2.主题句出

现在文尾在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式，即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。（2020·新课标I卷，D）Theconne

ctionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio，forex

ample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhenth

eirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchanging

theactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantstha

thavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanen

gineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicaleng

ineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(发光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreatea

faintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight，aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby，isjustastart.Thetechn

ology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture，theteam

hopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengi

neersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotal

electricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(电源)-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotof

energyislostduringtransmission(传输).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.35．Whichofth

efollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B．Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C．Cou

ldglowingplantsreplacelamps?D．Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?【答案】35．C【解析】35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lightingaccountsforab

out7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttos

treetlampsonaremotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7

%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这

种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.The

yusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendof

thefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled―cross‖.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimes

aspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreat

funitplayinglacrosse.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlisten

tothelacrossegamesovertheradio.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.1.Thepassageismainlyabout___

________.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada【答案】D【解析】作者先后两次提到―长曲棍球在

加拿大很受欢迎‖，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系

，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。（2020·新课标II卷，D）Ihaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader,someti

mesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties,I

livedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfr

omshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedm

eaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(来源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremyk

idscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread,usingdifferentvoices,asthoughIwerea

ctingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.

Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonformgenerationtogeneration.Asa

novelist,I’vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan’t

affordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避风港)forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libra

ries,intheirownway,helpfightbookpiracy(盗版行为)and1thinkallwritersshouldsupportlibrariesinasignificantwayw

hentheycan.Encouragereaderstousethelibrary.Sharelibraryannouncementsonyoursocialmedia.Frequentthemandtalkaboutthemwhe

nyoucan.35．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Reading:ASourceofKnowledgeB．MyIdeaaboutwritingC．Library:AHavenfortheYoungD．MyLoveoftheLib

rary【答案】35．D【解析】35．主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。有了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持

图书馆，宣传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。4.主题句出现在文章的中间通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。TheSaha

raFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytak

esplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthego

vernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsem

enfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupso

fmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrum

sastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:t

heirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.…67.Thispassagemainlytell

sreaders_______.A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestivalB.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestivalC.whattakesplaceattheclosi

ngceremoniesoftheSaharaFestivalD.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival【答案】A【解析】从文中第二段第一句话―Durin

gtheopeningceremonies,‖可以看出，本文主要是介绍―撒哈拉节‖开幕式上的活动。答案选A。怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题——高度概括法对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的

主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。

它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况：

①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就

不突出，太小也发挥不了应起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文

章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：CHINAissuedt

hefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004inBeijing.话题：Stamps控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstset

ofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames标题：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames（2020·湖南高三二模）Iliveinasmallstudio.Isleepinabedthatf

oldsdownfromthewall.Ihavesixdressshirts.Ihave10shallowbowlsthatIuseforsaladsandmaindishes.Whenpeoplecomeoverfordinner.Ipulloutmyextendablediningroom

table.Idon'thaveasingleCDorDVDandIhave10percentofthebooksIoncedid.IhavecomealongwayfromthelifeIhadinthelate’90s

,when,havingmadeafortunefromanInternetstart-upsale,Ihadagianthousefullofstuff(物品)-electronicsandcarsandappliancesandfurniture.S

omehowthisstuffendeduprunningmylife,oralotofit;thethingsIconsumedendedupconsumingme.Mylifebecameunnecessarilycom

plicated.Therewerelawns(草坪)tomow,floorstomop,acartoinsure,wash,refuel,repairandregisterandtechtosetupandkeep

working.WhohadIbecome?MyhouseandmythingsweremynewemployersforajobIhadneverappliedfor.Istartedtowonderwhymytheore

ticallyupgradedlifedidn'tfeelanybetterandwhyIfeltmoreanxiousthanbefore.Forme,ittook15yearstogetridofthethingsIhadcollectedandliveabigger

,better,richerlifewithless.Ilikematerialthingsasmuchasanyone.Istudiedproductdesigninschool.Butmyexperie

ncesshowthatafteracertainpoint,materialobjectshaveatendencytocrowdouttheemotionalneedstheyaremeanttosupport.Iknowthebeststuff

inlifeisn'tstuffatall,andthatrelationships,experiencesandmeaningfulworkarethemainpartsofahappylife.Mylatestprojectistodesignt

houghtfullyconstructedsmallhomesthatsupportourlives,nottheotherwayaround.Thehouse1designcontainslessstuffandmakesiteasierfor

ownerstolivewithintheirmeansandtolimittheirenvironmentalfootprint.Myspaceiswell-built,affordableandasfunctionalaslivingspacestwicethesize.I

frequentlyhavedinnerpartiesfor12.IsleepbetterknowingI'mnotusingmoreresourcesthanIneed.Ihaveless-andenjoymore.Myspaceissmall.Mylifeisbig.31

．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．LivingBetterwithLessB．ConsumingLesstoSaveMoneyC．LongingfortheGoodOldDaysD．

BuildingaComfortableLivingSpace【答案】31．A【解析】31．主旨大意题。本文主题为“简单生活使作者的生活更美好”(liveabigger,better,richerlifewithless)，起始段、尾段以及中间各段落均围绕该主题展开叙述。故

选A。题组一（2020年高考真题）Passage1(2020·全国卷III，B)When―RiseofthePlanetoftheApes‖wasfirstshowntothepubliclastmo

nth,agroupofexcitedanimalactivistsgatheredonHollywoodBoulevard.Buttheyweren’ttheretothrowredpaintonfur-coat-wearingfilmstars.Instead,onea

ctivist,dressedinafull-bodymonkeysuit,hadarrivedwithasignpraisingthefilmmakers:―Thanksfornotusingrealapes(猿)!‖Thecreativ

eteambehind―Apes‖usedmotion-capture(动作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnologythatrecordsanactor’sp

erformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(图像).Inthiscase,oneofarealistic-lookingape.Yet―Apes‖ismoreexceptiontha

ntherule.Infact,Hollywoodhasbeenhotonliveanimalslately.Onenonprofitorganization,whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfilmedentertainment,iskeepingtab

sonmorethan2,000productionsthisyear.Already,anumberoffilms,including―WaterforElephants,‖―TheHangoverPartⅡ‖and―Zookeeper,‖havedrawnthea

ngerofactivistswhosaythecreaturesactinginthemhaven’tbeentreatedproperly.Insomecases,it’snotsomuchthetreatmentoftheanimalsonsetinthe

studiothathasactivistsworried;it’stheoff-settrainingandlivingconditionsthatareraisingconcerns.Andtherearequestionsaboutthe

filmsmadeoutsidetheStates,whichsometimesarenotmonitoredascloselyasproductionsfilmedintheStates.24．Whydidtheanimalactivistsgat

heronHollywoodBoulevard?A．Toseefamousfilmstars.B．Toopposewearingfurcoats.C．Toraisemoneyforanimalprotection.D．Toexpr

essthankstosomefilmmakers.25．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Thecostofmaking“Apes.”B．Thecreationofdigi

talizedapes.C．Thepublicityabout“Apes.”D．Theperformanceofrealapes.26．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase―keep

ingtabson‖inparagraph3probablymean?A．Listingcompletely.B．Directingprofessionally.C．Promotingsuccessfully.D．Watchi

ngcarefully.27．Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraphaboutanimalactors?A．Theymaybebadlytreated.B．Theyshouldtakefurthertraining.C．Theycouldbetradedilleg

allyD．Theywouldlosepopularity.Passage32020年浙江省高考英语试卷（1月）Today'sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.Keyskillsetforsuccessispe

rsistence(毅力),acharacteristicthatresearcherssayisheavilyinfluencedbyfathers.ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersarei

nauniquepositiontohelptheiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.BYUprofessorsLauraPadilla-WalkerandRandalDayarrivedatthesefindingsafterfollo

wing325Americanfamiliesoverseveralyears.Andovertime，thepersistencegainedthroughfathersledtohigherachievementinschool."Therearerelativelyfewstudiesth

atstresstheuniqueroleoffathers，"Padilla-Walkersaid."Thisresearchalsohelpstoprovethatcharacteristicssuchaspersi

