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ObjectivesandOutcomes•Definetechnicalandbusinesscommunication(TBC).•UnderstandthepragmaticrulesinTBC.•Understandthethree

essentialcriteriaofTBC:accessibility,comprehensibility,andusability.•Identifytherhetoricalskillsforeffectivetechnicalandbusiness

communication.ONTENTSCPurposesEssentialCriteriaImportanceDefinition1.WHATISCOMMUNICATION?2.WHATISTBC?I.DefinitionofTechnic

alandBusinessCommunicationCommunicationistheprocessoftransferringinformationandmeaningbetweensendersandre

ceivers,usingoneormorewritten,oral,visual,orelectronicmedia.——exchangeofinformationAccordingtotheirfunctionsinthesociety,communicationcan

beclassifiedintothreecategories:•Communicationforsurvival•Communicationforentertainment•Communicationforwork1.W

HATISCOMMUNICATION?Technical:•oforrelatingtotechnique;•oforrelatingtoapracticalsubjectthatisorganize

daccordingtoscientificprinciples.TechnicalandBusinessCommunication(TBC)isinformationexchangeatwork.(Simpledefinition)Asubject

thatstudieseffectiveinformationexchangeatwork.(Academicdefinition)技术与商务信息交流是研究在工作中有效地进行信息交流的一门学科。2.WHATISTBC?1.FeaturesofModernCommunication2.

NeedsAnalysisII.ImportanceofTechnicalandBusinessCommunication1.FeaturesofModernCommunicationOurageisknownas

anageofinformation.ComputersandInternethavechangedpeople’slife.Youcanhardlyworkwithouttechnology.TypicalFeaturesofM

odernCommunication:•Wehavetoomuchinformationtodealwith.•Wehavetohandlemultidisciplinaryinformationthatisdiffi

culttous.Q:Howcanweovercomethesedifficulties?A:Wecan'tchangethesociety.However,wecanchangeourlanguageusedtoexpress

theinformation.Question:Howcanweimproveourlanguageforeffectivecommunication?Tips●Providepracticalinformation.Giverecipientsusefulinformat

ion,whetherit’stohelpthemperformadesiredactionorunderstandanewcompanypolicy.●Givefactsratherthanvagueimpressions.Usec

oncretelanguage,specificdetail,andinformationthatisclear,convincing,accurate,andethical.●Presentinformationinaconcise,efficientmanner.Concisemessages

showrespectforpeople’stime,andtheyincreasethechancesofapositiveresponse.●Clarifyexpectationsandresponsibilities.Craftmessages

togenerateaspecificresponsefromaspecificaudience.Whenappropriate,clearlystatewhatyouexpectfromaudiencemembersorwhatyoucandoforthem.●Offercom

pelling,persuasiveargumentsandrecommendations.Showyourreaderspreciselyhowtheywillbenefitfromrespondingtoyourmessag

ethewayyouwantthemto.2.NeedsAnalysisToimproveourlanguageforeffectivecommunication,weshouldfirstanswerthefollowingquestions.•Doyouthinkyouh

aveenoughknowledgeandskillinEnglishforeffectivecommunication?•WhathaveyoulearnedinEnglish?•WhatdoyoulackinEnglis

h?•Whatdoyoustillneedtolearnforeffectivebusinesscommunication?BusinessEthicsExample1:①Youcangohomeafteryoufinishe

dyouwork.②Afteryoufinishedyourwork,youcangohome.•ThereislittledifferenceingeneralEnglish.③Youcanturntheswitc

hto“ON”afteryouhaveputtheimmersionheaterintowater.④Afteryouhaveputtheimmersionheaterintowater,youcanturntheswitchto“ON”.Rule:Followthetimeorderin

processdescription.Example2:①Wewillgosightseeingifitisfinetomorrow.②Ifitisfinetomorrow,wewillgosightseeing.Thereislittlediffere

ncebetweenthetwosentencesingeneralEnglish.③Youshouldrestartthecomputerifthescreendisplaysanerrormess

age.④Ifthescreendisplaysanerrormessage,youshouldrestartthecomputer.Rule:Putconditionbeforeactionininstructions.Theseex

amplesprovideevidencefortwostatements:•Sentencesofthesamemeaningbutdifferentstructuresmayproducedifferenteffectsincommunication.•

