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Morals,ApesandUsHowmuchdoweknowaboutusandothercreatures?Primates灵长类•Moraladj.[onlybeforenoun]•Relatingto

rightandwrongandthewaypeopleshouldbehave–Moralstandards/principles/values/behaviour–Moraldilemma–Moralobligati

on/duty–Amoralperson(apersonalwaystriestobehaveintherightway)Synonym:ethicalAboutMoral•Moralnoun•Morals:principlesofrightorwro

ngbehaviorthataregenerallyacceptedbyasociety–Havemorals•Somethingthatyoucanlearnfromastoryorexperience–moralof

AboutMoral•“Thefactthatmanknowsrightfromwrongproveshisintellectualsuperioritytotheothercreatures;butth

efactthathecandowrongproveshismoralinferioritytoanycreaturethatcannot”(MarkTwain).AboutMoral•Basedonwhatyouhaveresearched

andyourexperiencewithanimals,doyouthinkBinti,thegorillasavedthethree-year-oldboyoutofempathy(pity)orinstinct?Giveyo

urreasons.Pre-readingDiscussionReadingTasks•Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthisarticle?•Doesthewriterbasedhisargumentsonfirst-

handmaterial?•Howmanyexperimentshavebeenconductedinthearticle,drawatableabouteachexperimentwithinforma

tionabouttheexperimenter,objective,procedureandfindingsorconclusions?experiments12345experimenterUniversityofZurichEthologistEdua

rdStammbachwriterobjectiveTesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperativelyprocedureFirst,once,then,during,ResultsorfindingsDominanto

nesInhibittheiraggressionDiscussionquestions•Findoutthetrainofthoughtofthewriter?•Workouttheoutlineofthewriting•Doyouthinkthe

writers’argumentsareconvincing?•Howdoyouunderstand“butusinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasanindicationofan

other’semotionsatthetime.(para.15)”?•Howdoyouthinkof“wecanconsciouslyevaluatewhetherbehaviorisrightorwrong…entw

inedwiththeself-interestshownbyotheranimals.”?(Para.20)•(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,pun

ishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?•(5-19)Experimentsshowanimalsarebynomeansrobotsdrivensolelybyinstinctualresponsesbutno

experimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,sotherecanbenoethicaljudgment.•(20)conclusion:A

skingwhatitmeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysis•(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:canothercreatu

resshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?–(1)Aneventcapturepeople’sattention:afemalegorillarescuedanunconsciou

s3-year-oldboy–(2)Peoplewonderaboutwhygorilladidthis–(3)Sofar,theanswerisnotclear.–(4)Thewriter’swayoftacklingthebroadlyconcern

edquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalspossessthosetools.StructureAnalysis•

(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.–(5)introducetheproceduresoftheexperiment–(

6)Theresultoftheexperiment:althoughthemonkeyswouldcontroltheiraggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively,theirpositioninthecommunitywouldnotchange.•Atfir

st,threaten…tokeepthemaway•Then,learn…followandwaitedtograb•Beforelong,approachedpeacefullyandallowed…•Further…grooming…evenduring

…StructureAnalysis•(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.–(7)monkeyshavearudi

mentarysenseofownershipandrespectforproperty.–(8)Bydefendingandrespectingtheownershipandproperty,themonkeysintheexperimentshows

howinhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.StructureAnalysis•(9-10)Experim

entstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbepunished.–(9)Throughthefirstexperiment,itseemsthatindividualswerebeingpunished

forbeinginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.–(10)outsiderswo

n’tbeattackedthusindicates:membersofanestablishedrhesuscommunityabidebyarulethatsays:attackmembersthatfindfooda

nddon’tshareit.StructureAnalysis•(5-10)Researchindicatesthatanimalscaninhibittheirimpulsesandpunishthosewhoviolatec

ommunityrules.–(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively

–(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.–(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacom

munitywouldbepunished.StructureAnalysis•(11)ToproveBinti’sbehavioroutofempathy,scientistshavetoprovethatanimalsunderstan

dthethoughtsandfeelingsofothers.(transition)StructureAnalysis•(12-16)ManyExperimentsdonebeforehaveprovided

awindowonanimalemotionthathasyettobeopenedbymorerecentscientificobservations.•(13)oneexperimentwasdesignedtoseeifamonkeycouldinterpretanothe

rmonkey’sfacialexpression.•(14)theassumptionundertheexperimentanditsresult•(15)usinganexpressiontopredict

aresponseisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasindicationofanother’semotions.•(16)wecouldnotprovemonkey’sresponseismotiva

tedbyempathy.StructureAnalysis•(17-18)Theexperimentshowsanimalstendedtoshowaltruisticbehaviortoeachother

