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Morals,ApesandUsHowmuchdoweknowaboutusandothercreatures?Primates灵长类•Moraladj.[onlybeforenoun]•Relatingtorig

htandwrongandthewaypeopleshouldbehave–Moralstandards/principles/values/behaviour–Moraldilemma–Moralobl

igation/duty–Amoralperson(apersonalwaystriestobehaveintherightway)Synonym:ethicalAboutMoral•Moralnoun•Morals:principlesofrig

htorwrongbehaviorthataregenerallyacceptedbyasociety–Havemorals•Somethingthatyoucanlearnfromastoryorexperience–mora

lofAboutMoral•“Thefactthatmanknowsrightfromwrongproveshisintellectualsuperioritytotheothercreatures;butthefactthathecandowrongproveshi

smoralinferioritytoanycreaturethatcannot”(MarkTwain).AboutMoral•Basedonwhatyouhaveresearchedandyourexpe

riencewithanimals,doyouthinkBinti,thegorillasavedthethree-year-oldboyoutofempathy(pity)orinstinct?Giveyourreas

ons.Pre-readingDiscussionReadingTasks•Whatisthewriter’spurposeofwritingthisarticle?•Doesthewriterbasedhisarguments

onfirst-handmaterial?•Howmanyexperimentshavebeenconductedinthearticle,drawatableabouteachexperimentwith

informationabouttheexperimenter,objective,procedureandfindingsorconclusions?experiments12345experimenterUniversityofZurichEthologistEduardStammbac

hwriterobjectiveTesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperativelyprocedureFirst,once,then,during,Resul

tsorfindingsDominantonesInhibittheiraggressionDiscussionquestions•Findoutthetrainofthoughtofthewriter?•Workouttheoutlineofth

ewriting•Doyouthinkthewriters’argumentsareconvincing?•Howdoyouunderstand“butusinganexpressiontopredictarespons

eisnotthesameasseeingtheexpressionasanindicationofanother’semotionsatthetime.(para.15)”?•Howdoyouthinkof“wecanconsciouslyevaluatewhet

herbehaviorisrightorwrong…entwinedwiththeself-interestshownbyotheranimals.”?(Para.20)•(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,pu

nishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?•(5-19)Experimentsshowanimalsarebynomeansrobotsdrivensolelybyinstinctualresponsesbutnoexper

imenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,sotherecanbenoethicaljudgment.•

(20)conclusion:Askingwhatitmeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.Struc

tureAnalysis•(1-4)Putforwardthethesis:canothercreaturesshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically?–(

1)Aneventcapturepeople’sattention:afemalegorillarescuedanunconscious3-year-oldboy–(2)Peoplewonderaboutwhygorilladid

this–(3)Sofar,theanswerisnotclear.–(4)Thewriter’swayoftacklingthebroadlyconcernedquestionofwhatmenta

ltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowhatextentotheranimalspossessthosetools.StructureAnalysis•(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonk

eys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.–(5)introducetheproceduresoftheexperiment–(6)Theresultoftheexperime

nt:althoughthemonkeyswouldcontroltheiraggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively,theirpositioninthecommunitywouldnotchange.•Atfirst,threaten…tokeepthe

maway•Then,learn…followandwaitedtograb•Beforelong,approachedpeacefullyandallowed…•Further…grooming…evenduring…StructureAnaly

sis•(7-8)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.–(7)monkeyshavearudimentaryse

nseofownershipandrespectforproperty.–(8)Bydefendingandrespectingtheownershipandproperty,themonkeysinthee

xperimentshowshowinhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.StructureAnalysis•(9-10)Experimentstestedthep

ossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbepunished.–(9)Throughthefirstexperiment,itseemsthatindiv

idualswerebeingpunishedforbeinginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.–(10)outsiderswon’tbeattac

kedthusindicates:membersofanestablishedrhesuscommunityabidebyarulethatsays:attackmembersthatfindfoodanddon’tshareit.Structu

reAnalysis•(5-10)Researchindicatesthatanimalscaninhibittheirimpulsesandpunishthosewhoviolatecommunityr

ules.–(5-6)Anexperimenttestsmacaquemonkeys’abilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively–(7-8

