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第九章国际物流仓储与包装第一节国际物流货物仓储概述第二节保税仓库与保税区第三节国际物流仓储业务运作基本程序第四节国际商品包装第一节国际物流货物仓储概述◼一、仓储的意义◼二、仓库的分类一、仓储的意义◼调整商品在生产和消费之间的时间错位◼保证
进入国际国际市场的商品质量◼延伸生产特性的加工业务◼调节国际市场商品的价格◼调节内外运输工具载运能力的不平衡◼减少国际物流中的货损货差二、仓库的分类◼1.按仓库在国际物流中的用途分类◼(1)口岸仓库◼(2)中转仓库◼(3)加工仓库◼(4)储存仓库◼2.按仓库的管理体制分类◼(1)自有仓库◼
(2)租赁公共仓库◼(3)合同仓库第二节保税仓库与保税区◼一、保税仓库的概念◼二、保税仓库允许存放的货物范围◼三、保税仓库的类型◼四、保税区保税制度◼保税制度是允许对特定的进口货物在入关进境后确定内销或复出口的最终去向前暂缓征缴关税和其他国内税,由海关监管的一种海关制度。◼保税制度按方式和实行区
域的不同:◼有保税仓库◼保税工厂◼保税区◼保税集团◼免税商店◼保税转口保税仓库◼保税仓库是经海关批准,进口货物可以不办理进口手续和较长时间储存的场所。进口货物再出口而不必纳税,便于货主把握交易时机出售货物,有利于业务的
顺利进行和转口贸易的发展二、保税仓库允许存放的货物范围◼1.缓办纳税手续的进出口货物◼主要包括进口国工程、生产等需要,由于种种原因而造成的预进口货物,储存在保税仓库内,即需即提并办理通关手续,剩余货物免税退回。也包括因市场变化,暂时无法决定去向的货物。◼2.需要做进口技术处理
的货物◼主要是那些不适合在进口国销售,需要再包装或做其它加工处理,如符合要求即进行内销完税,否则退回或销往其他国家。◼3.来料加工后复出口的货物◼主要是那些“两头在外”的公司实施的,将后期加工放在保税仓库内进行,然后再行出口。原料可存放于保税仓库内。◼4.不内销而过境转口的货物。◼当货物内
销无望需转口,或在该地存放有利于转口,或无法直接销往第三国需转口,此时可存放于保税仓库内。三、保税仓库的类型◼1.专业性保税仓库◼2.公共保税仓库◼3.保税工厂◼4.海关监管仓库四、保税区◼保税区(BondedArea;thel
ow-tax;tariff-freezone;tax-protectedzone)亦称保税仓库区。这是一国海关设置的或经海关批准注册、受海关监督和管理的可以较长时间存储商品的区域。是经国务院批准设立的、海关实施特
殊监管的经济区域,是我国目前开放度和自由度最大的经济区域。◼第一个保税区是上海外高桥保税区第三节国际物流仓储业务运作基本程序进口入库储存保管出库国际物流货物仓储业务一、保税仓库货物进口◼1.本地进货◼2.异地进货二、入库◼1.卸货◼2.入库验收◼3.办理入库手续◼4.贴储位标签或
条形码◼5.上架三、储存保管:存放、保管、检查和盘点◼1.存放:可变货位安排系统;固定货位安排系统◼2.保管◼(1)面向通道保管◼(2)根据出库频率选定位置◼(3)尽可能向高处码放,提高保管效率(棚架)◼(4)同一品种放在同一地方◼
(5)根据物品重量安排保管的位置(腰部)◼(6)要注意商品的存放安全◼湿度管理、防尘、防臭、防虫、防鼠、防盗。3.货物检查与盘点(1)保管期间货物的检查◼检查的内容:◼A.数量检查◼B.质量检查◼C.保管条件检查◼D.安全检查◼检查的方式:◼
A.日常检查◼B.定期检查◼C.临时性检查(2)货物的盘点1)盘点的方法A.动态盘点法B.循环盘点法C.重点盘点法2)盘点的内容A.盘点数量B.盘点重量C.货帐核对D.帐与帐核对E.做好记录及时联系F.分析问题,找出
原因及时处理四、出库◼1.原物复出口:填写货物出口报关单,提交进口报关单(进口的的时候经海关签章确认的)◼2.加工贸易提取使用◼3.转入国内销售第四节国际商品包装◼一、包装材料◼二、包装种类◼三、包装费用◼四、包装标识包装的功能packag
ingfunction◼1.Protectthegoodsfromthehazardsofinternationalshippingbyoceanorbyair◼CostVSprotectionnotatrade-off◼2..Facilitatethehandlingofgoo
dswhentheyareintransit◼3.Partofthecustomerservicestrategyandoftenoverlooked包装的目标packagingobjectives◼Makesure
thatgoodsareprotectedfromthemajorlosses◼Providegoodcustomerservicetotherecipientofthegoods(customerfocus)◼Reflecttheincreasings
ensitivitytorecyclingandenergyconservation14-2packagingobjectivesThefirstobjective◼thethreemajorlossesthatcanocc
urinaninternationaltransit◼1.mechanicaldamage:breakage,crushes,nicksanddents(43%ofallclaims)◼2.waterdamage:seawater,rain,flood,andcont
ainersweat(15%)◼3.theftandpilferage(21%)◼Theremaining21%oftheclaimsarelinkedtofire,standing,sinkings,collisionoverboardlossesandjettis
on◼Alltheperilscanbepreventedtoagreatextentbytheproperuseofpackagingtechniquesandcorrectdesign14-2packagingobjectivesThesecondobjective◼Achievedbypa