stence-whichcanbetaught-arekeytoachild'slifesuccess.”Researchersdeterminedthatdadsneedtopracticean"au

thoritative"parentingstyle.Authoritativeparentingisnotauthoritarian:rigid，demandingorcontrolling.Rather，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessom

eofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefromtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenar

egivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy(自主权).Inthestudy，about52percentofthedadsexhibitedabove-averagelevelsofauthori

tativeparenting.Akeyfindingisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelyt

odeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.Thisparticularstudyexamined11to14-year-oldslivingintwo-parenthomes.Yettherese

archerssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoffutureresearch.27．Whatisspecialabo

uttheBYUprofessors'study?A．Itcenteredonfathers'roleinparenting.B．Itwasbasedonanumberoflargefamilies.C．I

tanalyzeddifferentkindsofparentingstyles.D．Itaimedtoimprovekids'achievementinschool.28．Whatwouldanauthoritativefatherdowhenra

isinghischildren?A．Ignoretheirdemands.B．Makedecisionsforthem.C．Controltheirbehaviors.D．Explaintherulestothem.29．Whichgroupcanbe

afocusoffuturestudiesaccordingtotheresearchers?A．Singleparents.B．Childrenagedfrom11to14.C．Authoritarianfathers.D．Mothersintwo-parenthomes.3

0．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ThreeCharacteristicsofAuthoritativeFathers.B．KeySkillsfor

YoungAdultstoSucceedinFuture.C．ChildrenTendtoLearnDeterminationfromFather.D．FamilyRelationshipInfluencesSchoolPerformance.Passage3(2020·

全国卷III，D)Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindinge

xamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathigh

altitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突变)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursda

yinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation-nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastA

siahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,Malaysiaa

ndthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresi

mplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedneyC．Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowin

guponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.―Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuch

longerthanuslocalislanders,‖Dr.Jubiladosaid.―Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.‖In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatest

udentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen,heardabouttheBajau.Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalchar

acteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.―itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,‖saidDr.Ilardo.

ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A．Environmentaladapta

tionofcattleraisers.B．Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C．Recentfindingsofhumanorigin.D．Significanceoffoodselec

tion.33．WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A．Invalleys.B．Nearrivers.C．Onthebeach.D．Offthecoast.34．WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonish

edattheBajau?A．Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday.B．Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C．Theycouldstaylongunderwater.D．Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35．Whatc

anbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSeaB．Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC．BasicMethodsofGeneticResearchD．TheWorld’sBestDive

rsPassage42020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷)（7月)Forpeople,whoareinterestedinsound,thefieldofsoundtechnologyisdefinitelymak

ingnoise.Inthepast,soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudios,butmanyoftoday’ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheir

knowledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproductsbasedonthephenomenonwecallsound.Soun

dcanbeusedasaweapon.Imaginethatapoliceofficerischasingathief.Thethieftriestoescape.Andtheofficercan’tlethimgetaway.H

epullsoutaspecialdevice,pointsitatthesuspect,andswitchesiton.Thethiefdropstotheground.Thisnewweaponiscall

edaLongRangeAcousticDevice(LRAD,远程定向声波发射器).Itproducesadeafeningsoundsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.ThenoisefromtheLRADisdirectedlikeara

yoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearsofthatperson,butitisnotdeadly.Forthosewhohungerforsomepeaceandquiet,soundcann

owcreatesilence.Let’ssayyouareattheairport,andthelittleboyontheseatnexttoyouishumming(哼唱)ashortcommercialsong.Hehumsitover

andoveragain,andyouareabouttogocrazy.ThankstotheSilenceMachine,aBritishinvention,youcangetridofthesoundwithoutupsettingt

heboyorhisparents.OnemaywonderhowtheSilenceMachineworks.Well,itfunctionsbyanalyzingthewavesoftheincomingsoundandcreatingasecondsetofou

tgoingwaves.Thetwosetsofwavescanceleachotherout.Simplyturnthemachineorpointitatthetarget,andyourpeaceandquietcomesback.Directedsoundisanew

technologythatallowscompaniestousesoundinmuchthesamewayspotlights(聚光灯)areusedinthetheater.Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofasta

ge;similarly,“spotsound”createsacircleofsoundinontargetedarea.Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestauran

tsandstoresbecauseitoffersanewwaytoattractcustomers.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu,allo

wingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmosphereinwhichtheyaredining.Directedsoundisalsobeginningtoappearinshoppingcentersandevenathomes.46.Wh

atcouldbeinferredfromParagraph2abouttheeffectoftheLRAD?A.Itcausestemporaryhearingloss.B.Itslowsdownarunningman.C.Itmakesiteasytoidentifyasuspect.D.It

keepsthesuspectfromhurtingothers.47.TheSilenceMachineisadevicespeciallydesignedto________.A.silencethepeoplearoundyouB.removetheso

undofcommercialsC.blocktheincomingsoundwavesD.stopunwantedsoundfromaffectingyou48.Whatfeaturedospotsoundsandspotlightsshare?A.Theytraveli

ncircles.B.Theycleartheatmosphere.C.Theycanbetransformedintoenergy.D.Theycanbedirectedontoaspecificarea.

49.Directedsoundcanbeusedfor________.A.creativedesignsofrestaurantmenusB.idealsoundeffectsonthetheaters

tageC.differentchoicesofmusicforbusinessesD.strictcontroloveranysuspiciouscustomer50.Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?A.Howprofessionalsinventedsoun

dproducts.B.Inventionsinthefieldofsoundtechnology.C.Thegrowinginterestinthestudyofsound.D.Howsoundengineersworkin

theirstudios.题组二（2019年高考真题）Passage1(2019·天津卷，B)ImusthavealwaysknownreadingwasveryimportantbecausethefirstmemoriesIhaveasachilddealwithbooks.T

herewasnotonenightthatIdon'tremembermomreadingmeastorybookbymybedside.Iwasextremelyinspiredbytheelegantwaythewordssounded.Ialwayswantedtoknowwhatmym

omwasreading.Hearingmomsay,"Ican'tbelievewhat'sprintedinthenewspaperthismorning,"mademewanttograbitoutofherhandsandreaditmyself.Iwan

tedtobelikemymomandknowallofthethingssheknew.SoIcarriedaroundabook,andeachnight,justtobelikeher,Iwouldpretendtobereading.Thisishoweveryonelearned

toread.Wewouldstartoffwithsentences,thenparagraphs,andthenstories.Itseemedanunendingjourney,butevenasasix-year-

oldgirlIrealizedthatknowinghowtoreadcouldopenmanydoors.Whenmomsaid,"TheC-A-N-D-Yishiddenonthetopshelf,"Iknewwherethecandywas.Myprogr

essinreadingraisedmycuriosity,andIwantedtoknoweverything.Ioftenfoundmyselftellingmymomtodrivemoreslowl

y,sothatIcouldreadalloftheroadsignswepassed.Mostofmyreadingthroughprimary,middleandhighschoolwasfactualreading.Ireadforknowledge,andtomakeA'son

mytests.Occasionally,Iwouldreadanovelthatwasassigned,butIdidn'tenjoythistypeofreading.Ilikedfacts,thingsthatareconcrete.Ithoughtanythi

ngabstractlefttoomuchroomforargument.Yet,nowthatI'mgrowingandtheworldIonceknewasbeingsosimpleisbecomingmorecomplex,Ifindmyselfneedingawa

ytoescape.Byopeninganovel,IcanleavebehindmyburdensandenterintoawonderfulandmysteriousworldwhereIamnowan

ewcharacter.IntheseworldsIcanbecomeanyone.Idon'thavetowritedownwhathappenedorwhattechniquetheauthorwasu

singwhenheorshewrotethis.Ijustreadtorelax.We'retaughttoreadbecauseit'snecessaryformuchofhumanunderstanding.Readingisavitalp

artofmylife.Readingsatisfiesmydesiretokeeplearning.AndI'vefoundthatthepossibilitiesthatliewithinbooksarelimitless.41.Whydidtheauthorwanttograbthe

newspaperoutofmom'shands？A.Shewantedmomtoreadthenewstoher.B.Shewasanxioustoknowwhathadhappened.C.Shecouldn'

twaittotearthenewspaperapart.D.Shecouldn'thelpbutstopmomfromreading.42.AccordingtoParagraph3，theauthor'sreadingofroadsignsindicates____

