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IFRFlightConsiderationsIFRFlightPlanningFlightOverview•AIM:5-1-1to5-1-13•Beforeplanningtheflightdetails…takeabroadlookatyourob

jective.Compare:–Distancewithfuel–Weatherwithroute–Terrainwithaircraftperformance–Goalandyourproficiency–Isthistripreallyneces

sary?•§91.103Preflightaction.–Eachpilotincommandshall,beforebeginningaflight,becomefamiliarwithallavailableinformationconcerningthatfli

ght.Thisinformationmustinclude–•(a)ForaflightunderIFRoraflightnotinthevicinityofanairport,weatherreportsand

forecasts,fuelrequirements,alternativesavailableiftheplannedflightcannotbecompleted,andanyknowntraffi

cdelaysofwhichthepilotincommandhasbeenadvisedbyATC;•(b)Foranyflight,runwaylengthsatairportsofintendeduse,andthefollo

wingtakeoffandlandingdistanceinformation:•“NWKRAFT”14CFR91.103•PreflightAction:NWKRAFT•(a)Foraflightunde

rIFR,pilotshouldknow:•N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningflight)•W-weatherreportsandforecasts•K-knowntrafficdelays•R–runw

aylengths•A-alternativesavailable•F-fuelrequirements•T–TakeOff/LandingDistanceinfo,Section(b).•§91.167FuelrequirementsforflightinIFRconditi

ons•(a)NopersonmayoperateacivilaircraftinIFRconditionsunlessitcarriesenoughfuel(consideringweatherreportsandforecasts

andweatherconditions)to––(1)Completetheflighttothefirstairportofintendedlanding;–(2)Exceptasprovidedi

nparagraph(b)ofthissection,flyfromthatairporttothealternateairport;and–(3)Flyafterthatfor45minutesatnormalc

ruisingspeed.•(b)Paragraph(a)(2)ofthissectiondoesnotapplyif:–(1)Part97ofthischapterprescribesastandardinstrumentapproachprocedureto,oraspecialinstrum

entapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbytheadministratortotheoperatorfor,thefirstairportofintendedlanding;and–(2)Appropriateweathe

rreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationofthem,indicatethefollowing:•(i)Foratleast1hourbeforeandfor1houraftertheestima

tedtimeofarrival,theceilingwillbeatleast2,000feetabovetheairportelevationandthevisibilitywillbeatleast

3statutemiles.14CFR91.167•FuelRequirementsforFlightinIFRConditions:–tofirstairportofintendedlanding–toalternateairport(

ifrequired)–45minutesatnormalcruisingspeed•AlternateisNOTneededwhen:–firstairporthasIAPAND–1-2-3ruleforecastwx–+/-1hourETA–Atleas

t2,000’ceiling–Atleast3SMvisibility.•§91.169IFRflightplan:Informationrequired.–(a)Informationrequired.Unle

ssotherwiseauthorizedbyATC,eachpersonfilinganIFRflightplanmustincludeinitthefollowinginformation:•(1)Informationrequiredunder§91.153(a)ofthispart;•(2

)Exceptasprovidedinparagraph(b)ofthissection,analternateairport.–(b)Paragraph(a)(2)ofthissectiondoesnotapplyif:•(1)P

art97ofthischapterprescribesastandardinstrumentapproachprocedureto,oraspecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbyth

eAdministratortotheoperatorfor,thefirstairportofintendedlanding;and•(2)Appropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationof

them,indicatethefollowing:–(i)Foraircraftotherthanhelicopters.Foratleast1hourbeforeandfor1houraftertheestimatedtimeofarrival,th

eceilingwillbeatleast2,000feetabovetheairportelevationandthevisibilitywillbeatleast3statutemiles.14CFR9

1.169•IFRFlightPlan:InformationRequired•Section(c)IFRalternateairportstandardminimums–600’ceiling/2smforprecision–800’ceiling/2smf

ornonprecision–atETAatalternate•forecastWXmustallowdescentfromMEAtoairportunderbasicVFR–(checkVFRminimumsforalla

irspaceyouwilltransit!)WITHIAPNOIAP:–(c)IFRalternateairportweatherminima.–UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbytheAdministrator,nopersonmayincludeana

lternateairportinanIFRflightplanunlessappropriateweatherreportsorweatherforecasts,oracombinationofthem,indicatethat,attheestimatedtimeofarrival

atthealternateairport,theceilingandvisibilityatthatairportwillbeatorabovethefollowingweatherminima:•(1)Ifaninstrum

entapproachprocedurehasbeenpublishedinpart97ofthischapter,oraspecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeen

issuedbytheAdministratortotheoperator,forthatairport,thefollowingminima:–(i)Foraircraftotherthanhelicopters:Thealternateairportmi

nimaspecifiedinthatprocedure,orifnonearespecifiedthefollowingstandardapproachminima:»(A)Foraprecisionapproachprocedure.Ce

iling600feetandvisibility2statutemiles.»(B)Foranonprecisionapproachprocedure.Ceiling800feetandvisibility2statutemiles.•(2)Ifnoinstrumentapproachp

rocedurehasbeenpublishedinpart97ofthischapterandnospecialinstrumentapproachprocedurehasbeenissuedbythe

Administratortotheoperator,forthealternateairport,theceilingandvisibilityminimaarethoseallowingdescentfromtheMEA,approach,andlandingunderbasicVFR..

