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1药理学Pharmacology•朱亮•上海交通大学医学院药物(Drug)定义•影响机体生理功能或生化过程,用于预防、诊断、治疗疾病或用于计划生育的物质•Achemicalwhichisutilizedforthediagnosis,prevention,cur
eoralleivationofanunwantedhealthcondition2药物在医学中的地位3内/外/妇/儿神经循环消化…病因/机制诊断治疗药物治疗其他治疗手段Sourceofdrugs•Ancient–Natura
lproducts–Plants–Animals–Minerals•Modern–Activeprinciplesofnaturalproducts–Artificialsynthetics•Fullsynthetic•Semi-synthetic•Produc
tsofgeneticengineering5DrugSources6基因工程药物过程示意图①从细胞中分离出DNA①③④⑥②限制酶截取DNA片断③分离大肠杆菌中的质粒④DNA重组⑤用重组质粒转化大肠杆菌⑥培养大肠杆菌克隆大量基因⚫Bacteria⚫Microorganismstoproduc
esimplechemicalsformanufactureprocess⚫Microorganismstoproducefulllengthpolypeptides⚫Bacteriaproducehumaninsulin⚫“PharmAnimals”⚫Tra
nsgenicSheepcarrygeneforhumanFactorIX⚫CowsthatproducehumanantibodiesExampleProductionMethods现代生物药突飞猛进•biopharmaceutical/biologicalm
edicalproduct/biologic/biological•manufacturedinorextractedfrombiologicalsources.•distinctfromchemicallysynthesiz
edpharmaceuticalproducts.•includevaccines,bloodorbloodcomponents,allergenics,genetheraphies,tissues,recombinanttherapeuticproteina
ndlivingcells.2014全球畅销药物9与药物相关的概念•药物,药品,毒物,毒品•Drug,Medicine,Poison,Toxin,Narcotics10药品•用于预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病,有目的地调节人的生理功能•并规定有适应证、功能主治和用法
用量的物质,•包括中药材、中药饮片、中成药、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素、生化药品、放射性药品、血清疫苗、血液制品和诊断药品等。11《中华人民共和国药品管理法》(主席令第45号)2011DrugandMedicine(andnarcotics)•Drug–……–Ineve
rydayparlance,theworddrugisoftenassociatedwithaddictive,narcoticormind-alteringsubstances-anunfortuna
tenegativeconnotationthattendstobiasopinionagainstanyformofchemicaltherapy.•Medicine–Amedicineisachemicalpreparation,whichusuallybutnotnecess
arilycontainsoneormoredrugs,administeredwiththeintentionofproducingatherapeuticeffect.–Medicinesusuallycontainothersubstances(excipients,stabilisers
,solvents,etc.)besidestheactivedrug,tomakethemmoreconvenienttouse.–Tocountasadrug,thesubstancemustbeadministeredassuch,ratherthanrel
easedbyphysiologicalmechanisms.–Manydrugsarenotusedinmedicinesbutareneverthelessusefulresearchtools.12毒物•POISO
N–poisonsaredrugthathavealmostexclusivelyharmfuleffectsandfallstrictlywithinthedefinitionofdrugs.–However,Par
acelsus(1493–1541)famouslystatedthat"thedosemakesthepoison,"meaningthatanysubstancecanbeharmfuliftakeninthewrongdosage.•TOXIN–Toxinsareusuallydef
inedaspoisonsofbiologicorigin,ie,synthesizedbyplantsoranimals,incontrasttoinorganicpoisonssuchasleadandarsenic13药物or毒物食物氯