_______A.heruniquewaytolocateherselfB.hereagernesstodevelopherreadingabilityC.herefforttoremindmomtoobeytraf

ficrulesD.hergrowingdesiretoknowtheworldaroundher.43.Whatwastheauthor'sviewonfactualreading？A.Itwouldhelpherupdatetest-takingskills.B

.Itwouldallowmuchroomforfreethinking.C.Itwouldprovidetrueandobjectiveinformation.D.Itwouldhelpshapearealisticandserio

usattitudetolife.44.Theauthortakesnovelreadingasawayto___________.A.exploreafantasylandB.developapassionforleaningC.learnabouttheadultco

mmunityD.getawayfromaconfusingworld45.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？A.TheMagicofReadingB.ThePleasureofReadingC.Gr

owingUpwithReadingD.ReadingMakesaFullManPassage2(2019·新课标卷I，D)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,which

allowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnot

bybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.Popu

larityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:the

likableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpe

rsonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence

:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.Enviableasthecoolkidsmayhaveseemed,Dr.Prinstein’sstudiesshowunpleasantconsequences.Thosewhowerehighest

instatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are―mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.‖Inonestudy,Dr.Pr

insteinexaminedthetwotypesofpopularityin235adolescents,scoringtheleastliked,themostlikedandthehighestinstatusbasedonstudentsur

veys(调查研究).―Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowere

highinstatus.Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment,highstatushasjusttheoppositeeffectonus."Dr.Prinst

einhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate-sharing,kindness,openness—carryovertolat

eryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.Inanalyzinghisandotherresearch，Dr.Prinsteincametoanother

conclusion:Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too."Beinglikedcreatesopportunities

forlearningandfornewkindsoflifeexperiencesthathelpsomebodygainanadvantage,‖hesaid.32.Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinh

erearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout？A.Theclassificationofthepopular.B

.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavio

r.34.WhatdidDr.Prinstein’sstudyfindaboutthemostlikedkids?A.Theyappearedtobeaggressive.B.Theytendedtobemoreadaptable.C.Theyenj

oyedthehigheststatus.D.Theyperformedwellacademically.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.BeNice-YouWon’tFinishLastB.

TheHighertheStatus,theBeerC.BetheBest-YouCanMakeItD.MoreSelf-Control,LessAggressivenessPassage3(2019·

新课标卷II，D)Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollabl

yonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It’sturnin

gtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteacher

sGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.For

thepasttwoyears,Gordon’sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey’reclosetoasol

ution(解决方案).―Wedon’tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,‖saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.―Therearenotests,‖Gordon

says.―Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal?’Basically,it’s‘I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,atthe

endofyear,presentittoNASA.’Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and„it’snotaverynicethingattime.

It’sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.‖GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.―Thesekidsaresoabsorbedinthe

irstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon’tteach.‖Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengine

ersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.32.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?A.Th

eyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.C.Theyappeardifferentforms.D.Theydamagetheinstruments.33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHp

rogram?A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationships.B.Tosharpenstudents’communicationskills.C.Toallowstudentstoexperience

zerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?A.Checktheirproduct.B.Guideprojectde

signsC.Adjustworkschedules.D.Gradetheirhomework.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronauts.B.Space:The

FinalHomeworkFrontier.C.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroom.D.HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform.Passage4(2019·北京卷，C)T

heproblemofrobocallshasgottensobadthatmanypeoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfromnumberstheydon'tknow.Bynextye

ar，halfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺诈).Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelo

pingagroupoftools，appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately，it'stoolittle，

toolate.Bythetimethese―solutions"(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable，scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfuture，it'snotjustgoingtobethenumberyo

useeonyourscreenthatwillbeindoubt.Soonyouwillalsoquestionwhetherthevoiceyou'rehearingisactuallyreal.That'sbecausetherear

eanumberofpowerfulvoicemanipulation(处理)andautomationtechnologiesthatareabouttobecomewidelyavailableforanyonetouse.Atthisyear'sI/OConference,acomp

anyshowedanewvoicetechnologyabletoproducesuchaconvincinghuman–soundingvoicethatitwasabletospeaktoareceptionistandbookareserv

ationwithoutdetection.Thesedevelopmentsarelikelytomakeourcurrentproblemswithrobocallsmuchworse.Thereasonthatrobocallsareahe

adachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecisionAdecadeofdatabreaches(数据侵入)ofpersonalinformationhasledtoasituationwhere

scammerscaneasilylearnyourmother'sname，andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge.they'reabletocarryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans.fo

rexample，thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumberandtalktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbanktell

er's，rickingyouinto"confirming"youraddress，mother'sname，andcardnumber.Scammersfollowmoney，socompanieswillbetheworsthit.Alotofbusinessisst

illdoneoverthephone，andmuchofitisbasedontrustandexistingrelationships.Voicemanipulationtechnologiesmayweakenthatgradua

lly.Weneedtodealwiththeinsecurenatureofourtelecomnetworks.Phonecarriersandconsumersneedtoworktogethertofindwaysofdeterminingandcommunicatingwhati

sreal.Thatmightmeaneitherdevelopingauniformwaytomarkvideosandimages,showingwhenandwhotheyweremadeby.or

abandoningphonecallsaltogetherandmovingtowardsdata-basedcommunications—usingappslikeFaceTimeorWhatsApp,whichcanbet

iedtoyouridentity.Credibilityishardtoearnbuteasytolose,andtheproblemisonlygoingtoharderfromhereonout.38.Howd

oestheauthorfeelaboutthesolutionstoproblemofrobecalls?A.Panicked.B.Confused.C.Embarrassed.D.Disappointed.39.takingadvantageofthene

wtechnologies，scammercan______.A.aimatvictimspreciselyB.damagedatabaseseasilyC.startcampaignsrapidlyD.spreadinformationwidely40.Whatdoesth

epassageimply?A.Honestyisthebestpolicy.B.Technologiescanbedouble-edited.C.Therearemoresolutionsthanproblems.D.Credibilityholdsthekeytodevelopment

.41.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.WheretheProblemofRobocallsIsRootedB.WhoIstoBlamefo

rtheProblemofRoboeallsC.WhyRobocallsAreAbouttoGetMoreDangerousD.HowRobocallsAreAffectingtheWorldofTechnology题组三（2018年

高考真题）Passage1(2018·新课标卷I，B)GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlate

strole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shev

isitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder

£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe’sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe’sleantintopractic

einherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11."WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexi

cantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains."Ipay£5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeaw

ayfood,butsometimeswe’renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves."Theeight-partseries(系列节目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefo

otstepsofITV’sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonth

emarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sEasterspec

ialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstillta

styrecipes.24.WhatdoweknowaboutSusannaReid?A.Sheenjoysembarrassingherguests.B.Shehasstartedanewprogramme.C.She

dislikesworkingearlyinthemorning.D.Shehashadatightbudgetforherfamily.25.HowdoesMattTebbutthelpSusanna?A.Hebuyscookingmaterialsforher.B.Hep

reparesfoodforherkids.C.Heassistsherincookingmatters.D.Heinvitesguestfamiliesforher.26.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoinparag

raph4?A.Summarizethepreviousparagraphs.B.Providesomeadviceforthereaders.C.Addsomebackgroundinformation.D.Introduceanewtopicfordiscussion

.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.KeepingFitbyEatingSmartB.BalancingOurDailyDietC.MakingyourselfaPerfectChefD.