.Buttherearemorepossibilityfortheiraltruism.•(19)Analysisandconclusionoftheexperiments:sincenoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimals

areawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,therecanbenoethicaljudgment.•(20)conclusion:Askingwhatismeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapa

cityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysisReadingScholarlywriting•Subject:someaspectofhistory,sociology,political

philosophy,literarycriticism,ormanyotherfields.•Afairlyhighdegreeofformality–avoidcolloquialism–Useofformalwordsandterms–Highlyvaried

andlongandcomplexsentencestructures•Aconcernforclearpresentationofmaterialandargument,resultingincarefullogicallink

ingofparagraphsandsentences.•Andtodate,nostudyofapeintelligencecomesclosetoshowingthatorangutans,gorillas,orchimpa

nzeeshavethementalsophisticationofa10-year-oldhuman.(Para.3)LanguagePointsnearlyshowComplexintellectualability•Andoneinci

dentisnotenoughtowarrantconclusions.(Para.3)LanguagePointsVt.Provideadequategroundsfor/justify•ButBinti’sactionsdoraiseth

epublicandscientificinterestinthebroadquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalpossessthose

tools.(Para.4)LanguagePointsDistinctivefeaturesofthemindProvoke/bringaboutthepublic’saswellasthescientists’interestinActintherightway•Asap

sychologist,I’minterestedinthetechniquesweusetogetatthesequestions:Canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,and

actaltruistically.(Para.4)LanguagePointsInawaythatshowsyoucareaboutotherpeopleandtheirinterestsmorethanyoucareabouty

ourselfunderstandpity•Ina1988study,UniversityofZurichethologistEduardStammbachsetupanexperimentwithlong-tailedmacaquemonkeys

totesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.(Para.5)LanguagePointsReinin/reinback:tolimitorcontrolsomethingthathasdevelopedtoomuc

horcontinuedfortoolongDesignedanexperiment•Ratherthanchasingspecialistsawayoreatingalltheirpopcorn,theybegantoin

hibittheiraggression.LanguagePointsInsteadofDrivingthespecialistawayRestraintheirwarlikebehavior•Specialistkepttheirlowrankbutwereallowed

amomentatthehightablewhentheirskillswereofusetotheroyalty.LanguagePointsHightableBrE:atableataformalmealwherethemostimportan

tpeopleeat,forexampleatatraditionaluniversity•Althoughthesemightseemtobestrictlyhumanconcerns,territorialanimalssuchas

sunfish,lizards,sparrows,andgibbonsareinvestedintheseissues..LanguagePointsbecaredaboutonlybythehumanbeingsaredevotedto/com

mittedto•Stayingclosetothetubeandlookingatitwerenotsufficientcuesofownershipfromthedominant’sperspective.Adominantmacaquewouldappeartoinhibi

titsimpulsetograbthetubeifasubordinatehelditclosetoitsbody.LanguagePointsInthedominant’spointofviewHoldbackitsmotivatingforce•

Butinanysocialsituationwithconventions,individualsoftenfindthatitpaystobreaktherules.LanguagePointsItpaystodo:itisworthwhile(profi

table)todoItpaystodo:itneedstopayapricetodo•Itwasasifindividualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithhol

dinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.LanguagePointsrefusingtoofferinginformationinamisleadingway•Theybeelinedto

thefoodandeitherconsumeditonthespotorgobbledafewpiecesandthenmovedtoanewlocationwithastash.LanguagePointsateitwithoutdelayWalke

dtothefoodinthestraightcourseGulpedafewpiecesoutofsight•Itseemslikelythattheactorspickeduponachangeintheactivityoftherecei

vers,onethatwasconsistentenoughtopredicttheshock.LanguagePointsBecamefamiliarwith•Thisexperimentleftmanylooseends.Al

thoughitisclearthatrhesusmonkeyscanlearntoavoidshockbyattendingtoafacialexpression,wedon’tknowifthisresponseismotivatedbyempathy,andempath

yisnecessaryforaltruism.LanguagePointsFinaldetailsthathavenotyetbeendealtwith(veryformal)topayattentiontoimpelled•Thereisno

ambiguityaboutwhatthegorilladid...•Wouldshehaveactedinthesamewaytowards…•Itpaystobreaktherules.•Thereisnowaytopredict…Sente

ncestructure•Captureanevent•Captureone’sattention•Captureone’sheart•Fullygraspthedistinctionbetween•Raisethepublicandscientificinterestin•Set

upanexperiment•Receiveapopcorntreat•MaintainsocialconventionsExpressions•Reininaggressivebehavior•Refrainfro

mpullingthechain•Inhibittheimpulse•Abidebyarule/adhereto•Breaktherules/violatecommunityrules•EmployrulelikestrategiesExpression

sDarwin’sTheoryofRevolution❖Evolutionisthetheorythatmodernorganismshavedescendedfromancientorganisms.❖Darwinist

hemanwhocameupwiththeTheoryofEvolution.In1831hewenttodifferentremoteislands.Thetriplastedfor5years.30yearslaterheactuallypublish

edabookonhistheoryofNaturalSelection.SurvivalofTheFittestIndividualswhosecharacteristicsarewellsuitedtotheirenvironmen

tsurvive.Individualswhosecharacteristicsarenotwellsuitedtotheirenvironmenteitherdieorleavefeweroffsp

ring.RattlesnakeswithnorattlesEvolutionbynaturalselectionWildanimalsshowsimilartendencieslikewhatdomesticani

malshave.Deer-competitionamongstmalestobeasuitor.Tallerplantswillreceivesunshine.Plantsthatrootdeeplywil

lgetwater.Animalscompetitionforfood-birdnestsCreationism(创造宇宙说)•Thepositionthattheaccountofthecreationoftheuniversegivenatthebeginningoft

heBibleisliterallytrue.•Theprimalstorytoexplainallofhumanexistenceandtheworld•BeingHumanistobeGodlikeanddifferentfromtheresto

fcreation•Communicable(shared)attributesofGod–Mind–AttributesofIntellect–Heart–MoralAttributes–Will–AttributesofPurpose