)Inhibitionplaysacrucialroleinmaintainingsocialconventionsamongthem.–(9-10)Experimentstestedthepossibilitythatrule-breakersinacommunitywouldbep

unished.StructureAnalysis•(11)ToproveBinti’sbehavioroutofempathy,scientistshavetoprovethatanimalsunder

standthethoughtsandfeelingsofothers.(transition)StructureAnalysis•(12-16)ManyExperimentsdonebeforehaveprovidedawindowonani

malemotionthathasyettobeopenedbymorerecentscientificobservations.•(13)oneexperimentwasdesignedtoseeifamonkeycouldinterpretanothermonkey

’sfacialexpression.•(14)theassumptionundertheexperimentanditsresult•(15)usinganexpressiontopredictaresponseisnotthesa

measseeingtheexpressionasindicationofanother’semotions.•(16)wecouldnotprovemonkey’sresponseismotivatedbyempathy.S

tructureAnalysis•(17-18)Theexperimentshowsanimalstendedtoshowaltruisticbehaviortoeachother.Buttherearemorepossibilityfortheiral

truism.•(19)Analysisandconclusionoftheexperiments:sincenoexperimenttodatehasprovidedevidencethatanimalsareawareofothers’beliefsorintentions,the

recanbenoethicaljudgment.•(20)conclusion:Askingwhatismeanstobemoralchallengesustothinkabouthowourowncapacityformoralagencycameabout.Struc

tureAnalysisReadingScholarlywriting•Subject:someaspectofhistory,sociology,politicalphilosophy,literarycriticism,ormanyotherfie

lds.•Afairlyhighdegreeofformality–avoidcolloquialism–Useofformalwordsandterms–Highlyvariedandlongandcomple

xsentencestructures•Aconcernforclearpresentationofmaterialandargument,resultingincarefullogicallinkingofparagraphsandsentences.•Andtodate,nostudyofap

eintelligencecomesclosetoshowingthatorangutans,gorillas,orchimpanzeeshavethementalsophisticationofa10-year-oldhuman.(Para.3

)LanguagePointsnearlyshowComplexintellectualability•Andoneincidentisnotenoughtowarrantconclusions.(Para.3)LanguagePointsVt.Providea

dequategroundsfor/justify•ButBinti’sactionsdoraisethepublicandscientificinterestinthebroadquestionofwhatmentaltraitscauseustobehavemorallyandtowha

textentotheranimalpossessthosetools.(Para.4)LanguagePointsDistinctivefeaturesofthemindProvoke/bringaboutthepublic’sasw

ellasthescientists’interestinActintherightway•Asapsychologist,I’minterestedinthetechniquesweusetogetatthesequestions:Canothercreatu

resshare,cooperate,punishcheaters,showempathy,andactaltruistically.(Para.4)LanguagePointsInawaythatshows

youcareaboutotherpeopleandtheirinterestsmorethanyoucareaboutyourselfunderstandpity•Ina1988study,UniversityofZurichethologistEduardStam

mbachsetupanexperimentwithlong-tailedmacaquemonkeystotesttheirabilitytoreininaggressivebehaviorandactcooperatively.(Para.5)LanguagePointsRein

in/reinback:tolimitorcontrolsomethingthathasdevelopedtoomuchorcontinuedfortoolongDesignedanexperiment•Ratherthanchasingspecialistsawayoreatingallt

heirpopcorn,theybegantoinhibittheiraggression.LanguagePointsInsteadofDrivingthespecialistawayRestraintheirwarlikebehavior•Specialistkepttheirlowran

kbutwereallowedamomentatthehightablewhentheirskillswereofusetotheroyalty.LanguagePointsHightableBrE:atableataformalmealwherethemostimportantpeopleea