CookingWellforLessPassage2(2018·新课标卷II，D)We’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surr

oundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What

’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofussta

rtaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmallta

lkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimporta

ntiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommunication

,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.＂Almosteverygreatl

ovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,＂heexplains.＂Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommu

nicatewiththem.＂Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeesho

p.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthat

thosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperienc

e.＂It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,＂saysDunn.＂Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterf

orourwell-beingalso.＂Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.C

arduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.＂Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,＂hesays.32.Whatphenomenonisdescribedi

nthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewith

slowservice.33.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners.B.Relatingtoot

herpeople.C.Focusingonatopic.D.Makingbusinessdeals.34.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships.

B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk.D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.35.Whatisthebesttitlefo

rthetext?A.ConversationCountsB.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalkD.UncomfortableSilencePassage3(2018·新课标卷III，B)Citiesusuallyha

veagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunication

sandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnota

llcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwil

derness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.Dawsondidnothaveany

ofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsan

dsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarming.Anavalanche(雪崩)once

closedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Of

thefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterho

wrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.T

hecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,they

leftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.Tourismisnow

thechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.24.WhatattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?A.Itsbusinessculture.B.Itssmallpopulation.C.

Itsgeographicalposition.D.Itsfavourableclimate.25.WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.B.On

eoutoffivepeoplegotrich.C.Almosteveryonegaveup.D.Halfofthemdied.26.WhatwasthemainreasonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.B.They

wantedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.C.Theywereunabletostandthewinter.D.Theywereshortoffood.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabo

ut?A.Theriseandfallofacity.B.ThegoldrushinCanada.C.Journeysintothewilderness.D.TourisminDawson.Passage4(2018·北京卷，A)MyFirstMarathon（马拉松）Amo

nthbeforemyfirstmarathon,oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfortwoweeks,leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain

.Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class,theteacherrequiredustorunlapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididn’t

doeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas＂notathletic＂.TheideathatIwas＂notathletic＂stuckwithmeforyears.Wh

enIstartedrunninginmy30s,Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself,notaboutcompetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallabou

tthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!Thenightbeforemymarathon,IdreamtthatIcouldn’tevenfindthefinishline.Iwoke

upsweatingandnervous,butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline,myshoelaces(鞋带)becameunt

ied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted!Atmile3,Ipassedasign:＂GOFORIT,RUNNERS!＂Bymile17,Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtba

dly.Despitethepain,Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.Bymile21,Iwasstarving!AsIapproachedmile23,Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybigg

estfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotam

edal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldly

labels(世俗标签),Icannowcallmyselfa＂marathonwinner＂.36.Amonthbeforethemarathon,theauthor____________.A.waswelltrainedB.feltscaredC.madeuphis

mindtorunD.losthope37.WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.B.Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.C.T

oshowhewasnottalentedinsports.D.Toshareapreciousmemory.38.Howwastheauthor’sfirstmarathon?A.Hemadeit.B.Hequithalfway.C.Hegott

hefirstprize.D.Hewalkedtotheend.39.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.B.Awin

nerisonewithagreateffortofwill.C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.题组四（名校模拟题）Passage1（2020·重庆高三开学考试）AttheWorldEconomic

Forumlastmonth,PresidentTrumpdrewclapswhenheannouncedtheUnitedStateswouldrespondtotheforum'sproposal

toplantonetrillion(万亿)treestofightclimatechange.Thetrillion-treeideawonwideattentionlastsummerafterastudypublishedinthejourna

lScienceconcludedthatplantingsomanytreeswas―themosteffectiveclimatechangesolutiontodate‖.Ifonlyitweretrue.B

utitisn't.Plantingtreeswouldslowdowntheplanet'swarming,buttheonlythingthatwillsaveusandfuturegenerationsfrompayingahugepricei

ndollars,livesanddamagetonatureisrapidandconsiderablereductionsincarbonreleasefromfossilfuels,tonetzeroby2050.Focusingontreesasthebigsolut

iontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion(偏离).Worsestill,ittakesattentionawayfromthoseresponsibleforthecarb

onreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.Forexample,intheNetherlands,youcanpayShellanadditional1eurocentforeachliterofregulargasolineyouputiny

ourtank,toplanttreestobalancethecarbonreleasefromyourdriving.That'sclearlynomorethandisasterslightlydelayed.Theonlywaytostopthisplanetfromoverheatin

gisthroughpolitical,economic,technologicalandsocialsolutionsthatendtheuseoffossilfuels.Thereisnowaythatplantingtree

s,evenacrossaglobalareathesizeoftheUnitedStates,canabsorbthehugeamountsoffossilcarbonreleasedfromindustrialsocieties.Tree

sdotakeupcarbonfromtheatmosphereastheygrow.Butthisuptakemerelyreplacescarbonlostwhenforestswereclearedinthefirst

place,usuallylongago.Regrowingforestswheretheyoncegrewcanundosomedamagedoneinthepast,butevenatrilliontreescan'tstoreenoughcarbontoheadoff

dramaticclimatechangesthiscentury.Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScience,JustinGilliswroteinthesamejournalinOctobertha

tthestudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsoftheglobalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat―theclaimthatglobaltreerestoration(复原)isourmosteffe

ctiveclimatesolutionissimplyscientificallyincorrectanddangerouslymisleading‖.1．Whatdoweknowaboutthetrillion-treeidea?A．Itwaspublished

inajournal.B．Itwasproposedlastsummer.C．ItwasputforwardbyTrump.D．Itdrewlotsofpublicattention.2．Whatispa

ragraph3mainlyabout?A．Adrawbackofthetreeplantingstrategy.B．Anexampleofbalancingcarbonrelease.C．Ananecdoteofmakingapurcha

seatShell.D．Aresponsibilityforpoliticiansandeconomists.3．WhatwasJustinGillis'sattitudetowardsglobaltreer

estoration?A．Indifferent.B．Opposed.C．Hesitant.D．Supportive.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ContradictoryIdea

sonTreePlanting.B．ATrillionTreesCometotheRescue.C．PlantingTreesWon'tSavetheWorld.D．TheBestSolutiontoClimat

eChange.Passage2（2020·天津和平区耀华中学高三一模）Spendingoverayearinthebleak(荒凉的)Antarcticamightchangeyourbrainfortheworse,accordingtonewresearchou

tthismonth.Itseemstoshowthatpolarexplorerswholivedfor14monthsatanAntarcticaresearchstationexperiencedbrainshrinkage,likelyasaresultoftheirlonel

inessandboredom.Thestudy’sauthorsusedMRI(核磁共振)toscanthebrainsofeightmembersofateambeforetheybeganalong

stayattheGerman-runresearchstation.Duringtheirmission.theteamperiodicallytooktestsoftheircognitionandmemoryandprovidedbloods

amplesthatallowedthestudyauthorstomeasuretheirlevelsofaproteinimportantforbrainhealthcalledbrain-deriv

edneurotrophicfactor(BDNF).Whentheyreturned,theyhadtheirbrainsscannedagain.Finally,comparedtothemselvesbeforethemission,theexplorers'brainsappearedt

ohavelessgreymatteronaverage.Theshrinkagewasmostapparentinthehippocampus,inareaofthebrainkeytomemoryandcognition.Theiraver

agelevelsofBDNFalsodroppedduringthetripanddidn’timprovesignificantlyevenafterone-and-a-halfmonthsbackhome.Thes

tudy'sfindings,publishedinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,aren'tthefirsttosuggestthatlongtimeofbeingseparatedcancha

ngethebrain.Butpracticallyallofthisworkhasinvolvedanimals,accordingtotheresearchers.Ofcourse,aneight-personstudyissm

all,soanyofitsconclusionsshouldbetakenwithcaution.LeadauthorAlexanderC．Stahn,nowaresearcheratthePerelmanSchoolofMedicineattheUniversityofPennsylva

nia,saidthattheeffectsonthehippocampusarelikelytemporary,providedthescientistsreturnedbacktoalifefilledwithsoc

ialinteractionandinterestingthingstosee.Still,sincepeoplewillcontinuetravelingtoandfromAntarcticaforlongperiodsoftime,thef

indingsaredefinitelyworthkeepinginmindandexploringfurther.Theymightevenproverelevantfortherarefewpeoplewhomighttravelas