Thereexistspecificrulesinthelanguageusefordifferentpurposesandaudiencesunderdifferentsituations.•Theserulesarecalled

pragmaticrules.Definition:Pragmaticrulesarerulesoflanguageinuse,concerningtheapplicationoflanguage•tospecif

icaudiences,•inspecificcontexts,•forspecificpurposes.语用学规则：在特定背景下，为达到特殊目的而针对特殊对象的语言规则。ResultsoftheNeedsAnalysis:•Youhavelearnedtherulesofhowtowr

itesentencescorrectly,includingtherulesofgrammarandvocabulary.•Youhavenotlearnedtherulesofhowtowritesentenceseffectivelyf

orspecificpurposes,tospecificaudiencesandunderspecificcontexts.TeachingObjectiveofTBC:TheobjectiveofTBCistolearnpragmaticrulesandputt

hemintopracticesoastoincreasetheefficiencyofcommunicationatwork.III.PurposesofTechnicalandBusinessCommunication•Inform:enableyouraudiencetounde

rstandyourinformationeffectively.•Persuade:convinceyouraudiencetoacceptyourideaeffectively.IV.ThreeEssentialCriteriaofTechnicalandB

usinessCommunication1.Comprehensibility2.Usability3.AccessibilityReview:ThetypicalfeaturesofmodernTBCare:•Wehavetoomuchinformationtodealwi

th.•Wehavedifficultmultidisciplinaryinformation.•AudiencesininternationalTBCaremainlynon-nativespeakersofEnglish.Tocopewiththesefeaturesan

dincreaseefficiency,TBChasestablishedthreecriteriaincommunication:•Comprehensibility•Usability•Accessibilityddyourtitl

e1.Comprehensibility(Easytounderstand)Definition:Expressinginformationinawaythattheaudiencecanunderstanditquickl

yandaccurately.Clearinformationisinformationthatuserscanunderstandthefirsttime,withoutrepetition.专业信息的易理解性Example

s:①Cadmiumrodswereintroducedintocavitiesinthereactorbyusbeforeitwasgettingoutofcontrol.②Weintroducedcadmiumrodsintocavitiesinthereactorbefor

eitwasgettingoutofcontrol.（在反应堆失控之前，我们将镉棒放入了反应堆的空腔中。）Thepassivevoiceupsetsthe“Given+New”structureofinformationbyput

tingtheNewbeforetheGiven.Rule:Avoidusingpassivevoiceifpossible.Examples:①Thecomputerprogramperformedananalysisandconductedanevaluat

ionofournewsystem.②Thecomputerprogramanalyzedandevaluatedournewsystem.（避免“弱动词+名词化”结构。）Rule:Avoidusingthe“

weak-verb+nominalization”structure.Thepragmaticrulesreflectedintheaboveexamplesarecalledtechnicalrhetoric(专业修辞学）inTBC.Technicalrhetoricprovidesthepr

inciplesandskillsofusinglanguageeffectivelyintechnicalcommunication.Toincreasethecomprehensibilityofinformation,weshouldlearntech

nicalrhetoric.2.Usability(Easytouse)Definition:Expressing(writingorspeaking)yourideainawaythattheaudiencecan

followittocompletethetask.Readersoftechnicalinformationfallintothreecategories:•Professionalsofyourdiscipline•Professionalsofre

lateddisciplines•GeneralreadersoraveragepeopleTechnicalwritingisawriter-responsiblewriting(Theoppositeisreader-responsiblewriting).Itisthewriters’r

esponsibilitytomaketheirwritingeasyforallreaderstofollowandusecorrectly.Tomakeyourwritingusefultothereader