yingattentiontothesmallerdetailsofthepackagingprocessanddesigningasmarterpackage,examplesareasfollowing◼Gluingandthennailingtheplywoodon
toacrate,acustomer-focusedexporterjustnailthemorevenbetterscrewthem…◼Usetherecipient’slanguageandclearly
markallofthepackagewithintheshipment◼Utilizeunitizedpackagesthatmatchthesizeoftheonesusedbythecustomer◼Afewextratimeandabitmoremoney,actual
lybecomeastrategicadvantageoveracompetitor14-2packagingobjectivesThethirdobjective◼Userecyclableandreusablematerialsinsteadofdisposablematerials
一、包装材料1.包装材料(1)纸质包装材料(2)合成树脂包装材料(3)木制容器包装材料(4)金属容器包装材料(5)玻璃陶瓷包装材料(6)纤维容器包装材料(7)复合材料包装材料2.包装容器(1)包装袋(2)包装盒(3)包装箱(4)瓶(5)罐二、包装种类◼运输包装◼销售包装◼运输
包装分为:◼1.单件包装按照外形:包、箱、桶、袋按照质地:软性、硬性和半硬性按照材料◼2.集合包装集装箱、集装袋、托盘三、包装费用◼包装材料费用◼包装机械费用◼包装技术费用◼包装人工费用◼其他辅助费用四、包
装标志◼运输标志◼指示性标志◼警告性标志海洋货物运输包装oceancargo◼FCL(整箱货)◼Choiceofcontainer集装箱的选择◼Afterthechoiceofcorrectcontainer,thee
xportershouldinspectthecontainerbothfromtheinsideandoutside◼选完集装箱后要对集装箱进行检查Inspectfromtheoutsideforpossibl
estructuraldamages:外部检查要点◼Astructurallyunsoundcontainercouldcollapse◼Theframeshouldlookstraight◼Thefittings(设备)use
dforliftingitandsecuringitontheshiporonthetruckshouldbeinplaceandnotdamaged◼Thedoorsshouldcloseproperly◼Therepairshoul
dappeartohavebeendonecompetently◼SurfacerustInspectfromtheinside内部检查要点◼withthedoorclosed,forpossiblelightleakage◼Woodfloorandwoo
dsidespreventcondensationdamageanddirectcontactwiththemetalsides◼Allofitsinsidehardwareinplace◼Foulandpersistento
dors◼Removetheprotruding(突出的)nailsorotherfasteners◼Cleanofgrease油脂,dirtandotherforeignmaterial集装箱完整性检查程序(七点检查)◼
前壁1.确定内部各角挡块可见且无误,前壁是由折皱材料构成的。2.用40‘的尺子测量集装箱的内部尺寸,柜前至后门内侧的距离是40尺柜应该是39‘5“或12.01M,20尺柜的为19‘4“或5.89M。3.确信排气口可以看见,没有被异物堵住。4.用工具敲
打它,确认有空的回声。集装箱完整性检查程序(七点检查)◼左边1.查看横粱的异常修复2.查看侧壁都可见的内外部的修复情况。3.用工具敲打它,确认有空的回声集装箱完整性检查程序(七点检查)◼右边1.查看横梁的异常修复2.查看侧壁都可见的内外部的异常修复情况。3.用工具敲打它,确认有空的回声集装箱完整
性检查程序(七点检查)◼地板1.测量底部至顶部的商度,40尺柜和20尺柜的高度应该是7’10”或者是2.38M.2.确认底部是平整,所有的高度是一样的。不能有不同的高度。3.检查异常修复情况。集装箱完整性检
查程序(七点检查)◼顶部1.顶部的外形不能是靠内或者靠外。确保是一致的。2.查看角上挡块的顶部和距顶部距离。例如:正常情况下,那顶部应稍微低一点或者和角部挡块的顶部齐平。3.确信排气口可以看见,没有被异物堵住。4.查看内外顶部内外侧异常修复。集装箱完整性检查程序(
七点检查)◼门的内外1.确宝门的锁闭系统的可靠性,安全性。2.查看柳钉的类型颜色,颜色应该都是一致的且钉子周围没有油污。3.确保各孔洞处没有固体异物集装箱完整性检查程序(七点检查)◼外部/起落架1.进厂装柜前,.检测柜子的底盘和外观3.检测底盘时要
用一面镜子以确保所有的支撑横梁是可见的,且没有其它外部的东西固定在起落架上。4.在箱子的内部查看外部可见的修复。Palletization集装箱内部托盘◼Mostofthetime,itisbetterfortheshipmenttobeunitized(placedonthepallet)wi
thinthecontainerratherthanleftinitscorrugatedcardboard瓦楞纸boxes.Theadvantagesare:◼Protectthegoodsfromthewaterinfiltrationandcondens
ation,facilitatethehandling◼Ensurethesecondarysufficientenoughtoprotectthegoods◼Anotherissuetotakeintoconsideration:b
