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ComputerScienceinEnglishDesignedandProgrammedByJiangTongqiangMiaoTianshunTeachingAssistedCoursewareComputerScienceinEnglishII.Grammati

calNotestotheTextIII.WordsBanktotheTextIV.ExercisesoftheChapterI.Pre-readingQuestionsChapter3:ComputerSystemArchitectureII.Grammati

calNotestotheTextIII.WordsBanktotheTextIV.ExercisesoftheChapterI.Pre-readingQuestionsChapter3I.Pre-reading

Questions1.Howmanytypesofparallelprocessingdoyouknow?Nameatleastfourofthem.?2.Whatisapipelining?3.Howmanyty

pesofcomputersdoyouknow?Nameatleastfourofthem.1.Howmanytypesofparallelprocessingdoyouknow?Nameatleastfourofthem.?ReferenceKey:Thereareavari

etyofwaysthatparallelprocessingcanbeclassified.OneclassificationintroducedbyM.J.Flynnconsiderstheorganizationofacomputersystembyt

henumberofinstructionsanddataitemsthataremanipulatedsimultaneously.Flynn’sclassificationdividescomputersintofour

majorgroupsasfollows:1.Singleinstructionstream,singledatastream(SISD).2.Singleinstructionstream,multipledatastream(SIMD).3.Multipleinstr

uctionstream,singledatastream(MISD).4.Multipleinstructionstream,multipledatastream(MIMD).Chapter3I.Pr

e-readingQuestions2.Whatisapipelining?ReferenceKey:Pipeliningisatechniqueofdecomposingasequentialprocessintosuboperations,witheachs

ubprocessbeingexecutedinaspecialdedicatedsegmentthatoperatesconcurrentlywithallothersegments.Chapter3I.Pre-readingQuestions3.WhatisaRISC?Ref

erenceKey:RISCprocessorsexcludetheseinstructions,optingforasmallerinstructionsetwithsimplerinstructio

ns.分词结构usedtodenotealargeclass……computersystem从作定语，修饰aterm。that引导的限制性定语从句，修饰techniques。forthepurpose

ofincreasingthecomputationalspeedofacomputersystem是介词短语作状语，表示目的。denote：表示……的意义。1.Parallelprocessingisatermusedtodenotealargeclassoftechniquesthatareu

sedtoprovidesimultaneousdata-processingtasksforthepurposeofincreasingthecomputationalspeedofacomputersystem.II.GrammaticalNo

testotheTexttheamountofprocessingthatcanaccomplishedduringagivenintervaloftime作throughput的同位语。限制性定语从句tha

tcanbeaccomplishedduringagivenintervaloftime修饰theamountofprocessing。interval：间隔，空隙。2.Thepurposeofparallelprocessingistospe

edupthecomputerprocessingcapabilityandincreaseitsthroughput,thatis,theamountofprocessingthatcanbeaccomplishedduringagiveninterval

oftime.II.GrammaticalNotestotheTextit指代的是前一个句子中叙述的事情。由from连接is3个介词短语是并列的，都作considered的状语。3.Itcanbeconsideredfromtheinternalorganizationofthep

rocessors,fromtheinterconnectionstructurebetweenprocessors,orfromtheflowofinformationthroughthesystem.II.GrammaticalNotestotheTextbecharacteri

zedby：有特点。名词从句thattheyrequire……tocomplete作fact的同位语。限制性定语从句thatwilltakeaconventionalcomputerdaysorevenweekstocomplete修饰computations。4.T

heseproblemsarecharacterizedbythefactthattheyrequireavastnumberofcomputationsthatwilltakeaconventionalcomputerdaysorevenwee

kstocomplete.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText不定式短语toachievetherequiredlevelofhighperformance作状语，表示目的;it是形式主语，其作用是为了避免句子结

构头重脚轻。真正的主语是toutilize……techniques。innovative：创新的。介词短语fromvectorandparallelprocessingtechniques作定语，修饰procedures。5.Toachie

vetherequiredlevelofhighperformanceitisnecessarytoutilizethefastestandmostreliablehardwareandapplyinnovati

veproceduresfromvectorandparallelprocessingtechniques.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText形容词短语capableofvectorpro

cessing作主语，修饰acomputer。eliminate：去除，消除。过去分词结构associatedwith……loop修饰theoverhead。限制性定语从句ittakestofetchandexecutetheins

tructionsintheprogramloop修饰thetime，连接词that被省略了。6.Acomputercapableofvectorprocessingeliminatestheover

headassociatedwiththetimeittakestofetchandexecutetheinstructionsintheprogramloop.II.GrammaticalNotestotheText现在分词