化钠水药物补液毒物高鈉血症高血压•药食同源,药毒难分Allsubstancescanundercertaincircumstancesbetoxic,andthechemicalsinbotanicals(herbsandplantextracts)a
renodifferentfromchemicalsinmanufactureddrugsexceptfortheproportionofimpurities(greaterinbotanicals)•问题–何为药物,何为毒物?–两者有何种联系?–现实中对两者如
何区别?–能否举出两者间关系的典型事例?–药物-毒物关系理论对临床和科研有何指导意义?15沪府发[2015]12号《上海市人民政府关于表彰2014年度上海市科学技术奖获奖人员(项目)的决定》…授予“髓系白血病发病机制和新型靶向治疗研究”项目特等奖君
:砷剂臣:丹参酮佐:靛玉红16DrugNaming•Chemicalname–ascientificnamethatpreciselydescribesitsatomicandmolecular–describechemicalstructure(r
arelyseeninmedicalliterature)•CodeName–shortletter-numbercombinationusedforexperimentaldrugs•Generic/nonproprietaryname–anabbre
viationofthechemicalname–anameassignedtodrugthatcanbeusedbyanyone•Trade/brand/proprietaryname–Proprietarynamegiventot
hedrugbythemanufacturer1718⚫通用名:国际非专有名称,全球通用,是国家药典或药品标准采用的法定名称。不论何处生产的同种药品都可用的名称。⚫商品名/品牌名:又称为商标名,具有企业专属性,受到法律的保护,常在右上角标示®。⚫习用名:又称为别名、是不规范的
名称,但由于一定历史原因曾在一段时间长期广泛应用。•国食药监注[2006]99号《关于进一步规范药品名称管理的通知》•中华人民共和国卫生部令第53号《处方管理办法》(2007)19通用名习用名头孢氨苄先锋4号
诺氟沙星氟哌酸盐酸小檗碱黄连素对乙酰氨基酚扑热息痛吲哚美辛消炎痛吡罗昔康炎痛喜康20药理学(Pharmacology)Pharmacologyisthescienceofstudyingtheeffectofd
rugsonlivingorganisms.Scientificstudyoftheinteractionsbetweendrugsandthebody21药理学▪研究药物与机体(病原体)相互作用及作用规律的学科✓既研究药物效应动力学✓也研究药物在
机体的影响下所发生的变化及规律22药物效应动力学(Pharmacodynamics)药物代谢动力学(Pharmacokinetics)作用、作用机制吸收、分布、代谢、排泄血液循环示意图24•药物效应动力学-Whatadrugdoestothebody–药物对机体的作用及作用机制•药物代谢动力学
-Whatthebodydoestoadrug–机体对药物的处置、转运、转化–ADME过程–药物浓度随时间变化的规律•Pharmacodynamicsgovernstheconcentration-effectpartoftheinteraction,whereaspharmacokinetic
sdealswiththedose-concentrationpart(Holford&Sheiner,1981).25药理学研究内容•药效学–药理作用–作用机制–临床应用–不良反应•药动学–体内过程–时
量关系–消除动力学及相关参数–稳态血药浓度•药物相互作用26药理学是桥梁学科基础医学临床医学药学医学生物学教育部学科分类•10医学–1001基础1002临床1003口腔1004公卫1005中医1007药学•100701药化100702药剂100
703生药100704药分100705生物药100706药理•07理学–0780药学•078006药理学“三段式”体系下的药理学课程安排28学期23456-临床细胞生物解剖组胚生理生化免疫微生物寄生虫病理病生遗传药理“器官系统
”体系下的药理学29学期(5or8年制)2or33or44or55or6人体构造分子细胞组织代谢能量遗传发育防御免疫病理病生总论病原生物药理学总论神经系统循环系统消化系统呼吸系统血液系统泌尿系统内分泌系统30
指导临床合理用药阐明机体生命现象研究开发新药药理学的学科任务药理学与诺贝尔奖31王来有2008西北医学教育32药理学的形成和发展(HistoricalHighlights)331.药物学阶段34古埃及、巴比伦、印度⚫1500BC,埃及,亚伯斯古医籍(Ebers
papyrus)⚫1500BC,印度草医学,100BC~100用梵语编撰草药方剂35“神农本草经”(ShengNong’sHerbalClassic)⚫中国2700BC,草药方剂治病⚫汉代正式编撰“神农本草经”(大约公元一世纪成)▪载药365种
,不少流传至今,如人参、甘草、当归、麻黄、大黄▪历代均有修订、增补,愈臻完善36⚫历27年,明末1578年完成⚫52卷,190万字⚫收药1892种⚫插图1160幅⚫药方11000条⚫英、日、德、俄、法、拉丁7种文字“本草纲目”(CompendiumofMateriaMedi
