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ComputerScienceinEnglishDesignedandProgrammedByJiangTongqiangMiaoTianshunTeachingAssistedCoursewareComputerScienceinEnglishII.GrammaticalNotesto

theTextIII.WordsBanktotheTextIV.ExercisesoftheChapterI.Pre-readingQuestionsChapter16ArtificialIntelligenceandExpertSystemII.Grammatica

lNotestotheTextIII.WordsBanktotheTextIV.ExercisesoftheChapterI.Pre-readingQuestionsChapter16I.Pre-readingQuestions1.WhatisArtifici

alIntelligence?2.WhatcanwedousingArtificialIntelligence?3.WhatisExpertSystem?HowdoesanExpertSystemwork?1.WhatisArtificialInte

lligence?ReferenceKey:Usingthecomputerfortasksthatnormallyrequirehumanintelligence.Chapter16I.Pre-readingQuestions2.Whatcanwedousin

gArtificialIntelligence?ReferenceKey:Inadditiontoexpertsystem,AIincludesworkinthefollowingareas:neuralnetworks,perceptivesyst

ems,learning,robotics,AIhardware,andnaturallanguageprocessing.Chapter16I.Pre-readingQuestions3.WhatisExpertSystem?HowdoesanExp

ertSystemwork?ReferenceKey:Anexpertsystemisacomputerprogramthatattemptstorepresenttheknowledgeofhumanexp

ertsintheformofheuristics.AnExpertSystemsolveproblembyReasoningusingrulesinknowledgebase.artificialintelligence（AI）为theterm的同位语。过去分词短语heldat

Dartmouthcollege作定语，修饰aconference。而该句中用and将theyearwas1956与后面的句子相连，目的在于强调时间（1956）。1.Theyearwas1956,andthetermartificialintell

igence(AI)wascoinedbyJohnMcCarhyasthethemeofaconferenceheldatDartmouthCollege.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText该句中as…as

引导的结构作状语，表示行为方式。限制性定语从句thatareincorporatedintoDSSs修饰conventionalalgorithms。thatarespecificenoughmostofthetime

tobeuseful也是限制性定语从句，修饰results。2.HeuristicsdonotguaranteeresultsasabsolutelyasdoconventionalalgorithmsthatareincorporatedintoDSSs,buttheyofferr

esultsthatarespecificenoughmostofthetimetobeuseful.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText该句中，goalvariable作theter

m的同位语。which引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰thesolution。3.Thetermgoalvariableisusedtodescribethesolution,whichcanbeacomputedvalue,anidentifiedobject,an

actiontobetaken,orsomeotherrecommendation.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText现在分词短语searchingforarulethatcanbeevaluated作状语，表目的。其中，thatcanbee

valuated为限制性定语从句，修饰rule。4.Theinferenceenginecontinuestosubdivideaproblemintoitssubproblemsinthismanner,searchingforarule

thatcanbeevaluated.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText该句中现在分词短语，usinganprogramminglanguage作状语，表方式、手段。5.Youcancreateanexpertsystemu

singanyprogramminglanguage.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText过去分词短语developedbyEdwardShotlffleandStanleyCohenofStanfor

dUniversity作定语，修饰该句的表语Mycin。withthehelpofStantonAxline作状语，说明方式。aphysician是StantonAxline的同位语。6.Oneofthefirstexpertsys

temswasMycin,developedbyEdwardShotlffleandStanleyCohenofStanfordUniversity,withthehelpofStantonAxline,aphysician.II.Grammati

calNotestotheText限制性定语从句thatprovidestechnicalhelptousers修饰unit。7.Ahelpdeskisaunitwithintheorganizationthatprovidestechnicalhelptousers.II.

GrammaticalNotestotheText该句中，anetwork-likestructure作adecisiontree的同位语，对其作出解释。之后是一个that引导的限制性定语从句，修饰anetwork-likestructure。8.Somesystemse

mployknowledgeexpressedinformofadecisiontree,anetwork-likestructurethatenablestheusertoprogressfromtheroo

tthroughthenetworkbranchesbyansweringquestionsrelatingtotheproblem.II.GrammaticalNotestotheTextthat引导的限制性定语从句修饰firms。从句

中，形容词短语necessarytodeveloptheirownsystems作定语，修饰从句的宾语resources。现在分词短语usingprogramminglanguage作伴随状语。9.Expertsystemshellshavebroughtar

tificialintelligencewithinthereachoffirmsthatdonothavetheresourcesnecessarytodeveloptheirownsystemsusingprogramminglanguages.II.GrammaticalNotestot

heTextartificial[7B:ti5fiFEl]adj.人造的；人工的ambitious[Am5biFEs]adj.野心勃勃的；有抱负的heuristic[hjuE5ristik]adj.启发式的neural[5njuErEl]adj.神经系统的perceptive[pE5septiv

]adj.感觉敏锐的assumption[E5sQmpFEn]n.假定，设想arise[E5raiz]vi.出现，发生accumulate[E5kju:mjuleit]v.积聚，堆积interpret[in5tE:

prit]v.解释，说明tailor[5teilE]vt.适应，适合supplement[5sQplimEnt]v.补充III.WordsBanktotheTextstrategy[5strAtidVi]n.策略devise[di