farasMarsinthefuture—perhapstheonlysimilarlyscientific,months-longmissionthatwouldbeevenmorelonely.1．Whatwilldodamagetothebrainaccordingtothefi

rstparagraph?A．DoingresearchinbrainshrinkageB．TravelingtotheAntarctica.C．Workingasaresearcherinastation.D．Be

inginalonelyplaceforalongtime.2．Howdidthescientistsgettheconclusion?A．Bycomparingthescannedresults.B．Bystudyin

gthepreviousfigures.C．Bymakingalong-termprogram.D．Byscanningtheparticipants’brains.3．Whatcanweinferabouttheexplorerswhentheyreturned?A．Theywerenolong

erusedtothecivilizedworld.B．Theyhadsomedifficultyinrememberingthings.C．Theybecamenormalafterone-and-a-halfmonths.D．The

ypublishedtheirfindingsinamedicalmagazine.4．Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudy?A．Thescientistsareprovidedwithvarioussocialactivities.B．Lon

gtimeofbeingseparatedcanchangethebrainofallanimals.C．Otherresearcheshavethesamefindingsasthestudy.D．Itsconclusionmayberelevantforth

osewhoarcfondoftravelling.5．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theimportanceofthefinding.B．Thedisadvantageofthefinding.C．Thefutu

redevelopmentofthespace.D．ThepossibilityoftravellingtoMars.Passage3（2020·哈尔滨市第一中学校高三开学考试）KevinRandall,atea

cher,whoteachesbiologyatGrandvilleHighSchool,runstheenvironmentalclubatthehighschool,whichhasaround2,000students.TheclubisknownastheGHSGreenTeam,

anditaimstoraiseawarenessamongstudentsandteachersaboutsustainability(持续性).Italsoworksonprojectstoreducetheenvironmentalfootprin

tofthebuildingitself.Oneoftheclub'srecentprojectsfocusedonreducingwasteintheschoolcafeteria.Randallsa

idtheircafeteriasupervisortoldthemthattheschoolwentthrough54,000plasticforkseveryyear.Theclubappliedforafinancialhelp,builtrecyclingcentersfort

hecafeteria,andpurchasedmetalsilverware.Andnoweverystudentusesadurablemetalforkoraspooninsteadofdisposables.(

一次性用品),―andthat'sjustonewaywe'retryingtocapturethelow-hangingfruit,ifyouwill,"Randallsaid.TheeffortsofRandallandhisstudentshaveearnedGrandvilleHig

hSchooltheMichiganGreenSchoolcertificationfromthestate.Inadditiontotheirworkreducingwasteinthecafeteria,theGHSGreenTeamhasalsob

uiltagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus,andleadscleanupsonsiteandoutinthecommunity.Overtheyears,Randalland

hisstudentshavealsobeenworkingonraisingmoneytoinstallsolarpanels(太阳能板)ontheroofofthehighschool.Randallsaidhewasmotivatedtot

aketheleadonenvironmentalissuesforhisschoolbecausehewantedhisstudentstohavesomeonetoturntointhebuild

ingwhounderstandswhat'satstake(利害攸关）whenitcomestoclimatechange.＂AndIalsofeltlikeIneededtodomoreinmylifeformyowntwochildrenathome,"Randalladded

,"Theyneedtoknowthattheirdadisworkingashardashecantoreducetheeffectsofclimatechange,andtospreadtheword,and

tomakesurethatotherstudentsouttherearelearningaboutthisjustthewaytheyareathome."1．WhatisthepurposeoftheGHSGreenTeamclub?A．Toinspirestu

dents'loveforbiology.B．Tofinishtheprojectsassignedbyschool.C．Topreparestudentsfortheirfuturejobs.D．Topromoteenvironmen

talprotection.2．What'stheresultoftheprojectonschoolcafeteria?A．Ithaschangedtheoutlookofthecafeteria.B．Student

scanhavemorefruitsinthecafeteria.C．Plasticforksarenolongerusedinthecafeteria.D．Theschoolhasbecomefamousnationwide.3．What'st

hefourthparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationoftheprojects.B．Thecharacteristicsoftheclub.C．Theactivitieso

rganizedbytheclub.D．Thefutureoftheclub.4．WhatwasRandall'saimbydoingtheworkonenvironmentalissues?.A．Toeducat

etheyoung.B．Togetmaterialrewards.C．Toamusehischildren.D．Tomakehimselffamous.Passage4（2020·湖南高三二模）Fathershaveastronginfluenceontheirchild

ren.Andoneoftheareasinwhichresearcherslookfortheinfluenceisinthedevelopmentoflanguage.Whatbeginswithgesturesandsoundsdevelopsintocompetencewithlan

guagebyaroundage3.Fathersareprovingtobeanimportantpartofthisprocess,asLynneVernon-FeagansoftheUniversityofNorthCarolinaandhercolleaguesarefinding

out.Theyhavedonesomeofthemostinterestingworklookingatchildren'slanguagedevelopmentinbothmiddle-classandpoor,ruralfamilies.They'vefound,totheirsurp

rise,thatnotonlyarefathersimportantforchildren’slanguagedevelopment,butthatfathersmattermorethanmothers.Forexample,theyfoundthatfathers'useofvocabul

arywhenreadingpicturebookstotheirchildrenat6monthsofagewassignificantlyrelatedtothechildren'sexpressivenessat15monthsanduseofadvancedlanguageatage3.

Thisheldtruenomatterwhatthemother'seducationallevelwasorhowshespoketothechildren.Vernon-Feaganswassurprisedbythedifferencebetw

eenmothersandfathers.Shehadthoughttheywouldbeequallyinvolvedinencouragingtheirchildren’slanguagedevelopment.Whyw

ouldfathersbemoreimportantinthisregardthanmothers?Maybeit'sbecausemothersaremorefamiliarwiththeirkids,typicallyspendingmoretimewiththemthanfathersdo.

Thatmakesmothersmorelikelytochoosewordsthekidsknow.Fathersaren'tasfamiliarwiththeirkids,sotheyuseabro

adervocabulary,andthekidslearnnewwordsandconceptsasaresult.Vernon-Feagansthoughttheremightbeanotherfactoratplayaswell.Becausefathersusual

lyspendlesstimewiththeirkids,theyaremoreofanovelty.Thatmakesthemmoreinterestingplaymates.―Idothinkourchildrenseeitasveryspecialwhentheydobookreadingw

iththeirfathers,‖shesaid.―Theymaylistenmoreandacquirelanguageinaspecialway.‖Theresearchersfoundthatwealthierfathersproducedagreaterrisei

ntheirchildren’sIQsthandidsimilarlyactivelow-incomefathers.Itmightsounddiscouraging,butitsuggeststha

timprovingmen'seducationalorfinancialstatuswouldbringbenefitsnotonlytothembuttotheirchildrenaswell.1．Whatdid

Vernon-Feagansandhercolleaguesfindunexpectedlyintheirresearch?A．Mothers'improperwaystotalktochildren.B．Fathers'importantroleinchildren'slanguage.C．Ch

ildren’suseofadvancedlanguageatage3.D．Differentvocabularyindifferentfamilies.2．Whatmightmakemothersalessimportantroleinchildren’slangua

gedevelopment?A．Useofnewwords.B．Familiaritywithwords.C．Useoflimitedvocabulary.D．Toomuchtimewithchildren.

