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INSTRUMENTRATING14CFR14CFRPart91NTSBPart83014CFR91.3•ResponsibilityandAuthorityofPilotinCommand•DirectlyResponsibleand

hasthefinalauthorityastotheoperationofanaircraft•Maydeviatefromaruleofthisparttotheextentrequiredtomeetanemergency•Sendawri

ttenreportofthatdeviationtoanduponrequestoftheAdministrator14CFR91.21•PortableElectronicDevices–Notallowedtobeoperatedwhileanaircraftis

underIFR•Notincludedinthelistis:–Portablevoicerecorders–Hearingaids–Heartpacemakers–Electricshavers–Anyotherdevicetheoperatorhasdeterminedwillnotc

auseinterferencewithnavigationorcommunicationsystemsoftheaircraft14CFR91.103•PreflightAction:NWKRAFT•(a)Forafl

ightunderIFR,pilotshouldknow:•N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningflight)•W-weatherreportsandforecasts•K-k

nowntrafficdelays•R–runwaylengths•A-alternativesavailable•F-fuelrequirements•T–TakeOff/LandingDistanceinfo

,Section(b)14CFR91.109•FlightInstruction;SimulatedInstrumentFlightandCertainFlightTests•Section(b)Nopersonmayope

rateanaircraftinsimulatedinstrumentflightunless–Safetypilot=privatepilotratedinaircraft(Category/Class)–Safetypilothasadequatevisionfor

wardandside–Fullyfunctioningdualcontrols14CFR91.113•Right-of-WayRules:ExceptWaterOperations•WhetherIFR

(weatherconditionspermitting)orVFR,pilotincommandisstillresponsiblefor“seeingandavoiding”•Whenyoucanseeoutsideyoumustlo

okoutside-evenonIFRflightplan!–(Thisiswhyyouneedasafetypilotforsimulatedinstrumentflight)14CFR91.121•AltimeterS

ettings•Below18,000’MSL–Settoastationalongroutewithin100nm–ATCperiodicallyadvisespilotsofcurrentaltime

tersetting•Atorabove18,000’MSL–29.92“FlightLevels”•Lowestusableflightlevels–determinedbyatmosphericpressuretoavoidoverlapofMSL&pressurealtitudeifcu

rrentaltimetersettingislowerthan29.92(seetablein91.121)14CFR91.123•CompliancewithATCClearancesandInstructions•Deviationfromclearances–emergenc

yexists–amendedclearanceobtained–resultantdangerimminent•PrioritybyATCinanemergency–reportwithin48hourstomanagerofp

articularATCfacilityifrequested14CFR91.131•OperationsinClassBAirspace•Section(c)Communicationsandnavigationequipmentrequirements–ForIFRoperat

ion,aircraftmustbeequippedwithanoperableVORorTACANreceiver–Foralloperations,anoperable2wayradio•Section(d)Transpo

nderrequirement14CFR91.135•OperationsinClassAAirspace•MusthaveIFRclearance•2wayradio•Transponder•ATCcanapprovecontinuationwithfailedtranspo

nder14CFR91.167•FuelRequirementsforFlightinIFRConditions:–tofirstairportofintendedlanding–toalternateairport(ifrequired)–45min

utesatnormalcruisingspeed•AlternateisNOTneededwhen:–firstairporthasIAPAND–1-2-3ruleforecastwx–+/-1hourETA–Atleast2,00

0’ceiling–Atleast3SMvisibility14CFR91.169•IFRFlightPlan:InformationRequired•Section(c)IFRalternateairportstandardminimums–600’ceiling/

2smforprecision–800’ceiling/2smfornonprecision–atETAatalternate•forecastWXmustallowdescentfromMEAtoairportunderbas

icVFR–(checkVFRminimumsforallairspaceyouwilltransit!)WITHIAPNOIAP:14CFR91.171•VOREquipmentCheckforIFROperations•Withinpreceding30days–VOT–