•§91.173ATCclearanceandflightplanrequired.–NopersonmayoperateanaircraftincontrolledairspaceunderIFRunlessthatpersonhas–•(a)FiledanIFRflightplan;and•

(b)ReceivedanappropriateATCclearance.Route•RouteSelection:–AircraftPerformance–FuelEconomy–AvailabilityofRouteAlternatives–Terr

ain–AircraftEquipment(IFR-certifiedGPS)–PreferredIFRroutes•Airport\FacilityDirectory•EnroutesectionofJeppesenAirw

ayManual–Ifstartingwithafix,thenexpectroutingbywayofODP/SID,orradarvectors.•§91.181Coursetobeflown.–UnlessotherwiseauthorizedbyAT

C,nopersonmayoperateanaircraftwithincontrolledairspaceunderIFRexceptasfollows:•(a)Onafederalairway,alo

ngthecenterlineofthatairway.•(b)Onanyotherroute,alongthedirectcoursebetweenthenavigationaidsorfixesdefiningtheroute.AlongtheRoute•Check

MEAs•GenerallyalongairwaysunlessGPSisIFRcertified•CheckforODPs/SIDsandSTARs•Alternateairports?–Farenoughawaytoavoiddestination’sa

dverseweather…closeenoughtomakeit.–RecommendedinstrumentapproachFlightInformationPublications•FlightPublications–Publishe

dDeparturesandApproaches•Suitabilityandfamiliarity–Alternatesuitability•NOTAMs–ChartNOTAMssectionofJepps–Notices

toAirmen•Airplane’sFlightManualSupplement–IFRequipmentcertificationrequirementsNOTAM(D)•Informationisdisseminatedforalln

avigationalfacilitiesthatarepartoftheNAS,allpublicuseairports,seaplanebases,andheliportslistedintheA/FD.Thecompletelistofall(D)informationismai

ntainedinacomputerdatabase.MaybeobtainedfromFSSforthedurationofthe(D)unlessitispublished.NOTAM(L)•Taxiwayclosures,personnel

andequipmentnearorcrossingrunways,andairportlightingaidsthatdonotaffectinstrumentapproachcriteria,suchasVASI.•Distributedlocallyonlyandisnotattache

dtothehourlyweatherreports.Aseparatefileof(L)ismaintainedateachFSSforfacilitiesintheirareaonly.FDCNOTAMs•AmendmentstopublishedIAPsandothe

rcurrentaeronauticalcharts.Theyarealsousedtoadvertisetemporaryflightrestrictionscausedbysuchthingsasnaturaldisastersorlarge-sc

alepubliceventsthatmaygenerateacongestionofairtrafficoverasite.•FSSwillgivethepilotthoseFDCNOTAMs,thatarewithin400mi

lesoftheirfacilityandareunpublished.Thoseoutside400milesaregivenifspecificallyrequestedbythepilot.NOTAMS•AnintegralpartoftheNOTAMsystemisth

eNoticestoAirmenPublicationpublishedeveryfourweeks.–Oncepublished,theseNOTAMsarenotgiventopilotsinweatherbriefingsunlessspecifi

callyrequestedbythepilot.–---“RemembertoaskforpublishedNOTAMS”---FlightInformationPublications•AIM–Forreviewofcurrentproceduresandc

hanges•NavigationLog–Haveaflow•Aircraftlogbooks–Fortransponder,pitot/static,altimeter,andVORcheckcurrency•UseLa

testIssueofAeronauticalCharts–IFREnrouteCharts:56days–IFRApproachCharts:56daycycleWeatherConsiderationsBythetimeyouarereadytoreceiveastandard

briefingfromFlightService,youshouldalreadyhavesomeideaabouttheweatherhazardsalongyourrouteofflightandconditionsatyourdestination.Pre-FlightBriefi

ng•Pre-flightBriefingObjective:“…communicatea“picture”ofmeteorologicalandaeronauticalinformationnecessaryfortheconductofasafeandefficientflight.”•Pr

eflightBriefingrequestshouldinclude…–Typeofflightplanned(IFRorVFR)–Nameoraircraftnumber–Aircrafttype–DepartureAirpo

