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INSTRUMENTRATING14CFR14CFRPart91NTSBPart83014CFR91.3•ResponsibilityandAuthorityofPilotinCommand•DirectlyResponsi

bleandhasthefinalauthorityastotheoperationofanaircraft•Maydeviatefromaruleofthisparttotheextentrequiredtomeetanemergency•

SendawrittenreportofthatdeviationtoanduponrequestoftheAdministrator14CFR91.21•PortableElectronicDevices–Notallowedtobeoperatedwhile

anaircraftisunderIFR•Notincludedinthelistis:–Portablevoicerecorders–Hearingaids–Heartpacemakers–Electricshavers–Anyotherde

vicetheoperatorhasdeterminedwillnotcauseinterferencewithnavigationorcommunicationsystemsoftheaircraft14CFR91.103

•PreflightAction:NWKRAFT•(a)ForaflightunderIFR,pilotshouldknow:•N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningflight)•W-weatherreportsandforecast

s•K-knowntrafficdelays•R–runwaylengths•A-alternativesavailable•F-fuelrequirements•T–TakeOff/LandingDistanceinfo,Section(b)14CFR9

1.109•FlightInstruction;SimulatedInstrumentFlightandCertainFlightTests•Section(b)Nopersonmayoperateanaircraftinsimulatedinstrumentflightunl

ess–Safetypilot=privatepilotratedinaircraft(Category/Class)–Safetypilothasadequatevisionforwardandside–Fullyfun

ctioningdualcontrols14CFR91.113•Right-of-WayRules:ExceptWaterOperations•WhetherIFR(weatherconditionspermi

tting)orVFR,pilotincommandisstillresponsiblefor“seeingandavoiding”•Whenyoucanseeoutsideyoumustlookoutside-evenonIFRflightplan!–(Thisiswhyyou

needasafetypilotforsimulatedinstrumentflight)14CFR91.121•AltimeterSettings•Below18,000’MSL–Settoastationalongr

outewithin100nm–ATCperiodicallyadvisespilotsofcurrentaltimetersetting•Atorabove18,000’MSL–29.92“FlightL

evels”•Lowestusableflightlevels–determinedbyatmosphericpressuretoavoidoverlapofMSL&pressurealtitudeifcurrentaltimetersettingislowerthan29.92(seet

ablein91.121)14CFR91.123•CompliancewithATCClearancesandInstructions•Deviationfromclearances–emergencyexists–amendedclearanceobtained–resultantd

angerimminent•PrioritybyATCinanemergency–reportwithin48hourstomanagerofparticularATCfacilityifrequested14CFR91.131•Operation

sinClassBAirspace•Section(c)Communicationsandnavigationequipmentrequirements–ForIFRoperation,aircraftmustbeequi

ppedwithanoperableVORorTACANreceiver–Foralloperations,anoperable2wayradio•Section(d)Transponderrequirement14CFR91.135•Operationsi

nClassAAirspace•MusthaveIFRclearance•2wayradio•Transponder•ATCcanapprovecontinuationwithfailedtransponder14CFR91.167•

FuelRequirementsforFlightinIFRConditions:–tofirstairportofintendedlanding–toalternateairport(ifrequired)–45minutesatnormalcruisingspeed

•AlternateisNOTneededwhen:–firstairporthasIAPAND–1-2-3ruleforecastwx–+/-1hourETA–Atleast2,000’ceiling–Atleast3SMvisibilit

y14CFR91.169•IFRFlightPlan:InformationRequired•Section(c)IFRalternateairportstandardminimums–600’ceiling/2smforprecision–800’ceiling/2s

mfornonprecision–atETAatalternate•forecastWXmustallowdescentfromMEAtoairportunderbasicVFR–(checkVFRminimumsforallairspaceyouwilltrans

it!)WITHIAPNOIAP:14CFR91.171•VOREquipmentCheckforIFROperations•Withinpreceding30days–VOT–Ground/Flig

htCheckpoint–Airwaycheck–Dualsystem•Place•Amountofbearingerror•Date•Signature•Mustberecordedinaircraftlog

orotherrecord14CFR91.173•ATCClearanceandFlightPlanRequired•Nopersonmayoperateanaircraftincontrolledair

spaceunderIFRunlessthatpersonhas–FiledanIFRflightplan,AND–ReceivedanappropriateATCclearance14CFR91.175•TakeoffandLandingUnder

