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计算机导论第5章计算机组成Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluatio
nonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5C
lientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.计算机硬件系统的组成计算机系统由硬件子系统和软件子系统组成。硬件（Hardware）子系统：组成一台计算机的物理设备的总称叫做计算机硬件子系统，是看得见摸得着的实体，是计算机工作的物质基础。软件（So
ftware）子系统：驱动计算机工作的各种程序的集合称为计算机软件子系统，是控制和操作计算机工作的逻辑基础。（软件：使计算机工作的所有程序及相关数据、文档。）计算机软硬件协同配合工作。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Sl
idesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2C
opyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.计算机系统结构
结构现在使用的计算机均属于冯·诺依曼型计算机。计算机由算术逻辑单元（运算器）、控制单元、存储器、输入设备、输出设备5个部分组成。各部分功能算术逻辑单元：完成算术运算和逻辑运算。控制单元：按程序的要求控制计算机各个部分协调一致地工作，完成程序规定
的任务。存储器：存放数据和程序。输入设备：将数据与程序输入计算机。输出设备：将程序执行结果输出给用户。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientPro
file5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.e
dwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.计算机系统结构计算机硬件系统主机外设硬件系统中央处
理器（CPU）（运算器、控制器）存储器输入设备输出设备内存外存Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.E
valuationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.
edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.CPUEvaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyr
ight2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationon
ly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.cpu风扇Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.
Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5Cli
entProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.内存Evaluationo
nly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5
ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004
-2011AsposePtyLtd.显卡Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011Asp
osePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesf
or.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.主板Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3
.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2
011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyL
td.声卡Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET
3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Cop
yright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.计算机工作原理Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyL
td.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithA
spose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.计算机工作原理计算机系统工作过程（1）根据要完成任务的详细工作步骤，编写
相应的程序。（2）程序输入到存储器。（3）控制器从存储器中取出第一条指令，控制器分析该指令功能，根据指令功能控制各个部件执行指令，完成相应工作。（4）一条指令执行完，控制器读取下一条指令，重复取指令→分析指令→执行指令的过
程，直到所有指令执行完，即执行完了一段程序。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyL
td.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonl
y.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.５.１中央处理单元基本组成算术逻辑单元（运算器）：算术
运算，移位运算和逻辑运算控制器：从存储器读取指令、对指令进行分析、按照指令的要求产生操作控制信号，控制计算机各部件协调工作寄存器用来临时存放数据的高速独立的存储单元。数据存储器：存放输入数据和运算结果指令存储器：CPU从内存中取出指令放
入其中程序计数器：存放下一条指令所在单元的地址的地方。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwi
thAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5
ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.５.２存储器计算机的存储器用于保存计算机中的数据。按用途分：内部存储器（主存储器）外部存储器（辅存储器）Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5Cl
ientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePt
yLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.存储设备内存和外存的特点比较内存主要特点：容量：较小，容量有限速度：存取速度较快用途：临时存放数据
，用于存放要执行的程序和数据。外存主要特点：容量：较大，理论上无限速度：存取速度较慢用途：可永久存放数据，断电后数据不会丢失，用于存放暂时不执行而将来要执行的程序和数据。Evaluationonly.e
dwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfil
e5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.内存储器1、内存
容量1）存储容量的概念一个存储器中存储单元的个数称为该存储器的存储容量。2）存储容量单位及换算关系基本单位：8个二进制位（b,bit）组成一个字节（B,Byte）换算关系：1KB=1024B,1MB=1024KB,1GB=1024MB,1TB=1024
GBEvaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAs
pose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyr
ight2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.地址空间：存储器中独立的地址单元的总数。注意：一个字包含几个字节是不固定的，和计算机的字长有关。例：机器字长为8，则一个字包含一个字节；机器字长为16，则一个字包含两个字节；例5.1例5.2Evaluationonly.edw
ithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.
NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyri
ght2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.内存储器2、内存种类（按工作原理）只读存储器（ROM）随机存取存储器（RAM）1）只读存储器（readonlymemory,ROM）（1）只读存储器特点只读存储器中的数据一旦写入，只能读，不能改写。Evalu
ationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwith
Aspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-201
1AsposePtyLtd.内存储器2）随机存取存储器（randomaccessmemory,RAM）（1）随机存取的含义可以根据地址直接存储任一单元中的数据，这种存取方式的存取速度要快得多。（2）随机存取存储器的特点随机存取存储器，既能读出数据，又能写入数据。Evaluationonly.ed
withAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copy
right2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.5.2.4高速缓冲存储器一、Cache
引入1.问题的提出避免CPU“空等”现象CPU和主存的速度差异2.基本依据：程序访问的局部性原理指令和数据在主存内都是连续存放的，并且有些指令和数据往往会被多次调用（如循环程序），即指令和数据在主存的地址分布不是随机的，而是相对的簇聚，使得CPU在执行程序时，访存具有相
对的局部性。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwit
hAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5Clien
tProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.二、Cache1.其存放内容2.特点CPU经常要用到的程序或数据。存取速度比主存快，比CPU及其内部寄存器组慢。容量比主存小，比CPU内部寄存器组大。Evaluationo
nly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesf
or.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011Aspos
ePtyLtd.三、CPU访存的过程（1）CPU首先检查高速缓存（2）如果已经存在，CPU直接复制，否则从主存中拷贝所需要的数据块，保存在高速缓存中一份；（3）CPU从高速缓存中读取该字。Evaluationonly.e
dwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slid
esfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5
.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器常用外存种类磁盘光盘闪存移动硬盘Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5
.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePt
yLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器1、磁盘（1）磁盘材质表面涂有磁性材料的硬质圆形盘片。磁盘的盘片是铝、玻
璃、塑料等硬质材料。（2）磁盘存储数据原理磁性材料的磁化和非磁化有两种状态。可以分别表示二进制数据0和1。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5Cli
entProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Ev
aluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（3）磁盘结构及工作原理磁道盘片转旋
读/写头支撑臂移动Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET
3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（3）
磁盘结构及工作原理支撑臂Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.
