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ObjectivesandOutcomes•Definetechnicalandbusinesscommunication(TBC).•UnderstandthepragmaticrulesinTBC.•Understan

dthethreeessentialcriteriaofTBC:accessibility,comprehensibility,andusability.•Identifytherhetoricalskillsforeffectivetechnical

andbusinesscommunication.ONTENTSCPurposesEssentialCriteriaImportanceDefinition1.WHATISCOMMUNICATION?2.WHATISTBC?I.DefinitionofTechnica

landBusinessCommunicationCommunicationistheprocessoftransferringinformationandmeaningbetweensendersandreceivers,usingoneormorewritten,oral,vis

ual,orelectronicmedia.——exchangeofinformationAccordingtotheirfunctionsinthesociety,communicationcanbeclassifiedintothreecategories:•Communicationfors

urvival•Communicationforentertainment•Communicationforwork1.WHATISCOMMUNICATION?Technical:•oforrelatingtotechnique;•oforrelatingtoapractica

lsubjectthatisorganizedaccordingtoscientificprinciples.TechnicalandBusinessCommunication(TBC)isinformationexchan

geatwork.(Simpledefinition)Asubjectthatstudieseffectiveinformationexchangeatwork.(Academicdefinition)技术与商务信息交流是研究

在工作中有效地进行信息交流的一门学科。2.WHATISTBC?1.FeaturesofModernCommunication2.NeedsAnalysisII.ImportanceofTechnicalandBusinessCommunication1.FeaturesofModern

CommunicationOurageisknownasanageofinformation.ComputersandInternethavechangedpeople’slife.Youcanhardlyworkwithouttechnology.TypicalFeaturesofMode

rnCommunication:•Wehavetoomuchinformationtodealwith.•Wehavetohandlemultidisciplinaryinformationthatisdifficulttous.Q:Howcan

weovercomethesedifficulties?A:Wecan'tchangethesociety.However,wecanchangeourlanguageusedtoexpresstheinformation.Question:Howcanweimproveourlan

guageforeffectivecommunication?Tips●Providepracticalinformation.Giverecipientsusefulinformation,whetherit’stohelpthemperform

adesiredactionorunderstandanewcompanypolicy.●Givefactsratherthanvagueimpressions.Useconcretelanguage,specificdetail,andinform

ationthatisclear,convincing,accurate,andethical.●Presentinformationinaconcise,efficientmanner.Concisemessagesshowrespectforp

eople’stime,andtheyincreasethechancesofapositiveresponse.●Clarifyexpectationsandresponsibilities.Craftmessagestogenerateaspec

ificresponsefromaspecificaudience.Whenappropriate,clearlystatewhatyouexpectfromaudiencemembersorwhatyoucandoforthem.●Offercompelling,pe

rsuasiveargumentsandrecommendations.Showyourreaderspreciselyhowtheywillbenefitfromrespondingtoyourmessagethewayyouwantthem

to.2.NeedsAnalysisToimproveourlanguageforeffectivecommunication,weshouldfirstanswerthefollowingquestions.•Doyouthinkyouhaveenoughkn

owledgeandskillinEnglishforeffectivecommunication?•WhathaveyoulearnedinEnglish?•WhatdoyoulackinEnglish?•Whatdoyoustillne

edtolearnforeffectivebusinesscommunication?BusinessEthicsExample1:①Youcangohomeafteryoufinishedyouwork.②Afteryoufin

ishedyourwork,youcangohome.•ThereislittledifferenceingeneralEnglish.③Youcanturntheswitchto“ON”afteryouhavepu

ttheimmersionheaterintowater.④Afteryouhaveputtheimmersionheaterintowater,youcanturntheswitchto“ON”.Rule:Followthetimeo

rderinprocessdescription.Example2:①Wewillgosightseeingifitisfinetomorrow.②Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillgosight

seeing.ThereislittledifferencebetweenthetwosentencesingeneralEnglish.③Youshouldrestartthecomputerifthescreendisplaysanerrormessage.④Ifthescreend

isplaysanerrormessage,youshouldrestartthecomputer.Rule:Putconditionbeforeactionininstructions.Theseex