rickvscolumns◼Thestandardizedofthepallets(EUvsUS)http://hi.baidu.com/xymy99999/blog/item/a339f8fe85805d335d600
810.htmltypesofseagoingcontainers海运集装箱类型◼Thegreatestnumberofcontainersarestandardtwenty-footandforty-footunits◼DRYCONTAINER
◼Boxes8×8×20or8×8×40◼Fullyenclosedinsteel◼Equippedwithadoubledooratoneend◼Haveawoodenfloor◼Somehavewoodensides◼Canbestackedtoninehighandevenhigherins
omecases◼CapacityismeasuredbyTEUs◼Theliquid-bulkcontainerTankinsideaframewiththesameoutsidedimensionsAccordingtothecargocar
ried,thecontainershavedifferentdesignandofdifferentmaterials(ISOstandard)CanbestackedwithtraditionalcontainersThedry-bulkcontainer◼T
oholddrybulkproductsuchasgrainorpolymerpellets◼Fewerhandlingthanwhenthecargoisbulk,packagedindrumsorbags◼
Shortercontainers(5feettall)facilitaterailtransport◼CanbestackedwiththeISOstandardcontainersTheopen-topcontainer开顶集装箱◼Holdcargotoolargeortootalltoreg
ularcontainer,Sometimescoveredwithatarpaulin防水帆布◼[tɑ:ˈpɔ:lin]◼ThesecontainersalwaysonthetopofthestackTheextended-lengthco
ntainer◼Holdcargodon’tfitintheforty-footcontainer◼Difficulttopackandloadontotheship◼OnthetopofthestackandmusthavethenextstackslotemptyTheflatr
ack框架集装箱◼Holdcargolessthan8feetwide◼Sometimeshavecornerandtwoendwall◼Usedforshipmentsofpleasureboats,truckandmilitaryvehi
clesTherefrigeratedcontainer◼Holdcargoataconstanttemperatureduringthevoyage◼Outsidepowersource(electricity)tofunction◼Pluggedinduringthevoyage◼
reefercontainer冷藏船Thehighcubecontainer◼Holdcargothatcubeoutbeforeitweighout◼Themaximumweightlimitofacontaineris52910lb
s(24mt)and67200(30.5mt)◼ThehangercontainerHoldgarments“onhanger”◼Severalhavebeendesignedtoshipautomobile,livestock,集装
箱运输出现的困境◼Thedifficultiesofthedevelopmentof“specials”isthattheyarenotmulti-purposesuchasthelivestockcontainer◼Fortheimbalanceoftradebetweenportst
hereisanaccumulationofemptiesintheUS,whilethereisashortageofboxesinAsia◼AnotherreasonfortheshortageThecontainersareusedforstorageorh
ousing(disappear)Non-unitizedcargo非集装化商品◼Preferabletobepackagedinahighgradeofcorrugatedcardboard,reg
ularsecondarypackageshouldbeavoided◼Strongcardboardorsheetsofplywoodshouldbeusedinbetweenthelayers◼Ala
yerofplywoodonfloororpalletinhumidcondition.cardboardshouldbeavoidedBlockingmaterials—dunnage填充材料◼Thefirstt
hingtosecurethegoodsonthecontaineritself(hooksandstraps)◼Thesecondistoinsertsomesortof“spacer”inbetweenthepalletsorthepackages◼Spacer:bracingcont
raptionsmadewithwoodenbeams,inflatablebagsoroldpallets◼Insurancepoliciesdonotcovertheclaimsforimproperlypackagedcargo
◼Thecriticalpartisthattheentirefloorspaceinthecontainermustbeoccupied,sothatnoneofthecargomaymoveLoadingthecontainer装箱◼WhenDifferenttypes