Ground/FlightCheckpoint–Airwaycheck–Dualsystem•Place•Amountofbearingerror•Date•Signature•Mustberecordedinaircraftlogoroth

errecord14CFR91.173•ATCClearanceandFlightPlanRequired•NopersonmayoperateanaircraftincontrolledairspaceunderIFRunlessthatpersonhas–FiledanIFRflight

plan,AND–ReceivedanappropriateATCclearance14CFR91.175•TakeoffandLandingUnderIFR•Section(a)useStandardInstrumentApproachProcedure(SIAP)inPart97•Se

ction(b)AuthorizedDHorMDA-DecisionHeight-MinimumDescentAltitude14CFR91.175•Section(c)OperationBelowDHorMDA–Atleastoneoffollowingvisualrefer

ences:–Runway,markings,lights–Threshold,markings,lights–Touchdownzone,markings,lights–REIL–VisualApproachSlopeIndicator•Theapproachlightsystem,excep

tthatthepilotmaynotdescendbelow100feetabovethetouchdownzoneelevationusingtheapproachlightsasareferenceunlessthe

redterminatingbarsortheredsiderowbarsarealsodistinctlyvisibleandidentifiable.14CFR91.175•Section(d)FlightVisibility(seepart1.1de

finition)-Flightvisibilitymeanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fromthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominentunlightedobjectsmaybeseen

andidentifiedbydayandprominentlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbynight.14CFR91.175•Section(e)MissedApproach-ifr

equirementsof(c)notmet:-Flightvisibilityatleastpublishedminimums-Aircraftinpositiontomakenormallanding-RunwayEnvironmentinsight

14CFR91.175•Section(f)CivilairportTakeoffminimums-Donotapplytopart91(notforhire)-only121,125,129,135(commercialoperations)-2enginesorle

ss-1SM-morethan2engines-½SMSection(g)MilitaryAirports•Section(h)RVR&visibility-notmathematicallyequivalent,uselegalchart!14CFR91.175•Section(i)U

npublishedroutesandradarvectoringforapproaches-Don’tdescenduntilestablishedonPUBLISHEDroutesegment•Section(j)Procedureturnlimitations-

NOPT,RadarVectors,timedapproachfromholdingfix•Section(k)ILSComponents–SubstitutionsforILSpartsandpieces–Comp

assLocatormaysubstituteforOuterorMiddleMarkerbeacon,(howeversubstitutionnotnecessaryforinoperativeMM-minimumsdonotchange)14CFR91.177•MinimumAltitud

esforIFROperations•Applicableminimums–Mountainous(2000’AGL/4nm)–Other(1000’AGL/4nm)–MEA/MOCA/22nm•Climbtohigherm

inimumimmediately,orMCAdesignated–(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnrouteoperations)14CFR91.179•IFRCruisingAltitudeorFlightLevel•Incontrol

ledairspace–assignedbyATC•Inuncontrolledairspace–East/OddWest/Even–(don’tadd500ftforIFR)–AboveFL29040

00’intervals14CFR91.181•CourseToBeFlown•IFRcontrolledairspace–onFederalairwaysstayoncenterline–onanyotherroute•alongdirectcours

ebetweennavaidsorfixes•Stillallowsformaneuveringandclearingturns14CFR91.183•IFRRadioCommunications•Mandatoryreports•Unforecastweatherconditions•

Safetyofflight•Altitudeandtimepassingeachcompulsoryreportingpointorifinradarcontactrequestedreportingpoi

nts–(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnrouteoperations)14CFR91.185•IFROperations:Two-WayRadioFailure•VMC:ContinueVFR&landassoonaspracticable•IMC