amplesprovideevidencefortwostatements:•Sentencesofthesamemeaningbutdifferentstructuresmayproducediffere

nteffectsincommunication.•Thereexistspecificrulesinthelanguageusefordifferentpurposesandaudiencesunderdifferents

ituations.•Theserulesarecalledpragmaticrules.Definition:Pragmaticrulesarerulesoflanguageinuse,concerningtheapplicationoflanguage•tospecificaudie

nces,•inspecificcontexts,•forspecificpurposes.语用学规则：在特定背景下，为达到特殊目的而针对特殊对象的语言规则。ResultsoftheNeedsAnalysis:•Youhavelearnedther

ulesofhowtowritesentencescorrectly,includingtherulesofgrammarandvocabulary.•Youhavenotlearnedtherulesofhowtowr

itesentenceseffectivelyforspecificpurposes,tospecificaudiencesandunderspecificcontexts.TeachingObjectiveof

TBC:TheobjectiveofTBCistolearnpragmaticrulesandputthemintopracticesoastoincreasetheefficiencyofcommunicationatwork

.III.PurposesofTechnicalandBusinessCommunication•Inform:enableyouraudiencetounderstandyourinformationeff

ectively.•Persuade:convinceyouraudiencetoacceptyourideaeffectively.IV.ThreeEssentialCriteriaofTechnicalandBusinessCommunication

1.Comprehensibility2.Usability3.AccessibilityReview:ThetypicalfeaturesofmodernTBCare:•Wehavetoomuchinformationtodealwith.•Wehavedifficul

tmultidisciplinaryinformation.•AudiencesininternationalTBCaremainlynon-nativespeakersofEnglish.Tocopewiththesefeatu

resandincreaseefficiency,TBChasestablishedthreecriteriaincommunication:•Comprehensibility•Usability•Accessibilityddyourtitle1.Com

prehensibility(Easytounderstand)Definition:Expressinginformationinawaythattheaudiencecanunderstanditquicklyandaccurate

ly.Clearinformationisinformationthatuserscanunderstandthefirsttime,withoutrepetition.专业信息的易理解性Examples:①C

admiumrodswereintroducedintocavitiesinthereactorbyusbeforeitwasgettingoutofcontrol.②Weintroducedcadmiumrodsintocavitiesinth

ereactorbeforeitwasgettingoutofcontrol.（在反应堆失控之前，我们将镉棒放入了反应堆的空腔中。）Thepassivevoiceupsetsthe“Given+New”stru

ctureofinformationbyputtingtheNewbeforetheGiven.Rule:Avoidusingpassivevoiceifpossible.Examples:①Thecomput

erprogramperformedananalysisandconductedanevaluationofournewsystem.②Thecomputerprogramanalyzedandevaluatedournews

ystem.（避免“弱动词+名词化”结构。）Rule:Avoidusingthe“weak-verb+nominalization”structure.Thepragmaticrulesreflectedinth

eaboveexamplesarecalledtechnicalrhetoric(专业修辞学）inTBC.Technicalrhetoricprovidestheprinciplesandskillsofusingl

anguageeffectivelyintechnicalcommunication.Toincreasethecomprehensibilityofinformation,weshouldlearntechnicalrhetoric.2.Usability(Easytou

se)Definition:Expressing(writingorspeaking)yourideainawaythattheaudiencecanfollowittocompletethetask.Readersoftechnicalinformatio

nfallintothreecategories:•Professionalsofyourdiscipline•Professionalsofrelateddisciplines•GeneralreadersoraveragepeopleTechnicalwritingisawriter-re

sponsiblewriting(Theoppositeisreader-responsiblewriting).Itisthewriters’responsibilitytomaketheirwritingeasyforallreaderstofollo

wandusecorrectly.Tomakeyourwritingusefultothereader,youshouldfirstunderstandyourreader.Putyourselfinyourreaders’positionandmakeaudienceanal

ysis.(1)Audience’seducationTheaudience’slevelofeducationaffectstheirreadinglevel.E.g.①Ourinvestigationhasidentifiedthatadditionalnocturnalempl