,youshouldfirstunderstandyourreader.Putyourselfinyourreaders’positionandmakeaudienceanalysis.(1)Audience’seducationTheaudience’s

levelofeducationaffectstheirreadinglevel.E.g.①Ourinvestigationhasidentifiedthatadditionalnocturnalemploymentwouldkeepadolescentsoffthoro

ughfares.②Ourstudyhasfoundthatmorenightjobswouldkeepyouthsoffthestreets.Rule:Writeaccordingtothelowe

stlevelofeducationofyourpredictedaudiences.(2)Audience’sprofessionalexperience:Thisreferstotheaudience’slevelofte

chnicalknowledge,whichaffectstheirreadinglevelintheirspecialty.E.g.①Unilateralnephrectomywasperforme

d.②One-sidedkidneycuttingwasperformed.Specializedmedicaltermsinthefirstexamplelimittheaudienceonlytoexpertsinmedicine

.Rule:Writeaccordingtothelowestlevelofprofessionalknowledgeofyourpredictedaudiences.(3)Audience’sculturalbackgroundTher

eaders’socialandculturalbackgroundinfluencestheirthinkingmodeandoutlook.E.g.Ifyouarekilledinanaccident,ho

wmuchdoyouwanttodonateyourorgans?ThequestionisnormaltoAmericanaudiencebutregardedasabadluckbyChineseaudience.Rule:Taket

heaudiences’culturalbackgroundintoconsiderationinyourwriting.(4)Audience’sfeelingoremotionTheaudience’semotionmayaffecttheirreceptivityorresist

ancetoyourwriting.Makeyourwritingreader-friendly.E.g.①Everynurseshouldtakeagoodcareofherpatients.②Everynurseshouldtakeagoodcareofhispatients.③N

ursesshouldtakeagoodcareoftheirpatients.Rule:Avoidsexistlanguageinwriting.(5)Audience’smotivationMotivationis

thereasonorcauseforone’saction.Audiences’motivationinfluencestheirattitudetoyourinformation—feelingofacceptingorrejectingit.E.g.Rule:Adap

tyourwritingtoaudiences’motivation.3.Accessibility(Easytofind)Definition:Enableyouraudiencetofindwhattheywantquicklyandaccuratelyfromlargeamountof

information.Itisnotenoughforyouonlytowriteyourdocument.Youshouldalsodesignitsothatyouraudiencecancatchtherightinformationfro

mitquickly.Examplesofdifferentaccessibilityincomparison:Figure1Aword-wallwritingFigure2Astructured-writin

gorinfo-mapFig.1Aword-wallwriting•Samefonttype;•Samefontsize;•Samelinespace;•Longparagraphs;•Noinformationindicatingmarksorlabels.•

Traditionalparagraphwritingisnolongereffectiveformoderntechnicalcommunication.•Fig.2InformationMap•Bold-facedheadingsrevealt

hemainideaofthearticle.•Keyinformationismarkedbyitalics.•Relatedinformationischunkedintoshortparagraphs.•In

dividualtopicsareseparatedbywiderspace.•Bulletlistspresentparallelitems.•Thegraphicaidsthetextwithanex

ample.•DocumentDesignisrequiredtoincreaseaccessibility.V.Summary•TBCisthestudyofeffectiveinformationexchangeat

work.•ThepurposesofTBCaretoinform(makeyouraudienceunderstandyouridea)andtopersuade(makeyouraudienceacceptyouridea).•ToconductTBCeffective

ly,youshouldfollowthethreecriteria:comprehensibility,usability,andaccessibility.•Tomeetthethreecriteria,youmustle

arntechnicalrhetoric,audienceanalysis,anddocumentdesign.Ingeneralsense,bothtechnicalcommunicationandbusinesscomm

unicationmeanthesame—communicationatwork.ThisbookincludesallthegeneralprinciplesandskillsinTBCbothfortechnologyandcommerce.The

seprinciplesandskillsaretransferrable.Theycanbeusedinthecommunicationforallkindsofprofessionsanddisciplines.Therefore,theskillscanincreaseyouremp

loymentopportunitiesandyouradaptabilitytothewiderangeofnewjobs.1.Findaninstructionmanualofamobilephone

,orthatofyourownphone.CommentonitbasedonthethreecriteriaofTBC.2.WriteasummaryofTBCcoursebasedonyourkno

wledge.HomeworkThanks