rt–ArrivalAirportWeatherCharts•GoodstartisWeatherDepiction–Bird’seyeviewofcategoricaloutlooks•SurfaceAnalysis–Fron

talmovements•RadarandSatelliteimages•AreaForecasts•IcingLevelAltitudeSelection•Basedon:–MEA–ATCassignedlowestavai

lableIFRaltitude–Highestaltitudewithoutoxygen–Winds,turbulence,andice.•§91.177MinimumaltitudesforIFRoperations–(a)Operationofaircraftatminimum

altitudes.Exceptwhennecessaryfortakeofforlanding,nopersonmayoperateanaircraftunderIFRbelow–•(1)Theappli

cableminimumaltitudesprescribedinparts95and97ofthischapter;or•(2)Ifnoapplicableminimumaltitudeisprescribedinthoseparts––(i)Inthecaseofoperationso

veranareadesignatedasamountainousareainpart95,analtitudeof2,000feetabovethehighestobstaclewithinahorizontaldistanceof4nauticalmilesfromthecourse

tobeflown;or–(ii)Inanyothercase,analtitudeof1,000feetabovethehighestobstaclewithinahorizontaldistanceof4nauticalmilesfromthecou

rsetobeflown.14CFR91.177•MinimumAltitudesforIFROperations•Applicableminimums–Mountainous(2000’AGL/4nm)–Other(1000’AGL/4nm)–MEA/MOC

A/22nm•Climbtohigherminimumimmediately,orMCAdesignated–(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnrouteoperations).•§91.17

9IFRcruisingaltitudeorflightlevel–(a)Incontrolledairspace.EachpersonoperatinganaircraftunderIFRinlevelcruisingflightincontrolledairspaceshallmaintain

thealtitudeorflightlevelassignedthataircraftbyATC.However,iftheATCclearanceassigns“VFRconditionsontop”thatpersonshallmaintainanaltitudeo

rflightlevelasprescribedby§91.159.–(b)Inuncontrolledairspace.Exceptwhileinaholdingpatternof2minutesorlessorwhileturning,eachpersonoperatin

ganaircraftunderIFRinlevelcruisingflightinuncontrolledairspaceshallmaintainanappropriatealtitudeasfo

llows:•(1)Whenoperatingbelow18,000feetMSL––(i)onamagneticcourseofzerodegreesthrough179degrees,anyoddt

housandfootMSLaltitude–(ii)onamagneticcourseof180degreesthrough359degrees,anyeventhousandfootMSLaltitude.CompletingtheNavLog•Helpstoorganizeyou

rflight•Concisetextualdescription•Monitoryourprogressforsubsequentchange–ETE/ATE:ETA/ATA•Seeexamplesinc

hapter10CofyourJeppesenTestGuide–ComparewhatisontheFAAflightplanformtotheFlightLogexamplesgiven.•Getsom

eone-on-oneinstructionfromyourflightinstructorwhenyoustartyourIFRcross-countryflying.FlightPlanExample(Note

:thereshouldnotbe“K”infrontofVORidentifiersinroutesection.That’samisprint!)FlightPlanningFilingtheFlightPlan•Pilots

shouldfileflightplanatleast30minutespriortoestimatedtimeofdeparturetoprecludepossibledelayinreceivingATCclearance.Block3:

•Aircraftequipmentsuffixcode:–CheckAIMparagraph5-1-7,Table5-1-2forappropriatecode.•NoteEquipmentHeadingsonlegend.Filin

gAltitude:•Fileyourinitialcruisingaltitude.•Withmultiplecruisingaltitudes,listAltitudeforfirstlegonly.Filingyourroute:•Itisimportanttha

ttherouteofflightbeaccuratelyandcompletelydescribedintheflightplan.•Ifflightistobeconductedviadesignatedairways,describetheroutebyi

ndicatingthetypeandnumberdesignatorsoftheairwayrequested.Ifmorethanoneairwayistobeused,clearlyindicatepointsoftransition.Ifthetr

ansitionistobemadeatanunnamedintersection,showthenextsucceedingNAVAIDornamedintersectionontheintended

routeandthecompleteroutefromthatpoint.•TransferfromflightlogtoflightplanFilingtheFlightPlan•RouteofFlight–UseAirwaysorJetroutes–usingtypeandnumberde

signators•“V433”forVictorAirway433•“J14”forJetRoute14–Clearlyindicaterouterequestedwith:•Airways/Routedesignatorsand•