5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyrig
ht2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（4）相关概念一个磁盘盘片的单面或双面上可保存数据。一个磁盘可以有多张盘片。每个盘面都有一个盘面号，按顺序从上至下从“0”开始依次编号。由于每个盘面都有自己的磁头，因此，盘面数等于总的磁头数。盘面号
又叫磁头号。磁道：每个盘面在格式化时，被划分成许多同心圆，这些同心圆轨迹叫做磁道。磁道从外向内从0开始顺序编号。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyrigh
t2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationo
nly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（4）相关概念扇区：每个磁道被等分为若干个弧段
，这些弧段便是磁盘的扇区。扇区从“1”开始编号。每个扇区可以存放512个字节的信息，磁盘驱动器在向磁盘读取和写入数据时，要以扇区为单位。柱面：每个盘面都被划分为数目相等的磁道，具有相同编号（相同半径）的磁
道形成一个圆柱，称之为磁盘的柱面。磁盘的柱面数与一个盘面上的磁道数是相等的。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011Asp
osePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.
NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（5）磁盘的地址组成盘面号、磁道号、扇区号和数据块的长度（6）磁盘的容量计算磁盘的存储容量=磁头数（盘面数）×磁道数（柱面）×每磁道扇区数×每扇区字节数Evalu
ationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfi
le5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd
.外存储器1、磁盘磁盘内部组成磁盘与磁盘驱动器是封装在一起的。磁盘片读写磁头Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyL
td.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwi
thAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器2、光盘（CompactDisc）（1）光盘材质光盘是用表面覆盖有反光物的材料制造的，反光面的平和凹也有两种状态。根据激光照射后反射光的不同
表示不同信息。（2）光盘存储数据原理①光盘存储数据的方法利用高强度激光束造成光盘相应位置上反光材料表面为凹坑状态Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2
004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspo
se.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（3）光盘的分类（格式）①CD（CompactDisc）CD-ROM（CD
-ReadOnlyMemory，只读光盘）CD-R（CD-Recordable，一次写入型光盘）CD-RW（CD-ReWriteable，可重复写光盘）常用的CD容量有650MB和700MB两种。②VCD（VideoCD，视频CD）可存储约70分钟的基于MPEG
-1标准的影视节目。CD只能播放音乐，不能播放视频信息。VCD的存储容量和CD相同。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5
.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright
2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（3）光盘的分类（格式）③DVD（Digital
VersatileDisk，数字通用光盘）DVD-Video：用于存储和播放电影和其他可视娱乐节目。DVD-ROM：用于存储数据。DVD-R：可供用户写入一次数据。DVD-RAM：能随机存取并可以重写100000次。DVD-RW：采用顺序存取并可以重写1000
次。DVDAudio：用于存储高质量音质的音频数据。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Eval
uationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientPro
file5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器（3）光盘的分类（格式）光盘的使用要有光盘驱动器的配合。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfil
e5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluat
iononly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器3、闪存（FlashMemory）闪存是一种不挥发性（非易失性）存储器，在没有电流供应
的条件下，也能够长久的保持数据。闪存种类：U盘、CF、SM、SD、MMC、XD卡、MS、TF卡等。闪存卡（FlashCard）一般应用在数码相机，掌上电脑，手机、MP3、MP4等小型数码产品中作为存储介质。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesf
or.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposeP
tyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.外存储器4、移动硬盘（MobileHarddisk）移动硬盘是以硬盘为存储介质的存储产品。是一种便
携性的存储产品。市场上绝大多数的移动硬盘都是以标准硬盘为基础的，而只有很少部分的是以微型硬盘(1.8英寸硬盘等)，但价格因素决定着主流移动硬盘还是以标准笔记本硬盘为基础。移动硬盘多采用USB、IEEE1394等传输速度较快的接口，可以较高的速度与系统进行数据传输。移动硬盘一般由硬盘加上带
有USB或IEEE1394接口的硬盘盒构成。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAsp
ose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011Asp
osePtyLtd.外存储器4、移动硬盘（MobileHarddisk）(a)1.8英寸(250GB)(b)2.5英寸(2TB)(c)3.5英寸(4TB)Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slid
esfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyrig
ht2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.存储设备存储器的层次结构存储容量从
小到大形成如下层次寄存器高速缓存内存（主存储器）外存（辅助存储器）Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwith
Aspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2
Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.５.３输入/输出设备输入设备输出设备Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5
.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyL
td.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.输入设备概念用来向计算机输入各种原始数据和程序的设备叫做输入设备。输入设备把
各种形式的信息，如数字、文字、图形、图像等转换为计算机能识别的二进制“编码”，并把它们输入到计算机存储起来。常用输入设备键盘（Keyboard）鼠标（Mouse）触摸屏（TouchScreen）扫描仪（Scanner）Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NE
T3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyrig
ht2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.输出设备概念从计算机输出数据的设备叫做输出
设备。输出设备把计算机加工处理的二进制信息转换为用户或其他设备所需要的信息形式输出，如文字、数字、图形、图像、声音等。常用输出设备显示器（DisplayDevice）打印机（Printer）绘图仪（Plotter）投影仪（Projector）Evaluationonly.
edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NE
T3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-20
11AsposePtyLtd.５.４子系统的互连定义总线（bus）是多个系统部件之间进行数据传输的公共通路。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyL
td.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationo
nly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.系统总线的分类1、数据总线（DataBus）数据用来传送要处理的
数据。位数与计算机字长的位数相同。2、地址总线（AddressBus）用来传送数据的地址，即数据在内存的存放地址或外部设备的地址。位数(n)决定了CPU可直接寻址的内存容量(2n个字)3、控制总线（ControlBus）用来传送控制
处理过程的控制信号。控制总线的线数取决于控制命令的总数。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationo
nly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesf
or.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.5.4.2IO设备的连接输入输出设备是通过输入/输出控制器获接口连接到总线上的。接口的分类：并行串行Eva
luationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NE
T3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyr
ight2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.接口分类并行接口数据的各位同时进行传送特点是传输速度快，但当传输距离较远、位数又多时，导致了通信线路复杂且成本提高。如计算机中的并行接口主要作为打印机端口。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slid
esfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientP
rofile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.串行接口数
据逐位分时传送。适用于设备本身串行工作，距主机较远，或需减少传送线的情况。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd
.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluation
only.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.几种常见控制器SCSI（小型计算机系统接口）并行接口火线串行接口USB（通用串行总线）串行接口Evalu
ationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.N
ET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2C
opyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.5.4.3输入/输出设备的寻址I/O独立寻址在I/O独立独立寻址中，用来读/写内存的指令与用来读写输入/输出的指令完全不同。Read101≠Input101I/O存储器映射寻址C
PU将输入/输出控制器中的每一寄存器都看作内存中的某个存储字。优点：指令少缺点：输入/输出控制器占用了部分内存地址Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-20
11AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Sli
desfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.5.5程序执行１.取指令将下一条要执行的指令取到CPU的指令寄存器２.译码控制单元将指令寄存器中的指令翻译成可执行的二进制代
码３.执行Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5Client
Profile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004
-2011AsposePtyLtd.5.5.2输入/输出操作程序控制输入/输出发出I/O命令检查设备状态传输一个字Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.
2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluati
ononly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.给我提供人员信息好了没有好了没有好了，给你XXXXXXEvaluationonly.edwithAs
pose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5Client
Profile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.中断控制输入/
输出发出I/O命令传输一个字中断Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesf
or.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2C
opyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.给我提供人员信息准备好了Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.e
dwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5Cl
ientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.直接存储器存取（DMA）主要用于高速I/O设备间传输大量的数据块。DMA传输前，CPU要把总线控制权交给DMA控制器，而在
结束DMA传输后，DMA控制器应立即把总线控制权再交回给CPU。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011As
posePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.E
valuationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.发出I/O命令等待中断中断（DMA准备数据传输）中断中断（DM
A已完成数据传输）释放总线，等待DMA结束做其他事情Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePty
Ltd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evalu
ationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.CPU1234DMA内存磁盘控制器磁盘232425
2627缓存地址控制传输字节数23，3，O23O3总线请求123Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2
004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwit
hAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.5.6不同的体系结构CISC（复杂指令集计算机）使用大量的指令，包括复杂指令。程序设计简单，因为每一项简单或复杂的任务都有一条对应的指令
。但是指令的复杂导致电路非常复杂。RISC（精简指令集计算机）使用少量的指令完成最少的简单操作。程序设计费事费时，因为复杂指令需要简单指令模拟。Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004
-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluation
only.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.流水线取指令译码执行取指令译码执行取指令译码执行取指令译码执行取指令译码执行
取指令译码执行取指令译码执行取指令译码执行取指令译码执行取指令译码执行取指令译码取指令Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationon
ly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.Evaluationonly.edwithAspose.Slidesfor.NET3.5
ClientProfile5.2Copyright2004-2011AsposePtyLtd.
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