ca)李时珍•Materiamedica–thescienceofdrugpreparationandthemedicaluseofdrugs–theprecursortopharmacology.3738
2.药理学形成阶段3918世纪末生理学和化学学科的发展为现代药理学发展奠定基础•Inthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,FrançoisMagendie,andlaterhisstudentClaudeBernard,bega
ntodevelopthemethodsofexperimentalphysiologyandpharmacology.•1806年德国药剂师FredrickSerturner(1783-1841)从罂粟中分离出吗啡。纯化合物的出现使能重复定量给药,从而产生科学药
理学.–Initsbeginnings,beforetheadventofsyntheticorganicchemistry,pharmacologyconcerneditselfexclusivelywithunderstandingtheeffectsofnaturalsubst
ances,mainlyplantextracts-andafew(mainlytoxic)chemicalssuchasmercuryandarsenic.–Thepurifiedcompoundsshowedt
hatchemicals,notmagicorvitalforces,wereresponsiblefortheeffectsthatplantextractsproducedonlivingorgani
sms。阿托品(atropine;d,l-hyoscyamine)•Atropos:–goddessesoffateanddestiny–theoldestoftheThreeFates,andwasknownasth
e"inflexible"or"inevitable."–ItwasAtroposwhochosethemechanismofdeathandendedthelifeofeachmortalbycuttingtheirt
hreadwithher"abhorredshears.“41吗啡morphine词根来源“Morpheus”,意为“梦神”,被称为“God’sownmedicine”•Advancesinchemistryandthefurtherdevelopmentofphysiologyinthe18
th,19th,andearly20thcenturieslaidthefoundationneededforunderstandinghowdrugsworkattheorganandtissuelevels.4243RudolfBuchheim(1820–1879
)foundedthefirstinstituteofpharmacologyattheUniversityofDorpat(Tartu,Estonia)in1847,usheringinpharmacologyasanindependentscien
tificdiscipline.OswaldSchmiedeberg(1838–1921),togetherwithhismanydisciples(12ofwhomwereappointedtochair
sofpharmacology),helpedtoestablishthehighreputationofpharmacology.Fundamentalconceptssuchasstructure-activityrelationsh
ip,drugreceptor,andselectivetoxicityemergedfromtheworkof,respectively,T.Frazer(1841–1921)inScotland,J.Langley(1852–1925)inEngland,andP.Ehrlic
h(1854–1915)inGermany.AlexanderJ.Clark(1885–1941)inEnglandfirstformalizedreceptortheoryintheearly1920sb
yapplyingtheLawofMassActiontodrug-receptorinteractions.4445“药物发现”标志性事件•16thcentury——Diethylether•1799,mid-1
9thcentury——nitrousoxide•1859——Amylnitrite•1853,1897——Aspirin•Beginninginthe20thcentury——barbiturate
sandlocalanaesthetics•1909——arsenicalcompoundsfortreatingsyphilis46•1935——sulfonamides•BeforeandduringtheSecondWorldWar——penicillin•......•......4
7中国药理学家在麻黄碱吗啡镇痛作用部位青蒿素研究方面做了重要贡献新药开发•药品:–加工成某一剂型,并规定有适应证、用法及用量的药物。–药品是特殊的商品,受到法律严格规范管制。新药•化学品新药–“未曾在中国境内上市销售的药品”;–已上市药品改变
剂型、改变给药途径,亦按照新药管理。•中药、天然药物新药–“未在国内上市销售的从植物、动物、矿物等物质中提取的有效成分及其制剂”•生物制剂《药品注册管理办法》局令第28号(2007年)50新药的研究与开发Newdrugrese