t,forexampleatatraditionaluniversity•Althoughthesemightseemtobestrictlyhumanconcerns,territorialanimalssuchassunfish,lizards,sparrows,andgibbonsare

investedintheseissues..LanguagePointsbecaredaboutonlybythehumanbeingsaredevotedto/committedto•Stayingclosetothetub

eandlookingatitwerenotsufficientcuesofownershipfromthedominant’sperspective.Adominantmacaquewouldappeartoi

nhibititsimpulsetograbthetubeifasubordinatehelditclosetoitsbody.LanguagePointsInthedominant’spointofviewHoldbackitsmotivatingforce•Butinany

socialsituationwithconventions,individualsoftenfindthatitpaystobreaktherules.LanguagePointsItpaystodo:itiswo

rthwhile(profitable)todoItpaystodo:itneedstopayapricetodo•Itwasasifindividualswerebeingpunishedforbe

inginappropriatelysilent,fordeceptivelywithholdinginformationaboutarichfoodsource.LanguagePointsrefusin

gtoofferinginformationinamisleadingway•Theybeelinedtothefoodandeitherconsumeditonthespotorgobbledafewpiecesandthenmovedtoanewlocationwit

hastash.LanguagePointsateitwithoutdelayWalkedtothefoodinthestraightcourseGulpedafewpiecesoutofsight•Itseemslikelythattheactorsp

ickeduponachangeintheactivityofthereceivers,onethatwasconsistentenoughtopredicttheshock.LanguagePointsBecamefa

miliarwith•Thisexperimentleftmanylooseends.Althoughitisclearthatrhesusmonkeyscanlearntoavoidshockbyattendingtoafacialexpression,wedon’tknowif

thisresponseismotivatedbyempathy,andempathyisnecessaryforaltruism.LanguagePointsFinaldetailsthathavenotyetbeendealt

with(veryformal)topayattentiontoimpelled•Thereisnoambiguityaboutwhatthegorilladid...•Wouldshehaveactedinthesamewaytowards

…•Itpaystobreaktherules.•Thereisnowaytopredict…Sentencestructure•Captureanevent•Captureone’sattention•Captureone’sheart•Fullygraspt

hedistinctionbetween•Raisethepublicandscientificinterestin•Setupanexperiment•Receiveapopcorntreat•Maintainsoc

ialconventionsExpressions•Reininaggressivebehavior•Refrainfrompullingthechain•Inhibittheimpulse•Abide

byarule/adhereto•Breaktherules/violatecommunityrules•EmployrulelikestrategiesExpressionsDarwin’sTheoryofRevolution❖Evolutionisthe

theorythatmodernorganismshavedescendedfromancientorganisms.❖DarwinisthemanwhocameupwiththeTheoryofEvolution.In1831hewenttodifferent

remoteislands.Thetriplastedfor5years.30yearslaterheactuallypublishedabookonhistheoryofNaturalSelection.SurvivalofTheF

ittestIndividualswhosecharacteristicsarewellsuitedtotheirenvironmentsurvive.Individualswhosecharacteristicsarenotwellsuitedtotheirenvironmenteit

herdieorleavefeweroffspring.RattlesnakeswithnorattlesEvolutionbynaturalselectionWildanimalsshowsimilartendencieslikewhat

domesticanimalshave.Deer-competitionamongstmalestobeasuitor.Tallerplantswillreceivesunshine.Plantsthatrootdeeplywillgetwater.Animalscompeti

tionforfood-birdnestsCreationism(创造宇宙说)•Thepositionthattheaccountofthecreationoftheuniversegivenatthebeginningofth

eBibleisliterallytrue.•Theprimalstorytoexplainallofhumanexistenceandtheworld•BeingHumanistobeGodlikeanddifferentfromtherestofcreation

•Communicable(shared)attributesofGod–Mind–AttributesofIntellect–Heart–MoralAttributes–Will–AttributesofPurpose