goodsinthesamecontainer,theheavieronesshouldalwaysplacedonthebottom◼Makesurethecentreofgravitybeinthecentreofthecontainer,achievedb
ymakingsurethegoodareloadedsymmetricalandtheblockingmaterialsisplacedinbetween◼softwareless-than-containe
r-load(LCL)cargo拼箱货◼ConsolidatedbythefreightforwarderorNVOCC◼Inadditiontotheriskassociatedwiththeshipmentb
yocean,alsothepossibilityofdamagescausedbytheothercargointhecontainer◼Heavyoneinadvertentlyplacedonthepalletorpoorlybracedandmoveinheavysea
◼Subjecttotheleakage,odorandotherhazards◼Theowneroftheothercargoisnotcarefulbreak-bulkcargo散杂货◼Toolargeortooheavy◼Placeddirectlyont
heholdoftheship◼handledMoreoften(packageshouldreflecttherigorsofthejourneyandtheextrahandling)◼Specializedfreightforwarderswhohaveanexcel
lentknowledgeofalloftheselimitation◼CignaInsuranceCompany“portsoftheworld”Crate板条箱andboxes◼Begood(appropriate)forb
reak-bulkcargoandLCL◼Shouldbebuiltinasizethataccommodatesthegoodswithoutallowingthemtoshift◼Beverysolidlybuiltandbereinforcedatthosepointswher
ethecratelikelytobelifted◼Uprightposition(palletorhooksandstraps)◼Boxesandcratebuiltdifferently◼Wellbuiltcratesarestrongerthanboxes◼Thr
ee-waycorner◼Bothshouldbereinforcedwithcornerstrappingandmetallicbands◼Notappropriateforcargothatisnotimpervioustowater◼Linedwithawaterpro
ofmaterials◼Leavingthebottomofthecrateortheboxfreeofwaterproofmaterial◼Placesmallholesinittoallowdrainageshouldsomewaterinfiltrationoccur◼S
praythemachineryandmetallicpartwithoiltoprotectagainstthewaterdamageBags集装袋◼Chemicals,plasticsandotherpowderedmaterialsunaffectedbywatera
ndunlikelytobepilferage◼Layerofkraftpaperorlightpolymers◼Add3%additionalempty◼flexibleintermediatebulkcon
tainer可调式联运散货集装箱Drums桶◼Metallicdrumsandfiberdrum◼Steeldrumcanbeusedforwetanddrycargoandareprettyresilientcontainersthatcanwithstandagoo
damountofabuse,resistancetowaterdamageandpilferageandbeusedforlongtime◼Thedisadvantageistheweightandcost◼Fiberdrumonlybeusedf
ordrycargo,oftenlinedwithapolymerbag◼Slightlymoreresistanttowaterdamagethanbagsmoreresistanttopilferage◼a
reoftendamagedwhenportpersonnelhandletheminthesamewayastheydosteeldrums◼Alsosensitivetomechanicaldamageswoodrequirements关于木
质包装材料的相关规章制度◼ConformtotheInternationalPhytosanitaryMeasure15sinceMarch2005◼AllwoodproductmustbemarkedwiththeInternationalplantprotectio
nconvention国际植物保护公约◼Finland10,000tocoverthecostofdestroyingthem◼MBandHT包装标志——作用◼包装标志是为了便于货物交接、防止错发错运,便于识别,便于运输、仓储和海关等有关部门进行查验等工
作,也便于收货人提取货物,在进出口货物的外包装上标明的记号,◼包装标志有:◼运输标志(即唛头)、◼指示性标志◼警告性标志三类。1.运输标志(ShippingMark)◼运输标志习惯上称为“唛头”,它通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数
字和简单的文字组成,其作用主要是便于识别货物,便于收货人收货,也有利于运输、仓储、检验和海关等有关部门顺利地进行工作。◼标准化的运输标志由标准运输标志和信息标志组成(见GB/T18131-2000)。1)标准运输标志
◼标准运输标志由收货人(买方)、参考号、目的地、件数编号4个数据元依次组成。这些运输标志一般都应在货物和相关单证上标示出来。◼①收货人(或买方)。收货人(或买方)名称的首字母缩略名或简称。除铁路、公路运输外,其他各种运输方式均不应使用全称。出口商和进口商可以商定一套首字母缩略
名或简称,用于他们之间的货物运输。◼②参考号。参考号应尽可能简单明了,只可使用托运单号、合同号、订单号或发票号中的一个编号,并应避免在编号后跟随日期信息。◼③目的地。货物最终抵达的港口或地点(卸货港、交货地点、续运承运人交货地点)的
名称。在转运的情况下,可在“VIA”(即“经由”)之后指明货物转运的港口或地点的名称。如“NEWDELHIVIABOMBY”,表示货物经由孟买到达新德里。在多式联运情况下,只需标明货物的最终抵达地点,允许
运输经营人选择最理想的运输路线,并避免在转运地中断运输。◼④件数编号。指出件数的连续编号和已知的总件数。例如“1/25”、2/25......25/25”表示包装物的总件数为25件,每件包装物的编号从1到25。附加信息标志情况◼①当集装箱或拖挂车装有危险品时,必
须将危险品的标志标在外部,同时标出其他必备型数据,如正确的技术名称、适当的运输内容等。◼②在运输包装物上,除标准运输标志以外的不是货物运输所需要的其他信息标志,一般不应在包装物上标示。如有特殊要求,则应将其他必要的附加信息用较小字符或不同颜色使其与标准运输标志明显区分,而且这些信息不能复
制在单证上运输标志的部位。◼③为便于全装卸(如空运)或正确存贮,可以标出包装物的总重,但必须以“kg”为单位而不应使用其他重量单位标示。重量标志应直接标在运输标志的下方并与其明显分开。例如:直接标示“462kg”,不应附加“GROSS/BRUTTOWEIGHT
”(总重量)之类信息。◼④像原产国或进口许可证号码这类信息应视政府法律或简化海关结关手续要求而定。如果买方要求,此类信息可包括在内。但不应在包装物上给出发货人的详细名称或地址。例如;用“ILGG22455170672”代替“
IMPORTLICENCENUMBERG/G22455-17067-2”。◼⑤通常不必在包装物上标示净重和尺码(罐装化学物品或特大的包装物除外)。一般情况下,国内和国际法规对此不作强制性规定。需要标示时,应对它们进行
缩略,例如:“N401kg105×90×62cm”。◼⑥货物空运时,根据国际航空运输协会(IATA)606号决议的规定,可以在运输标志下面给出总重量,并且至少在一个包装物上给出托运人的详细地址。2)海运时的标准运输标志示例指示性标志警告性标志ABC123
4BOMBAY1/25标准运输标志462kgMADEINUK信息标志3)空运时的标准运输标志示例指示性标志015-12345675DEL1/25标准运输标志54kg信息标志TO:指示性标志◼指示性标志又称包装储
运图示标志、安全标志、保护性标志或注意标志。它是针对商品的特性提出的在运输和保管过程中应注意的事项,一般都是以简单、醒目的图形或文字在包装上标出。在使用文字时,最好是使用进口国和出口国的文字,但一般是使用英文◼我国常用的有17种◼Tworeason:pro
tectthegoodsfrompoorhandlingandprotectthegoodsfromtheftandpilferageToprotectthegoodsfrompoorhandling◼Use
asmanyoftheinternationalpictorialsforcargohandlingasarerelevant(standardizedbyISO)accompaniedbythetranslationinthelanguageof
theports◼Netweightandgrossweightshouldbedisplayedbothinmetricunitsandso-calledEnglishunitsontheoutsideofthepackage◼Theoutsidedimensionshou
ldalsobedisplayedToprotectthegoodsfrombeinglost◼Markthepackagewiththeconsignee'snameaswellastheshipmentnumber◼Consigneeshou
ldnotincludeinformationthatcanindicatethebrandorthetypeofgoods◼1of4,particularcolor(acolornotassociatedwithaspecificcompanya
ndalsochangethecolorregularly)◼Theidentityoftheshipperorthecontentofthepackageshouldbeavoidedatallcosts运输包装件内装易碎品,因此搬运时应小心轻放表明运输包装件的正确
位置是竖直向上不能翻滚运输包装搬运货物时此面禁放手推车不能用升降叉车搬运的包装件相同包装的最大堆码层数,n表示层数极限该包装件不能堆码并且其上也不能放置其他负载起吊货物时挂链条的位置本标志应标在实际的起吊位置上3.警告性标志(WarningMark)◼警告性标志又称危险货物包装标志,是针
对危险货物为了在运输、保管和装卸过程中,使有关人员加强防护措施,以保护物资和人身的安全而加在外包装上的标志。凡包装内装有爆炸品、易燃物品、自燃物品、遇水燃烧物品、有毒品、腐蚀性物品、氧化剂和放射性物品等危险品,应在运输包装上
刷写清楚明显的危险品警告标志。◼我国常用的警告性标志有21种airtransportation◼Lesshazardousthanoceantransport,butsomeperilsstillexist◼Watercondensatio
nandairpressurechanges◼Thebiggestproblemistheftandpilferage◼14-4acontainers◼14-4bpackagingmaterials◼14-4cmarkingscontainers◼Conta
inersusedmuchdifferentfromtheoneusedinoceancargoandarenotintermodal(withtheexceptionof20-footcontainer)◼Madeofwo
od,Plexiglasoraluminum,lightweightandclean◼Damagemayoccurinvoyagebutmostdamageoccurinthehandlingpack
agingmaterials◼Secondarypackaging,notanappropriatemethodfortworeasons:◼Notsufficienttoprotectthegoodswellfromthehazards
ofmanipulation◼hubandspoke轴辐式空运系统Thesecondreason◼Secondarypackagingoftenincludesmarkingsincludingthebrandnameofthegoods,aswellasmo
delnumberandillustrations,whichmakethemverytemptingtargetsforthievesForfragileshipments◼Thebeststrategyi
stouseaboxwithinabox;filledwithpackingmaterials◼Thecostissubstantial(freightandthecostoflagerbox)◼Theairlineschargetheshipperonthehigherof
twoalternativesForcargosensitivetohumidity◼AddsmallpacketsofDesiccantmaterial干燥剂◼Additionallayerofshrink-
wrapForshipmentsusceptibletoleakage◼Thesecondaryortertiarypackagemustbecapableofcontaininganaccidentalleakag
e◼Mostsecondarypackagingisnotdesignedforsuchacontingency意外事故,adequateadditionalabsorbentmaterialmustb
epackedwiththegoods◼Fine132,500(perfume)markings◼Thesamewayasmarkingsonoceanshipmentsroadandrailtransportation◼Thesamewayasthat
usedforshipmentbyoceancontainer◼Unitizethecargointopallets◼Thecargopalletsshouldbeshrink-wraped14-6security◼Theftandpilfera
ge◼10billionperyearinUSand30billionintheworld◼Manymethods◼Acombinationofseveralshouldcovermostshippersandpreventtheftandpilfera
ge◼Thecargoshouldnotbearthenameoftheshipper◼Especiallyforthegoodsshippedintheirsecondarypackageandforwhichtheprima
rypackagingandsecondarypackagingareoneandthesame◼FCLorfulltruckloads◼Placethecargoinanadditionalblankcardboardbox(LCL,LT
L)◼Placesealsoncontainers-mayinvitetheft◼Invisiblelocks◼Insiderinvolvement14-7hazardouscargo◼Mostdangerousgoodsareshippedbysea◼IMO(InternationalMar
itimeOrganization国际海事组织◼IMDGCode国际海运危险货物规则◼IATA国际航空运输协会◼ICAO国际民航组织◼Domesticregulatoryagencies14-8refrigeratedgoods◼Travela
lone◼Reefer◼Aircirculation◼Humidity◼Airshipmentdomesticretailpackaging◼Adaptingafirm’sstrategytothedifferentmarketcanaddtocost:◼Manufac
turing◼Inventory◼LogisticsexpensesThefactorsthataffectprimaryandsecondarypackaging◼14-9asize◼14-9blegalissue◼14-9cstorageandtransportation
packagingasamarkettool◼Themostimportantwayoflookingatpackagingistopreparefortheworst◼Theexportershouldmakesurethatthegoodsareprotectedfrom
physicaldamage:◼Benefit(economicbenefitandgoodwill)ofgoodpackageissubstantial◼Thepackagingshouldbefriendlytotheemployeeswhounpacktheg
oods.