archanddevelopment药学理化性质工艺路线质量标准临床前研究临床研究药效学药动学毒理学临床试验Ⅰ期Ⅱ期Ⅲ期Ⅳ期51“反应停”致海豹肢畸形儿事件•1953年,瑞士Ciba药厂合成了一种thalidomide(沙利多胺,反应停)•Thisdrugwasmark
etedbytheGermanyfirmChemieGrünenthalasasafealternativetobarbituratehypnotics,especiallyforpregnantwomenonOctober1,1957525
3⚫InPhaseItrials,researcherstestanewdrugortreatmentinasmallgroupofpeople(20-80)forthefirsttimetoevaluateitssafety,determineasafed
osagerange,andidentifysideeffects.⚫InPhaseIItrials,thestudydrugortreatmentisgiventoalargergroupofpeople(100-300)
toseeifitiseffectiveandtofurtherevaluateitssafety.⚫InPhaseIIItrials,thestudydrugortreatmentisgiventolargegroupsofpeople(1,000-3,
000)toconfirmitseffectiveness,monitorsideeffects,compareittocommonlyusedtreatments,andcollectinformationthatwillallowthedrugortreatmenttobeusedsaf
ely.⚫InPhaseIVtrials,postmarketingstudiesdelineateadditionalinformationincludingthedrug'srisks,benefits,andoptimaluse.ClinicalTrials新药临床试验各期特点5
55657合成筛选TheLongRoadtoaNewMedicineI期临床试验II期临床试验III期临床试验临床前安全有效性药物制剂候选化合物初步安全有效性研究设计申请证书上市ProcessofDrugDevelopment58HighRiskProcess:11-15Years,$1B+临床前
药理学临床前毒理学筛选数百万化合物IdeaDrug11-15Years1–2产品PhaseIPhaseIIPhaseIII015510临床药理学和毒理学~100设计方案Pre-clinical596061Highrisk,highreturn•D
evelopmentofnewdrugsisenormouslyexpensive,andtosurviveandprosper,bigpharmamustpaythecostsofdrugdevelopmentandmarketingandretu
rnaprofittoitsshareholders.•But,ifadrugsucceed,….•e.g.–Thetop-sellingdrugin2007wasLipitorwithaboutUS$12billioninsales–an
dthetopbiopharmaceuticalwasEnbrel,whichbringsinaboutUS$2.5billionrevenue.62Blockbuster•Ablockbusterdrugisadruggenera
tingmorethan$1billionofrevenueforthepharmaceuticalcompanythatsellsiteachyear.•Cimetidinewasthefirstdrugeverto
reachmorethan$1billionayearinsales,thusmakingitthefirstblockbusterdrug63PharmaceuticalIndustriesForbes全球制药企业2015榜单65R&DExpe
nditureinR&D-BasedCompanies6667•2011年4月和2014年11月,中国自主研制的1.1类新药盐酸埃克替尼(表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂)和甲磺酸阿帕替尼(血管内皮生长
因子受体酪氨酸酶抑制剂)各自获批上市,分别治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌和晚期胃癌。•问题–新药临床试验有哪些过程,各有何特点?–为何要进行IV期临床试验?–II、III期临床试验可否使用安慰剂对照?–作为临床医生,在新药临床试验过程
中将起到何种作用?•新药的昂贵:–Bevacizumab(Avastin)治疗转移性结直肠癌,每延长一年生命花费近75,000美元(V.Shankaranetal.Oncologist19,892–899;2014)–Sofosbuvir(Sovaldi)400毫克一片,每瓶含28
片,售价2.8万美元,即每片1000美元。病人每天一片,大多数患者需服用3瓶来完成整个疗程,一个疗程(12个星期)84,000美元6869学习药理学的方法•联系基础知识•结合临床实际•重视药理实验•注重知识的内在联系