IFR•Section(a)useStandardInstrumentApproachProcedure(SIAP)inPart97•Section(b)AuthorizedDHorMDA-DecisionHeight-MinimumDescentA

ltitude14CFR91.175•Section(c)OperationBelowDHorMDA–Atleastoneoffollowingvisualreferences:–Runway,markings,lights–Threshold,markings,lights–Touchdownz

one,markings,lights–REIL–VisualApproachSlopeIndicator•Theapproachlightsystem,exceptthatthepilotmaynotdescendbelow1

00feetabovethetouchdownzoneelevationusingtheapproachlightsasareferenceunlesstheredterminatingbarsortheredsiderowbarsarealsodistinctlyvisible

andidentifiable.14CFR91.175•Section(d)FlightVisibility(seepart1.1definition)-Flightvisibilitymeanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fro

mthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominentunlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbydayandpromine

ntlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbynight.14CFR91.175•Section(e)MissedApproach-ifrequirementsof(c)notmet:-Flightvisibilityatleastpubl

ishedminimums-Aircraftinpositiontomakenormallanding-RunwayEnvironmentinsight14CFR91.175•Section(f)CivilairportTakeoffminimums-Donotapplytopart91

(notforhire)-only121,125,129,135(commercialoperations)-2enginesorless-1SM-morethan2engines-½SMSection(g)MilitaryAirports•Section(h)RVR&visibility-n

otmathematicallyequivalent,uselegalchart!14CFR91.175•Section(i)Unpublishedroutesandradarvectoringforapproaches-Don’

tdescenduntilestablishedonPUBLISHEDroutesegment•Section(j)Procedureturnlimitations-NOPT,RadarVectors,timedapproachfromholdin

gfix•Section(k)ILSComponents–SubstitutionsforILSpartsandpieces–CompassLocatormaysubstituteforOuterorM

iddleMarkerbeacon,(howeversubstitutionnotnecessaryforinoperativeMM-minimumsdonotchange)14CFR91.177•MinimumA

ltitudesforIFROperations•Applicableminimums–Mountainous(2000’AGL/4nm)–Other(1000’AGL/4nm)–MEA/MOCA/22nm•Climbtohi

gherminimumimmediately,orMCAdesignated–(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnrouteoperations)14CFR91.179•IFRCruisingAltitudeorFlightLevel•Incontrolled

airspace–assignedbyATC•Inuncontrolledairspace–East/OddWest/Even–(don’tadd500ftforIFR)–AboveFL2904000’intervals14CFR91.181•CourseToBeFlown•IFRcontrol

ledairspace–onFederalairwaysstayoncenterline–onanyotherroute•alongdirectcoursebetweennavaidsorfixes•Stillallowsformaneuveringandclearingtu

rns14CFR91.183•IFRRadioCommunications•Mandatoryreports•Unforecastweatherconditions•Safetyofflight•Altitudeandtim

epassingeachcompulsoryreportingpointorifinradarcontactrequestedreportingpoints–(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEnro

uteoperations)14CFR91.185•IFROperations:Two-WayRadioFailure•VMC:ContinueVFR&landassoonaspracticable•IMC–Route–Ass

igned-RadarVector-Expect-asFiledinFlightPlan–Altitude–Highestof:Minimum-Expect-Assigned–Leaveclearancelimitat