3．Whatdoestheunderlined―anovelty‖inParagraph4indicate?A．Fatherscannotaffordthetimewiththeirkids.B．Kidsoftencomplai

nabouttheirfathers'absence.C．Itisquitecommonthatfathersstaywiththeirkids.D．Itfeelsnewanddifferentforkidstostaywiththeirfathers.4．Whatisthemainideao

fthetext?A．Fathers'socialstatusbenefitschildren'slanguage.B．Parentshavedifferentinfluencesonchildren'slanguage.C．Children’slanguageabilit

iesdependongoodfathering.D．Fatherscontributemorethanmotherstochildren'slanguage.题组一Passage1(2020·全国卷III，B)【答案】24．D25．B26．D27．A【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。短文

报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐地动物的现象，这让一个

非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。24．细节理解题。根据第一段“Instead,oneactivist,dressedinafull-bodymonkeysuit,hadarrivedwithasi

gnpraisingthefilmmakers:“Thanksfornotusingrealapes”可知，相反，一名身穿全套猴服的活动人士来到现场，手里拿着一块牌子，称赞电影制作人:“感谢你们不用真正的猿猴。所以动物保护者聚集在好莱坞大道是为了向电影制作者表示感谢。故

选D项。25．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Thecreativeteambehind"Apes"usedmotion-capture(动作捕捉)technologytocreatedigitalizedanimals,spendingtensofmillionsofdollarsontechnol

ogythatIrecordsanactor’sperformanceandlaterprocessesitwithcomputergraphicstocreateafinalimage(图像).”可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创造数字化的动物，在记录演

员表演的技术上，花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B项。26．词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子“Onenonprofitorganization,whichmonitorsthetreatmentoranim

alsinfilmedentertainment”（一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇）以及下文Already,anumberoffilms,including"WaterforElephants,""TheHangoverPartⅡ"and"Zookeeper,"hav

edrawntheangerofactivistswhosaythecreaturesactinginthemhaven’tbeentreatedproperly.（许多电影,包括“大象的眼泪”,“宿醉Ⅱ”和“管理员”,引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说

影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。）由此可知，其中一家监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故选D项。27．推理判断题。根据最后一段Insomec

ases,it’snotsomuchthetreatmentoftheanimalsonsetinthestudiothathasactivistsworried;it’stheoff-settrainingandliv

ingconditionsthatareraisingconcerns.AndtherearequestionsaboutthefilmsmadeoutsidetheStates,whichsometimesareno

tmonitoredascloselyasproductionsfilmedintheSates.”（在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是电影棚里对动物的待遇;让人担忧的是训练和生活条件。还有一些关于在美国以外拍摄

的电影的问题，这些电影有时不像在美国拍摄的电影那样受到严密的监控。）可知，在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是工作室里动物的待遇;令人担忧的是训练和生活条件。由此判断出动物演员可能受到虐待。故选A项。Passage32020年浙江省高考英语试卷（1月）【答案】27．A28．D2

9．A30．C【解析】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成

绩。27．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniquepositiontohelpth

eiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养育子女中的角色。故选A。28．推理判断题。根据第四段中Rath

er，anauthoritativeparentingstyleincludessomeofthefollowingcharacteristics:childrenfeelwarmthandlovefro

mtheirfather；responsibilityandthereasonsbehindrulesarestressedchildrenaregivenanappropriatelevelofautonomy.（相反，权威的

养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子们感受到来自父亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。29．细节理解题。根据最后一段最

后一句Yettheresearcherssuggestthatsingleparentsstillmayplayaroleinteachingthebenefitsofpersistence，whichisanavenueoff

utureresearch.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。30．主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中Akeyfindi

ngisthatovertime，childrenraisedbyanauthoritativefatherweresignificantlymorelikelytodeveloppersistence，whichleadstobetteroutcomesinschool.（一项重要的发现是，

随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决心”最符合文章标题。故选C。Passage3(2020·全

国卷III，D)【答案】32．B33．D34．C35．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。32

．推理判断题。根据第一段的wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes,theyarefindingex

amplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知

，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B项。33．细节理解题。根据第二段的TheBajau,asthesepeopl

eareknown,numberinhundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallyliveonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,

they'vealsobuilthousesonstiltsincoastalwaters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，B

ajau把房子建在沿海区域。D.Offthecoast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D项。34．细节理解题。根据第三段的weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchl

ongerthanuslocalislanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado感到吃惊的是Bajau人能在水下待更长的时间。C.Theycouldstaylongunderwater.(他们能在水下待很长时间

)符合以上说法，故选C项。35．主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaption-nottoairortofood,bu

ttotheocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau人的身体进化成更

适应海洋生活。A.BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A项。Passage42020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷)（7月)【答案】46.A47.D48.D49.C50.B【解析】这是一篇说

明文。文章主要介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学设备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。46.推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Itproducesadeafeningso

undsopainfulthatittemporarilydisablesaperson.ThenoisefromtheLRADisdirectedlikearayoflightandtravelsonlyintotheearso

fthatperson,butitisnotdeadly.”可知它发出震耳欲聋的声音，这种声音令人如此痛苦以至于它会使人暂时丧失能力。LRAD发出的噪音像光线一样被引导，只进入那个人的耳朵，但不会致命。由此可推知，LRAD会导致暂时性听力损失。故选A。47.细节理解题。

根据第三段中的“Well,itfunctionsbyanalyzingthewavesoftheincomingsoundandcreatingasecondsetofoutgoingwaves.Thetwosetsofwavescanceleachothe

rout.Simplyturnthemachineonpointitatthetarget,andyourpeaceandquietcomesback.”可知，它的功能是通过分析传入声音的波，并产生第二组传出的波。这两组波会相互

抵消。只要打开机器对准目标，你的宁静就会回来。由此可知，静音机是一种专门设计用来阻止有害声音影响你的设备。故选D。48.细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesect

ionofastage;similarly,a“spotsound”createsacircleofsoundinonetargetedarea.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个“spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。由此可知，spotsoun

ds和聚光灯的共同特性是它们可以被定向到一个特定的区域，故选D。49.细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Aspotlightlightsuponlyonesectionofastage;similarly,”sp

otsound”createsacircleofsoundinontargetedarea.Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestaurantsandstoresbecauseitof

fersanewwaytoattractcustomers.Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoiceonthemenu,allowingcustomersmorecontrolovertheatmospher

einwhichtheyaredining.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个”spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。这对餐馆和商店等企业很有用，因为它提供了一种吸引顾客的新方式。餐厅可以提供音乐选择与菜单上的各

种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制气氛，在他们用餐。由此可知，定向音响可以用于不同的商业音乐选择。故选C。50.主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“Inthepast,soundengineersworkedinthebackroomsofrecordingstudios

,butmanyoftoday'ssoundprofessionalsaresharingtheirknowledgeandexperiencewithprofessionalsinotherfieldstocreatenewproduc

tsbasedonthephenomenonwecallsound.”可知，在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。结合下文具体内容可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。故选B。题组

二Passage1【语篇解读】本文为夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了自己的读书经历和感悟。41.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段主题句Ialwayswantedtoknowwhatmymomwasreading.和Hearingmomsay„madem

ewanttograbitoutofherhandsandreaditmyself可知，作者一直想知道妈妈在读什么。作者抢过妈妈读的报纸，因为作者自己迫切想看一看报纸上写的内容，故选B。42.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段Myp

rogressinreadingraisedmycuriosity,andIwantedtoknoweverything，可以推断出，让妈妈开车开慢一点，他能够读出所有路标，正是作者在阅读方面的进步引起了他的好奇心，想要了解周围的一切，故选D。43.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四

段第一句Mostofmyreadingthroughprimary,middleandhighschoolwasfactualreading.Ireadforknowledge,andtomakeA’sonmyte

st.可知，小学和中学阶段的阅读都是事实性阅读，读书是为了获取知识，考试得A。因此事实性阅读能够提供真实的客观的信息，故选C。44.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段Byopeninganovel,Icanleavebehindmyburdensandenterint

oawonderfulandmysteriousworldwhereIamnowanewcharacter.IntheseworldsIcanbecomeanyone.(打开一本小说，我可以摆脱我的负担，进入一个奇妙而神秘的世界，我现在是一个新的角色。在这个世界上，我可以成为任何人。)

可知，阅读小说可以让作者避开复杂的现实而投入到小说中的世界中去，故选D。45.C【解析】主旨大意题。根据上下文可知，作者以时间顺序回忆了自己的阅读经历和感悟，伴着阅读成长，故选项C符合题意。Passage2【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜

欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。32.C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool,Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowe

dmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的

，故选C。33.A【解析】段落大意题。第二段MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:theli

kableandthestatusseekers.（临床心理学教授MitchPrinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对thelikable和thestatussee

kers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。34.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Itclearlyshowedthatwhilelikabilitycanleadtohealthyadjustment（它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理

学教授MitchPrinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B。35.A【解析】标题归纳题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项

A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。Passage3【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。32.

