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Morals,ApesandUsHowmuchdoweknowaboutusandothercreatures?Primates灵长类•Moraladj.[onlybeforenoun]•Relatingtorightandwrongandthewaypeopleshouldbehave–

Moralstandards/principles/values/behaviour–Moraldilemma–Moralobligation/duty–Amoralperson(apersonalwaystriestobe

haveintherightway)Synonym:ethicalAboutMoral•Moralnoun•Morals:principlesofrightorwrongbehaviorthataregener

allyacceptedbyasociety–Havemorals•Somethingthatyoucanlearnfromastoryorexperience–moralofAboutMoral•“Thefactthatmanknowsrightfromwrongproveshisinte

llectualsuperioritytotheothercreatures;butthefactthathecandowrongproveshismoralinferioritytoanycreaturethatcannot”(MarkT

wain).AboutMoral•Basedonwhatyouhaveresearchedandyourexperiencewithanimals,doyouthinkBinti,thegorilla

savedthethree-year-oldboyoutofempathy(pity)orinstinct?Giveyourreasons.Pre-readingDiscussionReadingTasks•Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthisartic

le?•Doesthewriterbasedhisargumentsonfirst-handmaterial?•Howmanyexperimentshavebeenconductedinthearticle,drawatableabouteachexper

imentwithinformationabouttheexperimenter,objective,procedureandfindingsorconclusions?experiments12345exper

imenterUniversityofZurichEthologistEduardStammbachwriterobjectiveTesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebeha

viorandactcooperativelyprocedureFirst,once,then,during,ResultsorfindingsDominantonesInhibittheiraggressionDiscussionquestions•Findoutt

hetrainofthoughtofthewriter?•Workouttheoutlineofthewriting•Doyouthinkthewriters’argumentsareconvincing?•Howdo

youunderstand“butusinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasanindicationofanother’semotionsatthetime.(pa

ra.15)”?•Howdoyouthinkof“wecanconsciouslyevaluatewhetherbehaviorisrightorwrong…entwinedwiththeself-interestshownbyotheranim

als.”?(Para.20)•(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andac

taltruistically?•(5-19)Experimentsshowanimalsarebynomeansrobotsdrivensolelybyinstinctualresponsesbutnoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencet

hatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,sotherecanbenoethicaljudgment.•(20)conclusion:Askingwhatitmeanstobemoralchallenge

sustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysis•(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshar

e,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?–(1)Aneventcapturepeople’sattention:afemalegorillarescuedanunconscious3-year-

oldboy–(2)Peoplewonderaboutwhygorilladidthis–(3)Sofar,theanswerisnotclear.–(4)Thewriter’swayoftacklingthebroadlyconcernedquestiono

fwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalspossessthosetools.StructureAnalysis•(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmacaquemo

nkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.–(5)introducetheproceduresoftheexperiment–(6)Theresultoftheexperiment:although

themonkeyswouldcontroltheiraggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively,theirpositioninthecommunitywouldnotchange.•Atfirst,threaten…to

keepthemaway•Then,learn…followandwaitedtograb•Beforelong,approachedpeacefullyandallowed…•Further…grooming…evenduring…

StructureAnalysis•(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.–(7)monkeyshavearudimentary

senseofownershipandrespectforproperty.–(8)Bydefendingandrespectingtheownershipandproperty,themonkeysintheexperimentshowshowinh

ibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.StructureAnalysis•(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunityw

ouldbepunished.–(9)Throughthefirstexperiment,itseemsthatindividualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilen

t,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.–(10)outsiderswon’tbeattackedthusindicates:membersofanestabli

shedrhesuscommunityabidebyarulethatsays:attackmembersthatfindfoodanddon’tshareit.StructureAnalysis•(5-10)Research

indicatesthatanimalscaninhibittheirimpulsesandpunishthosewhoviolatecommunityrules.–(5-6)Anexperimenttestsma

caquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively–(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintaini

ngsocialconventionsamongthem.–(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbepunished.StructureAnal

ysis•(11)ToproveBinti’sbehavioroutofempathy,scientistshavetoprovethatanimalsunderstandthethoughtsandfeelingsofothe

rs.(transition)StructureAnalysis•(12-16)ManyExperimentsdonebeforehaveprovidedawindowonanimalemotionthathasyet

tobeopenedbymorerecentscientificobservations.•(13)oneexperimentwasdesignedtoseeifamonkeycouldinterpretanothermonkey

’sfacialexpression.•(14)theassumptionundertheexperimentanditsresult•(15)usinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesameasseein

gtheexpressionasindicationofanother’semotions.•(16)wecouldnotprovemonkey’sresponseismotivatedbyempathy.StructureAnalysis•(17-

18)Theexperimentshowsanimalstendedtoshowaltruisticbehaviortoeachother.Buttherearemorepossibilityfortheiraltruism.