5vaiz]vt.设计，发明subsequently[5sQbsikwEntli]adv.后来，随后reverse[ri5vE:s]adj.相反的，倒转的inference[5infErEns]n.推论approach[E5prEutF]n.方法，步骤，途

径accomplishment[E5kCmpliFmEnt]n.成就，完成manual[5mAnjuEl]n.手册，指南populate[5pRpjJleit]vt.居住在…中sophisticati

on[sE9fisti`keiFEn]n.混合，复III.WordsBanktotheTextIV.ExercisesComprehensionI.FillingBlanksVocabularyII.TrueorFal

seIII.MatchingTermsSummaryVII.Cloze(SummarizingtheText)VIII.TranslatingSentencesCollocationIV.AnsweringQuestionsV.SelectingWordsVI.Conc

eptualPhrasesTranslation1.AIisbeingappliedinbusinessintheformofknowledgesystems,whichusetosolveproble

ms.2.enablestheusertointeractwiththeexpertsystem.3.housestheaccumulatedknowledgeoftheparticularproblemtobesolved.1.Humanknowledge2.Theuser

interface3.DecisionIV.Exercises—ComprehensionI.Fillinthefollowingblanks.4.Theinferenceengineprovidestheabilitythatinterprets

thecontentsofthe.5.Anexpertsystemisacomputerprogramthatattemptstorepresenttheofhumanexpertsintheformof.4.Reasoning,knowledgebase5.Knowledge,rul

eIV.Exercises—ComprehensionI.Fillinthefollowingblanks.1.Themodelofanexpertsystemconsistsoffivemainparts.2.AIincludesworkinthefollowingareas:

neuralnetworks,perceptivesystems,learning,robotics,AIhardware,andnaturallanguageprocessing.3.Theuserinterfaceenablestheuser

tointeractwiththeexpertsystem.Theknowledgebasehousestheaccumulatedknowledgeoftheparticularproblemtobesolved.4.

Thedevelopmentengineprovidesthereasoningabilitythatinterpretsthecontentsoftheknowledgebase.5.Theportionoftheexp

ertsystemthatperformsreasoningbyusingthecontentsoftheknowledgebaseinaparticularsequenceistheknowledge

base.1.F2.T3.T4.F5.FIV.Exercises—ComprehensionII.TrueorFalse.1.F2.T3.T4.F5.F(a)artificialintelligence(b)thein

ferenceengine(c)forwardreasoning(d)case-basedreasoning(CBR)IV.Exercises—ComprehensionIII.Matchingtheterms.1.______whichuseshistoricaldataast

hebasisforidentifyingproblemsandrecommendingsolutions.2.______therulesareexaminedoneafteranotherinacertainorder.3.______thepo

rtionoftheexpertsystemthatperformsreasoningbyusingthecontentsoftheknowledgebaseinaparticularsequence.4.______usingthecomputerfortasksthatno

rmallyrequirehumanintelligence.1.D2.C3.B4.A1.Describetheexpertsystemmodel.IV.Exercises—ComprehensionIV.Answe

rthefollowingquestions.1.Themodelofanexpertsystemconsistsoffourmainparts.Theuserinterfaceenablestheusertointeractwithth

eexpertsystem.Theknowledgebasehousestheaccumulatedknowledgeoftheparticularproblemtobesolved.Theinferenceenginepr

ovidesthereasoningabilitythatinterpretsthecontentsoftheknowledgebase.Theexpertandtheknowledgeengineerusethedevelo

pmentenginetocreatetheexpertsystem.2.Describethefunctionofuserinterface.IV.Exercises—ComprehensionIV.Answerthefollo

wingquestions.2.Theuserinterfaceenablesthemanagertoenterinstructionsandinformationintotheexpertsystemandtoreceiveinformationfromit.Thein

structionsspecifytheparametersthatguidetheexpertsystemthroughitsreasoningprocessing.Theinformationisinthef

ormofvaluesassignedtocertainvariables.3.ComparingtheadvantageanddisadvantageofExpertSystem.IV.Exercises—ComprehensionIV.Answert

hefollowingquestions.3.Expertsystemshellshavebroughtartificialintelligencewithinthereachoffirmsthatdonothavetheresourcesnecessarytodevelop

theirownsystemsusingprogramminglanguages.[9]Inthebusinessarea,expertsystemshellsarethemostpopularwayforfirmstoimplementknowledge-base

dsystems.V.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularya

mbitiousinferencetailorconsistentmanualassumptionartificialreverseinterpret1.Thisbrandoftinnedbeanscontainsno_______colourin

g.artificialV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularyambitiousinferencetailorconsistentmanualassum

ptionartificialreverseinterpret2.He’savery________ladandhewantstoplayatthehighestlevel.ambitiousV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changethe

formwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularyambitiousinferencetailorconsistentmanualassumptionartificialreverseinterpret3.Thisstatementi

snot_______withwhatyousaidatyesterday’smeeting.consistentV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changethe

formwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularyambitiousinferencetailorconsistentmanualassumptionartificialreverseinterpret4.Their________th

attheirprojectunderwaywassomethingentirelynewprovedtobeuntrue.assumptionV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenec

essary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularyambitiousinferencetailorconsistentmanualassumptionartificialreverseinterpret5.Thewholespeechmightwellbe__