NavigationalAids(VOR,VORTAC,NDB,etc.)•ListNavAidsonlyatroutechangepoints.•FAADataBaseWaypoints(GPS,etc.)FlightPlannin

g•Filingyourroute–Example:DraketoWinslowviaFERERwouldbefiled:DRKV562FERERV567INW•Estimatedtimeenroute–Theestimatedfl

yingtimefromdeparturepointtodestination(lift-offtotouchdown)•FuelOnBoard–Totalfuelonboardinhours&minutesFlightPlan–IFRFl

ightsRouteofFlight(continued)–Filea“PreferredRoute”wheneverappropriate.(SeeA/FD)–DPs,SIDsandSTARs•MaybeissuedbyATCaspartofyourclearanc

eunless:•Youwrite“NODP”,“NOSID”or“NOSTAR”inRemarkssection,asappropriate.FilingDP’sandSTAR’s•HowtofileaDPorSTAR–Departurename:ROCKIONE

DEPARTURE–Departurecode:(ROCKI1.ROCKI)•Forfilingatransition:–Transitionname:MILIS–Transitioncode:(ROCKI1.MILIS)–Arrivalname:MOORPARKFOURARRIV

AL–Arrivalcode:(FIM.MOOR4)•Forfilingatransition:–Transitionname:FRESNO–Transitioncode:(FAT.MOOR4)FlightPlan–IFRFlights•DirectFlights–Mustbeinra

darenvironment.–Thepilotisresponsibleforobstructionclearancerequirements.CheckOROCAs.–Definedbyradiofixes:•Allfixe

s/waypointsbecome“compulsoryreportingpoints”•MusthaveminimumofonewaypointineachARTCC.–Shouldbeguidedby…•StandardServiceVolume:

AIM,par.1-1-8•BelowFL180:Navaidsshouldnotbeover80NMapart(L).•14,500’MSLtoFL180:Navaidsnotover200NMapart(H).•FL180to450:Navaidsnotover260NMapart(H).

StandardServiceVolumesAircraftperformance•Climbperformance–Usethemaximumrate-of-climbchartinPOHtodetermineiftheC172performancewillbeadequateforan

ygivenDP.FlightPlan–Changes•ChangeinFlightPlan–Changeofaltitudeorflightlevel–Changeofdestination–Changeof

route–AVERAGETASATCRUISE…•AdviseATCifchanges5%OR10kts,whicheverisgreater.•ChangeInETD(“proposeddeparturetime”)–1hourafterETD–yourFPmaydropoutofsyst

em.–Thus,ifdelayedover1hour:•AdviseFSS/ARTCCAirborneFiling•PriortoenteringcontrolledairspacewhenweatherisbelowVFR…–Submit(file)acomple

teIFRflightplan•usuallytoFSS–ReceiveanATCclearancefromARTCC•AirFilingtoenterB,C,D,andEairspace•“Pop-up”IFR•Trafficpermittin

g,otherwise:•Mayrequirea30mindelayCompositeFlightPlans–VFRforoneportion/IFRforanotherportionofflight–IfVFRisfirst:•Reportdepartu

retimetoFSS•RequestATCclearanceatappropriatepoint•RequestclosureofVFRflightplan(toFSS,center,ortower)Composi

teFlightPlans•IfIFRisfirst:–ATCwillnoteactualdeparturetime•andsoshouldthepilot!–Noteclearancelimit!–Clearancelimit–reachedwithoutATCclearance!

(Nowwhat?)•MUSTremaininVFRcondition“untiloperatinginaccordancewiththeIFRclearance”ClosingtheIFRFlightPlan•Requiredby1

4CFRPart91.169•Iflandingoncontroltowerairfield,cancelledautomatically…however!•Othermethods:–FSSonground–ATCwhileair

borneinVMCbelow18,000’MSL.–State:“CancelmyIFRFlightPlan”SimulatedInstrumentFlight–Cautions–Consult91.109

before“underthehood”flightisattempted–flyatorabovepublishedMEAsatnight•SafetyPilot–possessesatleastaP

rivatePilotCertificatewithcategoryandclassratingsappropriatetotheA/C,andacurrentmedical.•SafetyPilot–adequatevisionforwardandsideofA/C•Aircraft

–hasfullyfunctioningdualcontrols(exceptionfor“throwovercontrolwheel)14CFR91.109•FlightInstruction;SimulatedI

nstrumentFlightandCertainFlightTests•Section(b)Nopersonmayoperateanaircraftinsimulatedinstrumentflightunless–Safetypi

lot=privatepilotratedinaircraft(Category/Class)–Safetypilothasadequatevisionforwardandside–Fullyfunctioningdualcontrols.•U

seIFRProceduresinVFRConditions–Obtaincompletebriefing–Fileflightplan–Usecurrentcharts–Usenavigationaids–practicekeepingneedlecentered–

Maintainaconstantaltitude(appropriatefordirectionofflight)–Estimateenroutepositiontimes–MakeaccuratepositionreportstoF

SS•Itisagreathabittogetinto…