–Route–Assigned-RadarVector-Expect-asFiledinFlightPlan–Altitude–Highestof:Minimum-Expect-Assigned–LeaveclearancelimitatEFCT

imeorETAifnoEFC(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEmergencyprocedures)14CFR91.187•OperationsunderIFRinControlledAirspa

ce:Reportanymalfunctionsof:–Navigationalequipment–Approachequipment–Communicationequipment•Contentofreport…whoyouare–whatbroke-howitaffectsyou

rIFRcapability-assistanceneeded?•(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEmergencyprocedures)“GRABCARDD”91.205(d)&(e)•Generatoror

alternator•Radios:Two-wayCommunicationANDnavigationequipmentappropriatetofacilitiesused•Altimeter(adjus

table)•Ball(slip&skid)•Clock•AttitudeIndicator•Rateofturnindicator•Directionalgyro•DMEat&aboveFL24014CFR91.211•Su

pplementalOxygenrequired:•(1)Atcabinpressurealtitudesabove12,500feet(MSL)uptoandincluding14,000feet(MSL)forthatpartofth

eflightmorethan30minutes•(2)Atcabinpressurealtitudesabove14,000feet(MSL)requiredminimumflightcrewduringtheentireflighttimeatthosealti

tudes•(3)Atcabinpressurealtitudesabove15,000feet(MSL)eachoccupantoftheaircraftmustbeprovidedwithsupplementaloxygen.14CFR91.215•Transponderrequire

d:•Allaircraft.InClassA,ClassB,andClassCairspaceareas;•Allaircraft.Inallairspacewithin30nauticalmilesofaprimaryclassBairportfromthesur

faceupwardto10,000feetMSL;•AllaircraftinallairspaceabovetheceilingandwithinthelateralboundariesofaClassBorClassCairspaceareadesigna

tedforanairportupwardto10,000feetMSL;and•Inallairspaceofthe48contiguousstatesandtheDistrictofColumbiaatandabove10,000feetMSL,

excludingtheairspaceatandbelow2,500feetabovethesurface•ATCauthorizeddeviations:Foroperationofanaircraftthatisnotequippedwithatransponder,

therequestmustbemadeatleastonehourbeforetheproposedoperation.Equipmenttests&inspectionsrequiredforIF

R:91.171;91.207;91.405;91.411;91.413…•AirworthinessDirectives(recurring/one-time)•VOR(preceding30days)•Inspections(Annual/100hourif

forhire)•Altimeter(preceding24calendarmonths•Transponder(preceding24calendarmonths)•ELT(preceding12calendarmonths)•Stati

csystem(preceding24calendarmo.)14CFR97•STANDARDINSTRUMENTAPPROACHPROCEDURES•97.3Symbols&termsusedinprocedures–You’lllearnthese

whenwestudyapproaches•SubpartC:TERPS–“USStandardsforTerminalInstrumentProcedures”NTSBPart830.1•Applicability•Part83

0containsrulesconcerning:–InitialnotificationIMMEDIATELY–Laterreportingof…•aircraftincidents•aircraftaccidents•otheroccurrencesNT

SBPart830.2•Definitions–Aircraftaccident–Public/civilaircraft–Fatalinjury–Incident–Operator–Seriousinjury–SubstantialdamageNTSBPart830.5•I

mmediateNotification•Listsexamplesofaircraftaccidentsorincidentstoreport–Collision–Electricalandhydraulicforlargemulti-engineaircraft–Inflight

fire•OverdueaircraftNTSBPart830.6•InformationtobeGiveninNotification•Lists9specificinformationpartstoinitialnotificat

ionofaccidents,incidents,andoverdueaircraftNTSBPart830.10•PreservationofAircraftWreckage,Mail,Cargo,andRec

ords•Examples–recordingmediumsofflight–maintenance–voicerecorders•Canmovetohelppersons,furtherpreventdamage,orpro

tectthepublicNTSBPart830.15•ReportsandStatementstobeFiled•10daysafteraccident•7daysafteroverdueaircrafti

sstillmissing•Asrequestedforanincident•ReportsfiledwiththefieldofficeoftheBoardnearesttheaccidentorincident.