______asacodedmessagetotheAmericans.interpretedV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularyambitio

usinferencetailorconsistentmanualassumptionartificialreverseinterpret6.Thelocalforcesweretryingto________thei

rpolicingstyletoincreasepublicconfidence.tailorV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.IV.Exe

rcises—Vocabularyambitiousinferencetailorconsistentmanualassumptionartificialreverseinterpret7.Thewrongattitudewillhaveexactlythe___

_____effect.reverseV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabular

yambitiousinferencetailorconsistentmanualassumptionartificialreverseinterpret8.Fromhismanner,wedrewthe________thathewassatisfiedwiththeexa

m.inferenceIV.Exercises—CollocationV.Lookatthefollowingsentencetakenfromyourreadingpassage.Justthinkaboutwhatelseyoucan“apply

”andfillinthesentenceswiththerightwords.e.g.WhenthesuccessofMycinhadbeenestablished,thedeveloperslookedforotherwaystoapplytheiraccompl

ishments.IV.Exercises—Collocation2.Wemustapplyouren______tofindingasolution.ergies1.Anurseisapplyingsomeme______tohiswound.dicineIV.Exercises—Colloca

tion4.Therightthingwouldbetoapplydirectpr______tothewound.essure3.Theyforgottoapplytheha__________andthecarrolled60ftintotheriver.ndbrakeIV.Exercis

es—Collocation6.TheGovernmentappearstobeapplyingthesamepr______.inciple5.Hisprojectisconcernedwithapplyingthete_________topr

acticalbusinessproblems.chnologyIV.Exercises—SummaryVII.Choosethebestoneofthefouranswersgiventofillineachblank.Ar

tificialintelligence(AI)iscurrentlybeingappliedinbusinessintheformofknowledgesystems,1usehumanknowledgetosolv

eproblems.2alltheprevailingsystems,themostpopulartypeofknowledge-basedsystemistheexpertsystem.Anexpertsyste

misacomputerprogram3attemptstorepresenttheknowledgeofhumanexpertsinthe4ofheuristics.Theheuristicsallowtheexpertsystemtofunction

5amannerconsistentwithahumanexpert,advisingtheuseron6tosolveaproblem.In7toexpertsystem,AIincludesworkinmanyotherareas.I

V.Exercises—SummaryTheconceptofexpertsystemisbasedontheassumptionthatanexpert’sknowledge8becapturedin

computerstorageandthen9byotherswhentheneedarises.Anexpertsystemoffers10capabilitiesasadecisionsupportsystem.IV.Exercises—Summary1.A.thatB.whichC

.whatD.it2.A.InB.OutC.OfD.From3.A.thatB.toC.whatD.with4.A.areaB.fieldC.expertD.form5.A.onB.outC.withD.in6.A.which

B.whatC.howD.when7.A.additionB.addingC.addD.additional8.A.couldB.canC.willD.shall9.A.appliedB.applyC.appliesD.applying10.A.

manyB.alotofC.totalD.unique1.B2.C3.A4.D5.D6.C7.A8.B9.A10.D1.Heuristicsdonotguaranteeresultsasabsolutelyasdoconventionalalgorith

msthatareincorporatedintoDSSs,buttheyofferresultsthatarespecificenoughmostofthetimetobeuseful.1.探索法并不能保证其结

果如同DSS系统中传统的运算法则那样绝对化。但是，探索法提供的结果非常的具体，以至于能用于大部分情况。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation2.The

conceptofexpertsystemisbaseontheassumptionthatanexpert’sknowledgecanbecapturedincomputerstorageandthenappliedbyotherswhenthenee

darises.2.专家系统的概念是建立在专家知识能够储存在计算机并能被其他人应用的假设基础上的。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation3.Thekno

wledgebasecontainsbothfactsthatdescribetheproblemareaandknowledgerepresentationtechniquesthatdescribehowthefactsfittogetherinalogical

manner.3.知识库既包括描述问题域也包括以一定的逻辑描述事实的陈述技巧。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation4.Initsmostbasicform,thehelpdeskco

nsistsofoneormoretechnicalexpertswho,perhapsusingan800number,receiveusers’telephonecallsforhelp.4.桌面

帮助最基本的形式就是一两个专家可以通过800电话给用户进行电话答疑。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation5.Expertsystemshellsh

avebroughtartificialintelligencewithinthereachoffirmsthatdonothavetheresourcesnecessarytodeveloptheirownsystemsusingprogra

mminglanguages.5.专家系统框架引入了人工智能，为此公司没有必要使用编程语言开发他们自己的系统。EndVIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation