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IFRFlightConsiderationsIFRFlightPlanningFlightOverview•AIM:5-1-1to5-1-13•Beforeplanningtheflightdetails…takeabroadlookatyourobjective.Compare:–Dis

tancewithfuel–Weatherwithroute–Terrainwithaircraftperformance–Goalandyourproficiency–Isthistripreallynecessary?•§91.103Preflightaction.–Eachpilotinco

mmandshall,beforebeginningaflight,becomefamiliarwithallavailableinformationconcerningthatflight.Thisi

nformationmustinclude–•(a)ForaflightunderIFRoraflightnotinthevicinityofanairport,weatherreportsandforecasts,fuelrequirements,alternatives

availableiftheplannedflightcannotbecompleted,andanyknowntrafficdelaysofwhichthepilotincommandhasbeenadvisedbyATC;•

(b)Foranyflight,runwaylengthsatairportsofintendeduse,andthefollowingtakeoffandlandingdistanceinformation

:•“NWKRAFT”14CFR91.103•PreflightAction:NWKRAFT•(a)ForaflightunderIFR,pilotshouldknow:•N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningfligh

t)•W-weatherreportsandforecasts•K-knowntrafficdelays•R–runwaylengths•A-alternativesavailable•F-fuelrequirements•T–TakeOff/LandingDistanceinfo,Section

(b).•§91.167FuelrequirementsforflightinIFRconditions•(a)NopersonmayoperateacivilaircraftinIFRconditionsunl

essitcarriesenoughfuel(consideringweatherreportsandforecastsandweatherconditions)to––(1)Completethefli

ghttothefirstairportofintendedlanding;–(2)Exceptasprovidedinparagraph(b)ofthissection,flyfromthatairporttothealternateairport;and–(3)Flya

fterthatfor45minutesatnormalcruisingspeed.•(b)Paragraph(a)(2)ofthissectiondoesnotapplyif:–(1)Part97ofthischapterprescribesastandardinstrum

entapproachprocedureto,oraspecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheadministratortotheoperatorfor,thefirstairportofintended

landing;and–(2)Appropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationofthem,indicatethefollowing:•(i)Foratleast1hourbefore

andfor1houraftertheestimatedtimeofarrival,theceilingwillbeatleast2,000feetabovetheairportelevationandthevisibility

willbeatleast3statutemiles.14CFR91.167•FuelRequirementsforFlightinIFRConditions:–tofirstairportofintendedlanding–toalternat

eairport(ifrequired)–45minutesatnormalcruisingspeed•AlternateisNOTneededwhen:–firstairporthasIAPAND–1-2-3rul

eforecastwx–+/-1hourETA–Atleast2,000’ceiling–Atleast3SMvisibility.•§91.169IFRflightplan:Informationrequired.–(a)Informationrequired.Un

lessotherwiseauthorizedbyATC,eachpersonfilinganIFRflightplanmustincludeinitthefollowinginformation:•(1)Informationrequiredunder§91.153(a)

ofthispart;•(2)Exceptasprovidedinparagraph(b)ofthissection,analternateairport.–(b)Paragraph(a)(2)ofth

issectiondoesnotapplyif:•(1)Part97ofthischapterprescribesastandardinstrumentapproachprocedureto,oraspecialinstrumentappro

achprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheAdministratortotheoperatorfor,thefirstairportofintendedlanding;and•(2)Appropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oraco

mbinationofthem,indicatethefollowing:–(i)Foraircraftotherthanhelicopters.Foratleast1hourbeforeandfor1houraftertheestimatedtimeofarrival,

theceilingwillbeatleast2,000feetabovetheairportelevationandthevisibilitywillbeatleast3statutemiles.14CFR91.169•IFRFlightPlan:InformationRequir

ed•Section(c)IFRalternateairportstandardminimums–600’ceiling/2smforprecision–800’ceiling/2smfornonprec

ision–atETAatalternate•forecastWXmustallowdescentfromMEAtoairportunderbasicVFR–(checkVFRminimumsforallairspaceyouw

illtransit!)WITHIAPNOIAP:–(c)IFRalternateairportweatherminima.–UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbytheAdministrator,nopersonmayinclud

eanalternateairportinanIFRflightplanunlessappropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationofthem,indicatethat,attheestimatedtimeo

farrivalatthealternateairport,theceilingandvisibilityatthatairportwillbeatorabovethefollowingweatherminima:•(1)Ifaninstrumentapp

roachprocedurehasbeenpublishedinpart97ofthischapter,oraspecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheAdministratortotheoperator,fortha

tairport,thefollowingminima:–(i)Foraircraftotherthanhelicopters:Thealternateairportminimaspecifiedinthatprocedure,orifnonearespecif

iedthefollowingstandardapproachminima:»(A)Foraprecisionapproachprocedure.Ceiling600feetandvisibility2statu

temiles.»(B)Foranonprecisionapproachprocedure.Ceiling800feetandvisibility2statutemiles.•(2)Ifnoinstrumentapproachprocedu

rehasbeenpublishedinpart97ofthischapterandnospecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheAdministratortotheoperator,forthealter

nateairport,theceilingandvisibilityminimaarethoseallowingdescentfromtheMEA,approach,andlandingunderbasicVFR.

.•§91.173ATCclearanceandflightplanrequired.–NopersonmayoperateanaircraftincontrolledairspaceunderIFRunlessthatpersonhas–•(a)File

danIFRflightplan;and•(b)ReceivedanappropriateATCclearance.Route•RouteSelection:–AircraftPerformance–FuelEconomy–AvailabilityofRouteAlte

rnatives–Terrain–AircraftEquipment(IFR-certifiedGPS)–PreferredIFRroutes•Airport\FacilityDirectory•EnroutesectionofJeppesenAir

wayManual–Ifstartingwithafix,thenexpectroutingbywayofODP/SID,orradarvectors.•§91.181Coursetobeflown.–UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbyATC,nopersonmayo

perateanaircraftwithincontrolledairspaceunderIFRexceptasfollows:•(a)Onafederalairway,alongthecenterlineofthatairway.•(b)Onanyotherroute,alongthedir

ectcoursebetweenthenavigationaidsorfixesdefiningtheroute.AlongtheRoute•CheckMEAs•GenerallyalongairwaysunlessGPSisIFRcertified•CheckforODPs/SI

DsandSTARs•Alternateairports?–Farenoughawaytoavoiddestination’sadverseweather…closeenoughtomakeit.–Recommendedinst

rumentapproachFlightInformationPublications•FlightPublications–PublishedDeparturesandApproaches•Suitabilityandfamiliarity–Alternatesuitability•NOTA

Ms–ChartNOTAMssectionofJepps–NoticestoAirmen•Airplane’sFlightManualSupplement–IFRequipmentcertificationrequirementsNOTAM(D)•Informationisdisseminate

dforallnavigationalfacilitiesthatarepartoftheNAS,allpublicuseairports,seaplanebases,andheliportslistedintheA/FD.Thecompletelistofall(D)inf

ormationismaintainedinacomputerdatabase.MaybeobtainedfromFSSforthedurationofthe(D)unlessitispublished.NOTAM(L)•Taxiwayclosures,personnelande

quipmentnearorcrossingrunways,andairportlightingaidsthatdonotaffectinstrumentapproachcriteria,suchasVASI.•Distributedlocallyonlyan

disnotattachedtothehourlyweatherreports.Aseparatefileof(L)ismaintainedateachFSSforfacilitiesintheirareaonly.FDCN

OTAMs•AmendmentstopublishedIAPsandothercurrentaeronauticalcharts.Theyarealsousedtoadvertisetemporaryflightrestrictionscausedbysuchthi

ngsasnaturaldisastersorlarge-scalepubliceventsthatmaygenerateacongestionofairtrafficoverasite.•FSSwillgivethepilotthoseFDCNOTAMs

,thatarewithin400milesoftheirfacilityandareunpublished.Thoseoutside400milesaregivenifspecificallyrequestedbythepilot.NOTAMS•Anintegralp

artoftheNOTAMsystemistheNoticestoAirmenPublicationpublishedeveryfourweeks.–Oncepublished,theseNOTAMsarenotgiven

topilotsinweatherbriefingsunlessspecificallyrequestedbythepilot.–---“RemembertoaskforpublishedNOTAMS”---FlightInformationPublications•AIM–For

reviewofcurrentproceduresandchanges•NavigationLog–Haveaflow•Aircraftlogbooks–Fortransponder,pitot/static,altimeter,andVORcheckcurrency•Us

eLatestIssueofAeronauticalCharts–IFREnrouteCharts:56days–IFRApproachCharts:56daycycleWeatherConsiderationsBythetimeyouarereadytoreceiveastandardbri

efingfromFlightService,youshouldalreadyhavesomeideaabouttheweatherhazardsalongyourrouteofflightandcond

itionsatyourdestination.Pre-FlightBriefing•Pre-flightBriefingObjective:“…communicatea“picture”ofmeteorologicalandaeronau

ticalinformationnecessaryfortheconductofasafeandefficientflight.”•PreflightBriefingrequestshouldinclude…–Typeofflightplan

ned(IFRorVFR)–Nameoraircraftnumber–Aircrafttype–DepartureAirport–ArrivalAirportWeatherCharts•GoodstartisWeatherDepiction–B

ird’seyeviewofcategoricaloutlooks•SurfaceAnalysis–Frontalmovements•RadarandSatelliteimages•AreaForecasts•IcingLevelAltitude

Selection•Basedon:–MEA–ATCassignedlowestavailableIFRaltitude–Highestaltitudewithoutoxygen–Winds,turbul

ence,andice.•§91.177MinimumaltitudesforIFRoperations–(a)Operationofaircraftatminimumaltitudes.Exceptwhennecessaryfortakeof

forlanding,nopersonmayoperateanaircraftunderIFRbelow–•(1)Theapplicableminimumaltitudesprescribedinparts95and97ofthi

schapter;or•(2)Ifnoapplicableminimumaltitudeisprescribedinthoseparts––(i)Inthecaseofoperationsoveranareadesignatedasamo

untainousareainpart95,analtitudeof2,000feetabovethehighestobstaclewithinahorizontaldistanceof4nauticalmilesfromthe

coursetobeflown;or–(ii)Inanyothercase,analtitudeof1,000feetabovethehighestobstaclewithinahorizontaldistanc

eof4nauticalmilesfromthecoursetobeflown.14CFR91.177•MinimumAltitudesforIFROperations•Applicableminimums–Mountainous(2000’AGL/4nm)–Other(1000’A

GL/4nm)–MEA/MOCA/22nm•Climbtohigherminimumimmediately,orMCAdesignated–(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEn

routeoperations).•§91.179IFRcruisingaltitudeorflightlevel–(a)Incontrolledairspace.EachpersonoperatinganaircraftunderIFRinlevelcruisin

gflightincontrolledairspaceshallmaintainthealtitudeorflightlevelassignedthataircraftbyATC.However,iftheATCclearanceassigns“VFRconditionsontop”thatp

ersonshallmaintainanaltitudeorflightlevelasprescribedby§91.159.–(b)Inuncontrolledairspace.Exceptwhileinaholdingpatternof2minutesorless

orwhileturning,eachpersonoperatinganaircraftunderIFRinlevelcruisingflightinuncontrolledairspaceshallmaintainanappropriatealtitudea

sfollows:•(1)Whenoperatingbelow18,000feetMSL––(i)onamagneticcourseofzerodegreesthrough179degrees,anyoddthousandfootMSLaltitu

de–(ii)onamagneticcourseof180degreesthrough359degrees,anyeventhousandfootMSLaltitude.CompletingtheNavLog•Helpstoorganizeyourflight•Concisetextu

aldescription•Monitoryourprogressforsubsequentchange–ETE/ATE:ETA/ATA•Seeexamplesinchapter10CofyourJeppese

nTestGuide–ComparewhatisontheFAAflightplanformtotheFlightLogexamplesgiven.•Getsomeone-on-oneinstructionfromyourflightinstru

ctorwhenyoustartyourIFRcross-countryflying.FlightPlanExample(Note:thereshouldnotbe“K”infrontofVORidentifiersinrou

tesection.That’samisprint!)FlightPlanningFilingtheFlightPlan•Pilotsshouldfileflightplanatleast30minutespriortoestimated

timeofdeparturetoprecludepossibledelayinreceivingATCclearance.Block3:•Aircraftequipmentsuffixcode:–CheckAIMp

aragraph5-1-7,Table5-1-2forappropriatecode.•NoteEquipmentHeadingsonlegend.FilingAltitude:•Fileyourinitialcruisingaltitu

de.•Withmultiplecruisingaltitudes,listAltitudeforfirstlegonly.Filingyourroute:•Itisimportantthattherout

eofflightbeaccuratelyandcompletelydescribedintheflightplan.•Ifflightistobeconductedviadesignatedairways,describetheroutebyi

ndicatingthetypeandnumberdesignatorsoftheairwayrequested.Ifmorethanoneairwayistobeused,clearlyindicatepointsoftransition.Ifthetr

ansitionistobemadeatanunnamedintersection,showthenextsucceedingNAVAIDornamedintersectionontheintended

routeandthecompleteroutefromthatpoint.•TransferfromflightlogtoflightplanFilingtheFlightPlan•RouteofFlight–UseAirwaysorJetroutes–usingtypean

dnumberdesignators•“V433”forVictorAirway433•“J14”forJetRoute14–Clearlyindicaterouterequestedwith:•Airways/Routedesignatorsand•Naviga

tionalAids(VOR,VORTAC,NDB,etc.)•ListNavAidsonlyatroutechangepoints.•FAADataBaseWaypoints(GPS,etc.)FlightPlanning•Filingyourroute–Example:DraketoWinsl

owviaFERERwouldbefiled:DRKV562FERERV567INW•Estimatedtimeenroute–Theestimatedflyingtimefromdeparturepointtodestination(l

ift-offtotouchdown)•FuelOnBoard–Totalfuelonboardinhours&minutesFlightPlan–IFRFlightsRouteofFlight(con

tinued)–Filea“PreferredRoute”wheneverappropriate.(SeeA/FD)–DPs,SIDsandSTARs•MaybeissuedbyATCaspartofyourclearanceunless:•Youwrite“NODP

”,“NOSID”or“NOSTAR”inRemarkssection,asappropriate.FilingDP’sandSTAR’s•HowtofileaDPorSTAR–Departurename:R

OCKIONEDEPARTURE–Departurecode:(ROCKI1.ROCKI)•Forfilingatransition:–Transitionname:MILIS–Transitioncode:(ROC

KI1.MILIS)–Arrivalname:MOORPARKFOURARRIVAL–Arrivalcode:(FIM.MOOR4)•Forfilingatransition:–Transitionname:FRESNO–Transitioncode:

(FAT.MOOR4)FlightPlan–IFRFlights•DirectFlights–Mustbeinradarenvironment.–Thepilotisresponsibleforobstructionclearancerequirements.

CheckOROCAs.–Definedbyradiofixes:•Allfixes/waypointsbecome“compulsoryreportingpoints”•MusthaveminimumofonewaypointineachARTCC.–S

houldbeguidedby…•StandardServiceVolume:AIM,par.1-1-8•BelowFL180:Navaidsshouldnotbeover80NMapart(L).•14,500’MSLtoFL180:Na

vaidsnotover200NMapart(H).•FL180to450:Navaidsnotover260NMapart(H).StandardServiceVolumesAircraftperformance•

Climbperformance–Usethemaximumrate-of-climbchartinPOHtodetermineiftheC172performancewillbeadequateforanygivenDP.FlightPlan–Changes•Cha

ngeinFlightPlan–Changeofaltitudeorflightlevel–Changeofdestination–Changeofroute–AVERAGETASATCRUISE…•AdviseATCifchanges5%OR10kts,wh

icheverisgreater.•ChangeInETD(“proposeddeparturetime”)–1hourafterETD–yourFPmaydropoutofsystem.–Thus,ifdelayedover1hour:•AdviseFSS/ARTCC

AirborneFiling•PriortoenteringcontrolledairspacewhenweatherisbelowVFR…–Submit(file)acompleteIFRflightplan•usuallytoFSS–ReceiveanATCclea

rancefromARTCC•AirFilingtoenterB,C,D,andEairspace•“Pop-up”IFR•Trafficpermitting,otherwise:•Mayrequirea30mindelayCompositeFlightPlans–VFRforonepo

rtion/IFRforanotherportionofflight–IfVFRisfirst:•ReportdeparturetimetoFSS•RequestATCclearanceatappropriatepoint•RequestclosureofV

FRflightplan(toFSS,center,ortower)CompositeFlightPlans•IfIFRisfirst:–ATCwillnoteactualdeparturetime•andsos

houldthepilot!–Noteclearancelimit!–Clearancelimit–reachedwithoutATCclearance!(Nowwhat?)•MUSTremaininVFRcondition“untilopera

tinginaccordancewiththeIFRclearance”ClosingtheIFRFlightPlan•Requiredby14CFRPart91.169•Iflandingoncontroltowerairfield,cancelledautomatically…

however!•Othermethods:–FSSonground–ATCwhileairborneinVMCbelow18,000’MSL.–State:“CancelmyIFRFlightPlan”SimulatedInstrumentFlight–C

autions–Consult91.109before“underthehood”flightisattempted–flyatorabovepublishedMEAsatnight•SafetyPilot–possessesatleastaPrivatePi

lotCertificatewithcategoryandclassratingsappropriatetotheA/C,andacurrentmedical.•SafetyPilot–adequatevisionfor

wardandsideofA/C•Aircraft–hasfullyfunctioningdualcontrols(exceptionfor“throwovercontrolwheel)14CFR91.109

•FlightInstruction;SimulatedInstrumentFlightandCertainFlightTests•Section(b)Nopersonmayoperateanaircraftinsimulated

instrumentflightunless–Safetypilot=privatepilotratedinaircraft(Category/Class)–Safetypilothasadequatevisionforwardandside–

Fullyfunctioningdualcontrols.•UseIFRProceduresinVFRConditions–Obtaincompletebriefing–Fileflightplan–

Usecurrentcharts–Usenavigationaids–practicekeepingneedlecentered–Maintainaconstantaltitude(appropriatefordirectionofflight

)–Estimateenroutepositiontimes–MakeaccuratepositionreportstoFSS•Itisagreathabittogetinto…