A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteriaareannoyingproblemforastronauts.ThemicroorganismsformourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceSt

ation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“themi

croorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知，A项符合题意。33.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Gordon’sstudentsha

vebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,...”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下

杀死细菌,...”。结合最后一段中的“GordonstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,...”可知，学生每天都给NASA的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一

空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCHprogram的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D项符合题意。34.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’vegottoproducethisproductandthen,

attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA,”“Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...It’snotaverynicethingattimes.It’sah

ardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”可知，NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。35.B主旨大意题。文章以国际空间站里的微生物很难清除开头，引出宇航员们解决此问题的途径——借助美国国家航空航天局的HUNCH高中班，此计划

的目的是把航天技术与学校教育结合起来。在这项计划里，学生们通过homework（制作供美国国家航空航天局使用的产品）探索无疆的太空，因此“太空：最后的功课疆域”最适合做文章的标题。故选B。Passage4【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。语音操作与自动化技术的出现

使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。38.D【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段中的“Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingag

roupoftools,appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately,it’stoolittle,toolate.Byt

hetimethese“solutions”becomewidelyavailable,scammerswillhavemovedontoclevermeans”可知，最后，我们通过支持和开发一组旨在防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和

方法，认识到了问题的严重性。不幸的是，我们的努力太少了，也太晚了。在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因此作者感

到很“失望”。故D选项正确。39.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Thereasonthatrobocallsareaheadachehaslesstodowithamountthanprecision.Adecadeofdatabreacheso

fpersonalinformationhasledtoasituationwherescammerscaneasilylearnyourmother’sname,andfarmore.Armedwiththisknowledge,they’reabletocar

ryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.Thismeans,forexample,thatascammercouldcallyoufromwhatlookstobeafamiliarnumberandtal

ktoyouusingavoicethatsoundsexactlylikeyourbankteller’s,trickingyouinto“confirming”youraddress,mother’sname,andcardn

umber”可知，机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数量有关，不如说与精确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道你母亲的名字，甚至更多。有了这些知识，他们就能够开展有针对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，利用这种新的技术，欺诈者们

可以精确的确定他们行骗的目标。故A选项正确。40.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相似的声音，它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三段的叙述可知，

欺诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥好的作用，也可能为坏人所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故B选项正确。41.C【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：robocalls（机器人电话:自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在未来变得会越来越严

重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到的声音是否是真的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。第三段介绍了语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。最后两段提出我们该如何应对这些问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中

心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故C选项适合作标题。题组三Passage1【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。24.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一

段知道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。

故选B。25.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonho

wtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.可知，Susanna在MattTebbutt的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：

同义词表达withthehelpof和help。26.C【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.可知，SaveMoney:Goo

dFood节目是SaveMoney:GoodHealth节目之后，给观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。27.D【解析】主旨要义题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文章中的preparedelicio

usandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭菜；howtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyada

y.如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5英镑的每个家庭准备食谱；howcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.我们自己做这种食物有多便宜；lessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D正确。Pas

sage2【文章大意】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，而且也有很多好处。32.C【解析】主旨大意题。题干问的是：

第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人之间缺乏沟通。A项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C项意为：陌生人之间缺乏沟通。D项意为：对缓慢的服

务不耐烦。故选C项。33.B【解析】推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句―Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notj

ustcommunicatewiththem‖（成功闲聊的关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C符合题意。A项意为：表现出良好的礼貌。B项意为：与他人有关的。C项意为：专注于一个话题。D项意为

：做商业交易。故选B项。34.D【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D项符合题意。A项意为：闲聊改善了家庭关系。B项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C项意为：闲聊和正式谈

话一样重要。D项意为：闲聊让人感觉很好。故选D项。35.C【解析】主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得

出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A项意为：谈话很重要。B项意为：闲聊的方法。C项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选C项。Passage3【话题解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。24.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Citiesus

uallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysui

tedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.可知，人们选

择在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正确。25.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Ofthefirst20,

000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000人变富有，所以是五分

之一的人变富了，故B正确。26.B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadco

me.可知，人们离开Dawson的主要原因是听说在Alaska发现了黄金，也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B正确。27.A【解析】主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawson这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因

及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawson这个城市的发展起伏。故A正确。Passage4【文章大意】本文为一篇记叙文。讲述了自己第一次跑马拉松，凭借自己的意志力成功跑完全程的励志故事。36.C【解析】细节理解题

。根据文章第一段最后一句Yet,Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.可知，马拉松赛前一个月尽管作者脚踝受伤使得训练时间缩短，但作者仍下定决心参赛。故选C。37.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段Ididn’tdoeitherwell.Helate

rinformedmethatIwas＂notathletic＂可知，作者提到7年级的事情是为了证明自己真的没有运动天赋。故选C。38.A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第10段Iwasoneofthefina

lrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact,Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.可知，作者坚持到了最后，而且得到了一块奖牌，虽然不是第一名，由此可见他成

功地跑完了马拉松。故选A。39.B【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段Determinedtobemyself,moveforward,freeofshameandworldl

ylabels(世俗标签),Icannowcallmyselfa＂marathonwinner＂.可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的意志。故选B。题组四Passage1（2020·重庆高三开学考试）【答案】1．D2．A3．B4．C【解析】

本文为一篇议论文。文章论述了作者不赞成美国总统Trump响应―种一万亿棵树‖来对抗气候变化的倡议，作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放。1．细节理解题。根据第一段Thetrillion-treeideawonwidea

ttentionlastsummerafterastudypublishedinthejournalScienceconcludedthatplantingsomanytreeswas―themosteffectivecl

imatechangesolutiontodate‖.去年夏天，发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究得出结论，大量种树是“迄今为止最有效的气候变化解决方案”，这“一万亿棵树”的想法赢得了广泛关注。可知，一万亿树的想法引起了

公众的广泛关注。故选D项。2．主旨大意题。根据第三段Focusingontreesasthebigsolutiontoclimatechangeisadangerousdiversion(偏离).Worsestill

,ittakesattentionawayfromthoseresponsibleforthecarbonreleasethatarepushingustowarddisaster.把树木作为解决气候变化的主要办法是一种危险的转移。更糟糕的是，它

把注意力从那些对碳排放负责的人身上移开，正是这些人把我们推向灾难。因此，第3段主要论述了以植树来保护环境的缺点。故选A项。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段Inasharpcounterargumenttolastsummer'sPaperinScienc

e,JustinGilliswroteinthesamejournalinOctoberthatthestudy'sfindingswereinconsistentwiththedynamicsofthegl

obalcarboncycle.Hewarnedthat―theclaimthatglobaltreerestoration(复原)isourmosteffectiveclimatesolutionissimplyscient

ificallyincorrectanddangerouslymisleading”.JustinGillis在《科学》杂志上发表了与去年夏天《科学》杂志公布的研究结果截然相反的观点，他认为去年夏天公布的那个研究

结果是不符合地球碳循环动力学的。同时，他发出警告：通过植树来解决气候问题是不科学的，是错误的，是危险的，是具有误导性的。推测，JustinGillis对植树提议是持反对态度的。故选B项。4．主旨大意题。结合全文，

文章论述了作者不赞成美国总统Trump响应―种一万亿棵树‖来对抗气候变化的倡议，作者认为真正能解决问题的方法是迅速地大量减少碳排放，种树的想法是不科学的，且具有误导性。C项“植树不会拯救世界。”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选C项。Passage2（20

20·天津和平区耀华中学高三一模）【答案】1．D2．A3．B4．C5．A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了有研究表明，在一个孤独的地方呆了很长时间会对大脑造成损害。文介绍了这项研究的过程、相关研究人员对此的看法和这一发现的重要性。1．