oymentwouldkeepadolescentsoffthoroughfares.②Ourstudyhasfoundthatmorenightjobswouldkeepyouthsoffthestreets.Rule:Writeaccordingtothelowestlev

elofeducationofyourpredictedaudiences.(2)Audience’sprofessionalexperience:Thisreferstotheaudience’sleveloftec

hnicalknowledge,whichaffectstheirreadinglevelintheirspecialty.E.g.①Unilateralnephrectomywasperformed.②One-sidedkidneycuttingwasperformed.S

pecializedmedicaltermsinthefirstexamplelimittheaudienceonlytoexpertsinmedicine.Rule:Writeaccordingtothel

owestlevelofprofessionalknowledgeofyourpredictedaudiences.(3)Audience’sculturalbackgroundThereaders’socialandcultu

ralbackgroundinfluencestheirthinkingmodeandoutlook.E.g.Ifyouarekilledinanaccident,howmuchdoyouwanttodonateyourorgans?Theq

uestionisnormaltoAmericanaudiencebutregardedasabadluckbyChineseaudience.Rule:Taketheaudiences’culturalbac

kgroundintoconsiderationinyourwriting.(4)Audience’sfeelingoremotionTheaudience’semotionmayaffecttheirreceptivit

yorresistancetoyourwriting.Makeyourwritingreader-friendly.E.g.①Everynurseshouldtakeagoodcareofherpat

ients.②Everynurseshouldtakeagoodcareofhispatients.③Nursesshouldtakeagoodcareoftheirpatients.Rule:Avoidsexistlanguageinwriting.(5)Audience’smo

tivationMotivationisthereasonorcauseforone’saction.Audiences’motivationinfluencestheirattitudetoyourinformation—feelingof

acceptingorrejectingit.E.g.Rule:Adaptyourwritingtoaudiences’motivation.3.Accessibility(Easytofind)Definition:Enableyouraudienc

etofindwhattheywantquicklyandaccuratelyfromlargeamountofinformation.Itisnotenoughforyouonlytowriteyourdocument.Youshouldals

odesignitsothatyouraudiencecancatchtherightinformationfromitquickly.Examplesofdifferentaccessibilityincomparison:Figure1Awor

d-wallwritingFigure2Astructured-writingorinfo-mapFig.1Aword-wallwriting•Samefonttype;•Samefontsize;•Samelinespace;•Lon

gparagraphs;•Noinformationindicatingmarksorlabels.•Traditionalparagraphwritingisnolongereffectiveformoderntechnicalcommunication.•Fig.2InformationMa

p•Bold-facedheadingsrevealthemainideaofthearticle.•Keyinformationismarkedbyitalics.•Relatedinformationischunkedintoshortparagraphs.•In

dividualtopicsareseparatedbywiderspace.•Bulletlistspresentparallelitems.•Thegraphicaidsthetextwithanexample.•DocumentDesignisrequiredtoincrea

seaccessibility.V.Summary•TBCisthestudyofeffectiveinformationexchangeatwork.•ThepurposesofTBCaretoinform(makeyouraudien

ceunderstandyouridea)andtopersuade(makeyouraudienceacceptyouridea).•ToconductTBCeffectively,youshouldfollowthethreecri

teria:comprehensibility,usability,andaccessibility.•Tomeetthethreecriteria,youmustlearntechnicalrhetoric,audiencea

nalysis,anddocumentdesign.Ingeneralsense,bothtechnicalcommunicationandbusinesscommunicationmeanthesame—comm

unicationatwork.ThisbookincludesallthegeneralprinciplesandskillsinTBCbothfortechnologyandcommerce.Theseprinciplesandskillsaretrans

ferrable.Theycanbeusedinthecommunicationforallkindsofprofessionsanddisciplines.Therefore,theskillscanincreaseyouremploymentopportunities

andyouradaptabilitytothewiderangeofnewjobs.1.Findaninstructionmanualofamobilephone,orthatofyourownpho

ne.CommentonitbasedonthethreecriteriaofTBC.2.WriteasummaryofTBCcoursebasedonyourknowledge.HomeworkThanks