EFCTimeorETAifnoEFC(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEmergencyprocedures)14CFR91.187•OperationsunderIFRinControlledAirspace:Reportanymalf

unctionsof:–Navigationalequipment–Approachequipment–Communicationequipment•Contentofreport…whoyouare–whatbroke-howitaffectsyourIF

Rcapability-assistanceneeded?•(we’llcoverthisinmoredetailinEmergencyprocedures)“GRABCARDD”91.205(d)&(e)

•Generatororalternator•Radios:Two-wayCommunicationANDnavigationequipmentappropriatetofacilitiesused•Altimeter(adjustable)•Bal

l(slip&skid)•Clock•AttitudeIndicator•Rateofturnindicator•Directionalgyro•DMEat&aboveFL24014CFR91.211•SupplementalOxygenrequired:•(1)Atcabinpressur

ealtitudesabove12,500feet(MSL)uptoandincluding14,000feet(MSL)forthatpartoftheflightmorethan30minutes•(2)At

cabinpressurealtitudesabove14,000feet(MSL)requiredminimumflightcrewduringtheentireflighttimeatthosealtitudes•(3)Atcabinpressurealtitudesabove

15,000feet(MSL)eachoccupantoftheaircraftmustbeprovidedwithsupplementaloxygen.14CFR91.215•Transponderrequired:•Allaircraft.InClassA,ClassB

,andClassCairspaceareas;•Allaircraft.Inallairspacewithin30nauticalmilesofaprimaryclassBairportfromthesurfaceupward

to10,000feetMSL;•AllaircraftinallairspaceabovetheceilingandwithinthelateralboundariesofaClassBorClassCairspaceareadesignatedforanairportupwardto10,

000feetMSL;and•Inallairspaceofthe48contiguousstatesandtheDistrictofColumbiaatandabove10,000feetMSL,excludingtheairspaceatand

below2,500feetabovethesurface•ATCauthorizeddeviations:Foroperationofanaircraftthatisnotequippedwithatransponder,therequestmustbemadeatlea

stonehourbeforetheproposedoperation.Equipmenttests&inspectionsrequiredforIFR:91.171;91.207;91.405;91.411;91.413…•Ai

rworthinessDirectives(recurring/one-time)•VOR(preceding30days)•Inspections(Annual/100hourifforhire)•Altimeter(preceding24calendarmon

ths•Transponder(preceding24calendarmonths)•ELT(preceding12calendarmonths)•Staticsystem(preceding24calendarmo.)14CFR97•STANDARDINS

TRUMENTAPPROACHPROCEDURES•97.3Symbols&termsusedinprocedures–You’lllearnthesewhenwestudyapproaches•SubpartC:TERPS–“USStandardsfor

TerminalInstrumentProcedures”NTSBPart830.1•Applicability•Part830containsrulesconcerning:–InitialnotificationIMMEDIATELY–Laterreporti

ngof…•aircraftincidents•aircraftaccidents•otheroccurrencesNTSBPart830.2•Definitions–Aircraftaccident–Public/civilaircraft–Fatalinj

ury–Incident–Operator–Seriousinjury–SubstantialdamageNTSBPart830.5•ImmediateNotification•Listsexamplesofaircraftacc

identsorincidentstoreport–Collision–Electricalandhydraulicforlargemulti-engineaircraft–Inflightfire•OverdueaircraftNTSBPart830.

6•InformationtobeGiveninNotification•Lists9specificinformationpartstoinitialnotificationofaccidents,

incidents,andoverdueaircraftNTSBPart830.10•PreservationofAircraftWreckage,Mail,Cargo,andRecords•Examples–recordingmedi

umsofflight–maintenance–voicerecorders•Canmovetohelppersons,furtherpreventdamage,orprotectthepublicNTSBP

art830.15•ReportsandStatementstobeFiled•10daysafteraccident•7daysafteroverdueaircraftisstillmissing•A

srequestedforanincident•ReportsfiledwiththefieldofficeoftheBoardnearesttheaccidentorincident.