细节理解题。根据第一段Spendingoverayearinthebleak(荒凉的)Antarcticamightchangeyourbrainfortheworse,accordingtonewresea

rchoutthismonth.Itseemstoshowthatpolarexplorerswholivedfor14monthsatanAntarcticaresearchstationexperienced

brainshrinkage,likelyasaresultoftheirlonelinessandboredom.可知，根据本月公布的一项新研究，在荒凉的南极洲度过一年多可能会让你的大脑变得更糟。这似乎表明，在南极研究站生活了14个月的极地探险家的大脑

出现了萎缩，可能是由于他们的孤独和无聊。由此可知，在一个孤独的地方呆了很长时间会对大脑造成损害。故选D。2．细节理解题。根据第二段Thestudy’sauthorsusedMRI(核磁共振)toscanth

ebrainsofeightmembersofateambeforetheybeganalongstayattheGerman-runresearchstation.Duringtheirmission.theteamperiodi

callytooktestsoftheircognitionandmemoryandprovidedbloodsamplesthatallowedthestudyauthorstomeasuretheirlevelsofaproteinimportantforbrainhealthcalledbr

ain-derivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF).Whentheyreturned,theyhadtheirbrainsscannedagain.(该研究的作者在一个团队的8名成员开始在德国运营的研究站长期停留之前，使用核磁共振成像扫描了他们的大

脑。在他们执行任务过程中，研究小组定期对他们的认知和记忆进行测试，并提供血样，使研究作者能够测量他们的一种叫做脑源性神经营养因子的蛋白质水平，这种蛋白质对大脑健康很重要。当他们返回时，再次对他们的大脑进行扫描

)以及第三段Finally,comparedtothemselvesbeforethemission,theexplorers'brainsappearedtohavelessgreymatteronaverage.T

heshrinkagewasmostapparentinthehippocampus,inareaofthebrainkeytomemoryandcognition.TheiraveragelevelsofBDNFalsodrop

pedduringthetripanddidn’timprovesignificantlyevenafterone-and-a-halfmonthsbackhome.可知，最后，与执行任务前相比，探险者的大脑平均灰质

较少。海马的萎缩最为明显，海马是大脑中记忆和认知的关键区域。他们的平均BDNF水平在旅途中也有所下降，即使在回家一个半月后也没有明显改善。由此可知，科学家通过比较扫描结果得出结论。故选A。3．推理判断题。根据第三段中Finally,comparedtot

hemselvesbeforethemission,theexplorers'brainsappearedtohavelessgreymatteronaverage.Theshrinkagewasmostapparentinthehippocampus,inareaoftheb

rainkeytomemoryandcognition.可知，最后，与执行任务前相比，探险家的大脑平均灰质较少。海马的萎缩最为明显，海马是大脑中记忆和认知的关键区域。由此可推知，当探险家返回时，他们在记忆方面有些困难。故选B。4．细节理解题。根据第四段中Th

estudy'sfindings,publishedinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,aren'tthefirsttosuggestthatlongtimeofbeingseparatedcanchange

thebrain.可知，这项研究发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》上，并不是第一个表明长时间的隔绝会改变大脑的研究。由此可知，其他研究与本研究有相同的发现。故选C。5．主旨大意题。根据最后一段Still,sincepeoplewillcontinuetravelingtoandfromAntarcti

caforlongperiodsoftime,thefindingsaredefinitelyworthkeepinginmindandexploringfurther.Theymightevenproverelevantfort

herarefewpeoplewhomighttravelasfarasMarsinthefuture—perhapstheonlysimilarlyscientific,months-longmissionthatwouldbe

evenmorelonely.可知，尽管如此，由于人们将在很长一段时间内继续往返于南极洲之间，这些发现绝对值得我们牢记在心，并进行进一步的探索。他们甚至可能会被证明与未来可能远行到火星的极少数人有关——也许只有类似的科学性、长达数月的任务才会更加孤独。由此可知

，最后一段主要讲了这一发现的重要性。故选A。Passage3（2020·哈尔滨市第一中学校高三开学考试）【答案】1．D2．C3．C3．A【解析】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了KevinRandall老师在学校组织了一个环保俱乐部，带领学生进行环境保护相关的活动及成就

，提高学生环境保护意识的故事。1．推理判断题。根据第一段“itaimstoraiseawarenessamongstudentsandteachersaboutsustainability(持续性).It

alsoworksonprojectstoreducetheenvironmentalfootprintofthebuildingitself.”（它旨在增强学生们和老师们关于可持续发展的意识。它也致力于减少建筑本身的环境面积的项目。）可知

，theGHSGreenTeamclub的目的在于促进环境保护。故选D。2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Andnoweverystudentusesadurablemetalforkoraspooninsteadofdisposa

bles.(一次性用品),”（现在每个学生都使用耐用的金属餐叉或勺子，而不是一次性餐具。）可知，学校餐厅项目的结果是餐厅不再使用塑料餐具。故选C。3．主旨大意题。根据第四段内容，“Inadditiontotheirworkreducingwasteinthecaf

eteria,”、（除了他们减少餐厅废物的垃圾的工作，）“theGHSGreenTeamhasalsobuiltagardenwithflowersandvegetablesoncampus,”、（theGHSGreenTeam还在校园里建立了有鲜花和蔬菜的花园）“Randallandhis

studentshavealsobeenworkingonraisingmoneytoinstallsolarpanels(太阳能板)ontheroofofthehighschool”，（兰德尔和他的学生也一直在筹集资金为了在高中屋顶安装太阳能电池板）可知第四

段的主要介绍了这个俱乐部组织的活动有哪些。故选C。4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“becausehewantedhisstudentstohavesomeonetoturntointhebuildingwhounderstandswhat'satstake(利害攸关）whenitc

omestoclimatechange.”（因为他想要让他教学楼里的学生能够变成理解气候变化的利害相关的人。）可知，Randall的目的在于教育年轻人。故选A。Passage4（2020·湖南高三二模）【答案】1．B2．C3．D4．D【

解析】本文是说明文。介绍了父亲对孩子的语言的发展影响很大。1．细节理解题。根据第2段中的―They'vefound,totheirsurprise,thatnotonlyarefathersimportantforchildren'slanguagedevelop

ment,butthatfathersmattermorethanmothers.(令他们惊讶的是，他们发现不仅父亲对儿童语言发展的是重要的，而且父亲比母亲更重要)‖可确定答案是B。故选B。2．细节理解题。根据第3段Thatmakesmothersmorelikelytochoosewordst

hekidsknow.Fathersaren'tasfamiliarwiththeirkids,sotheyuseabroadervocabulary,andthekidslearnnewwordsandconceptsasaresult.可知，

这使得母亲们更倾向于选择孩子们知道的词语。父亲和孩子不太熟悉，所以他们会使用更广泛的词汇，而孩子也因此学会了新单词和概念。，父亲之所以在孩子的语言发展方面起着更重要的作用是因为他们―useabroade

rvocabulary‖，而母亲则―choosewordsthekidsknow‖。相对父亲，母亲使用的词汇限制在孩子认识的词汇范围内。故选C。3．词句猜测题。根据第4段中的―Becausefathersusuallyspendlesstime

withtheirkids‖因为父亲陪伴孩子的时间通常较少、―Thatmakesthemmoreinterestingplaymates‖这使它们成为更有趣的玩伴、―ourchildrenseeitasveryspec

ial‖我们的孩子认为它很特别。可推断，因为父亲通常花更少的时间和他们的孩子在一起，他们更具新颖性，故划线词与D项意思相近。故选D。4．主旨大意题。由第一段的Fathershaveastronginfluenceontheirchildren.Andoneoftheare

asinwhichresearcherslookfortheinfluenceisinthedevelopmentoflanguage.（父亲对他们的孩子有很强的影响。研究人员寻找影响的领域之一是语言的发展。）以及全

文内容可知，本文主要是关于父亲对儿童语言的贡献大于母亲。故选D。