•(19)Analysisandconclusionoftheexperiments:sincenoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareaware

ofothers’beliefsorintentions,therecanbenoethicaljudgment.•(20)conclusion:Askingwhatismeanstobemoralchallengesustot

hinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.StructureAnalysisReadingScholarlywriting•Subject:someaspectofhistory,sociology,poli

ticalphilosophy,literarycriticism,ormanyotherfields.•Afairlyhighdegreeofformality–avoidcolloquialism–Useofformalwordsandterms–Highlyvariedand

longandcomplexsentencestructures•Aconcernforclearpresentationofmaterialandargument,resultingincarefullogicallinki

ngofparagraphsandsentences.•Andtodate,nostudyofapeintelligencecomesclosetoshowingthatorangutans,gorill

as,orchimpanzeeshavethementalsophisticationofa10-year-oldhuman.(Para.3)LanguagePointsnearlyshowComplexintellectualability•Andoneincidenti

snotenoughtowarrantconclusions.(Para.3)LanguagePointsVt.Provideadequategroundsfor/justify•ButBinti’sactionsdoraisethepublicandscientificinteres

tinthebroadquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalpossessthosetools.(Para.4)LanguagePointsDi

stinctivefeaturesofthemindProvoke/bringaboutthepublic’saswellasthescientists’interestinActintherightway•Asa

psychologist,I’minterestedinthetechniquesweusetogetatthesequestions:Canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruisti

cally.(Para.4)LanguagePointsInawaythatshowsyoucareaboutotherpeopleandtheirinterestsmorethanyoucareaboutyourselfundersta

ndpity•Ina1988study,UniversityofZurichethologistEduardStammbachsetupanexperimentwithlong-tailedmacaquemonkeystotesttheirabil

itytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.(Para.5)LanguagePointsReinin/reinback:tolimitorcontrolsomethingthathasdevelopedtoomuchorcontinuedfo

rtoolongDesignedanexperiment•Ratherthanchasingspecialistsawayoreatingalltheirpopcorn,theybegantoinhibittheiraggression.LanguagePoin

tsInsteadofDrivingthespecialistawayRestraintheirwarlikebehavior•Specialistkepttheirlowrankbutwereallowedamomentatthehightab

lewhentheirskillswereofusetotheroyalty.LanguagePointsHightableBrE:atableataformalmealwherethemostimporta

ntpeopleeat,forexampleatatraditionaluniversity•Althoughthesemightseemtobestrictlyhumanconcerns,territorialanimalssuchassunfish,lizards,sparrows

,andgibbonsareinvestedintheseissues..LanguagePointsbecaredaboutonlybythehumanbeingsaredevotedto/committedto•Stayingclose

tothetubeandlookingatitwerenotsufficientcuesofownershipfromthedominant’sperspective.Adominantmacaquewouldappeartoinhibititsimpulsetograbthetubeifa

subordinatehelditclosetoitsbody.LanguagePointsInthedominant’spointofviewHoldbackitsmotivatingforce•Butinanyso

cialsituationwithconventions,individualsoftenfindthatitpaystobreaktherules.LanguagePointsItpaystodo:itisworthwhile(profitable)to

doItpaystodo:itneedstopayapricetodo•Itwasasifindividualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilent,

fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.LanguagePointsrefusingtoofferinginformationinamisleadingway•Theybeelinedtothe

foodandeitherconsumeditonthespotorgobbledafewpiecesandthenmovedtoanewlocationwithastash.LanguagePointsateitwithou

tdelayWalkedtothefoodinthestraightcourseGulpedafewpiecesoutofsight•Itseemslikelythattheactorspickeduponachangeintheactivityof

thereceivers,onethatwasconsistentenoughtopredicttheshock.LanguagePointsBecamefamiliarwith•Thisexperimen

tleftmanylooseends.Althoughitisclearthatrhesusmonkeyscanlearntoavoidshockbyattendingtoafacialexpression,wedon’tknowifthisre

sponseismotivatedbyempathy,andempathyisnecessaryforaltruism.LanguagePointsFinaldetailsthathavenotyetbeendealtwith(veryformal)topayat

tentiontoimpelled•Thereisnoambiguityaboutwhatthegorilladid...•Wouldshehaveactedinthesamewaytowards…•Itpaystobreaktherules.•Thereisnowaytopredict…Sen

tencestructure•Captureanevent•Captureone’sattention•Captureone’sheart•Fullygraspthedistinctionbetween•Raisethepublicandscientificinterestin•S

etupanexperiment•Receiveapopcorntreat•MaintainsocialconventionsExpressions•Reininaggressivebehavior•Refrain

frompullingthechain•Inhibittheimpulse•Abidebyarule/adhereto•Breaktherules/violatecommunityrules•EmployrulelikestrategiesExpress

ionsDarwin’sTheoryofRevolution❖Evolutionisthetheorythatmodernorganismshavedescendedfromancientorganisms.❖Darwinisthema

nwhocameupwiththeTheoryofEvolution.In1831hewenttodifferentremoteislands.Thetriplastedfor5years.30yearslaterheactuallypublishe

dabookonhistheoryofNaturalSelection.SurvivalofTheFittestIndividualswhosecharacteristicsarewellsuitedtotheirenvironmentsu

rvive.Individualswhosecharacteristicsarenotwellsuitedtotheirenvironmenteitherdieorleavefeweroffspring.RattlesnakeswithnorattlesEvolutionbynaturals

electionWildanimalsshowsimilartendencieslikewhatdomesticanimalshave.Deer-competitionamongstmalestobeasuitor.Tallerplantswillreceivesunshine.Pl

antsthatrootdeeplywillgetwater.Animalscompetitionforfood-birdnestsCreationism(创造宇宙说)•Thepositionthattheaccou

ntofthecreationoftheuniversegivenatthebeginningoftheBibleisliterallytrue.•Theprimalstorytoexplainall

ofhumanexistenceandtheworld•BeingHumanistobeGodlikeanddifferentfromtherestofcreation•Communicable(shared)attrib

utesofGod–Mind–AttributesofIntellect–Heart–MoralAttributes–Will–AttributesofPurpose