短语specifyingthebaseaddressoftheoperands修饰threefields。介词with连接了两个名词性短语：threefields…与anadditionalfield

。限制性定语从句thatgivesthelengthofthedataitemsinthevectors修饰anadditionalfield。7.Thisisessentiallyathree-addressinstructionwiththreefieldsspecifyingthebase

addressoftheoperandsandanadditionalfieldthatgivesthelengthofthedataitemsinthevectors.II.GrammaticalNotestot

heText该句包含一个宾语从句thatreducingthepropagation……morequickly。现在分词短语reducingthepropagationdelaywithintheCPU作从句中的主语。分词短语pe

rformingeachinstructionmorequickly作状语，表示结果。8.TheyreasonedthatreducingthepropagationdelaywithintheCPUwouldallowtheCPUtorunatahigherfrequency,

thusperformingeachinstructionmorequickly.II.GrammaticalNotestotheTextDependingon……functions为分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语是thisapp

roach。介词on后边带着由how引导的宾语从句，以及中心词为thenumberofinstructions的名词性短语。过去分词短语neededtoperformtheirfunctions修饰thenumberofinstructions。9.Dependin

gonhowfrequentlytheeliminatedinstructionswereneeded,andthenumberofinstructionsneededtoperformtheirfunctions,thisapproachmightormigh

tnotimprovesystemperformance.II.GrammaticalNotestotheTextwhetherpincompatibleornot是插入语，相当于状语的作用。as后边省略了thesoftware，这种thesame…a

s…的结构，可以避免重复。10.Thissamebackwardcompatibility,whetherpincompatibleornot,allowstheCISCCPUtorunthesame

softwareasusedbythepredecessorsinitsfamily.II.GrammaticalNotestotheTextparallel[5pArElel]adj.平行的，类似的，并联的sequential[si5kwinFEl]adj.连续的；顺[次]序的con

current[kEn5kQrEnt]adj.并发的，协作的accomplish[E5kCmpliF]vt.完成，达到，实现feasible[5fi:zEbl]adj.可行的，切实可行的distinguish[dis5tiN^wiF]v.区别，辨别divert[di5vE:t]v.

转移，转向manipulate[mE5nipjuleit]vt.操作，使用(机器constitute[5kCnstitju:t]vt.制定，建立，组成theoretical[WiE5retik(E)l]adj.理论的class

ification[7klAsifi5keiFEn]n.分类，分III.WordsBanktotheTextsegment[5se^mEnt]n.段，节，片断partition[pB:5tiFEn]n.分割，划分analogous[E

5nAlE^Es]adj.类似的，相似的elapse[i5lAps]vi.(时间)过去，消逝demonstrate[5demEnstreit]vt.示范，证明conventional[kEn5venF

Enl]adj.惯例的，常规的artificial[B:ti5fiF(E)l]adj.人造的；人工的sophisticated[sE5fistikeitid]adj.精密复杂的utilize[ju:5tilaiz]vt.利用matrix[5meitrik

s]n.矩阵scalar[5skeilE]adj.梯状的，数量的，标量的III.WordsBanktotheTextvariable[5vZEriEbl]n.[数]变数，可变物，变量paradoxical[7pArE5dCksikEl]a.自相矛盾的propagation[prRpE5^

eiF(E)n]n.繁殖，传播eliminate[i5limineit]vt.排除，消除invariably[in5veEriEb(E)li]adv.不变地，correspond[kCris5pCnd]vi.符合，通信，相应exclude[iks5klu:d]vt

.拒绝接纳，排斥compatibility[kEm7pAti5biliti]n.兼容性intermingle[7intE(:)5miN^l]v.混合hybrid[5haibrid]n.混血儿，混合物III.WordsBanktotheTextIV.ExercisesCompreh

ensionI.FillingblanksVocabularyII.TrueorFalseIII.MatchingtermsSummaryVII.Cloze(SummarizingtheText)VIII.TranslatingSentence

sCollocationIV.TranslatingtermsV.SelectingwordsVI.ConceptualPhrasesTranslation1.Itischaracteristicof______

__thatseveralcomputationscanbeinprocessindistinctsegmentsatthesametime.2.___________ismadepossiblebyassociatingaregisterwitheachsegmen

tinthepipeline.3.Thevectorinstructionincludestheinitialaddressoftheoperands,_______,andtheoperationtobeperformed.1.Pipelines2.Theoverlappingofcomput

ation3.thelengthofthevectorIIV.Exercises—ComprehensionI.Fillinthefollowingblanks.4.______processorshavefewer

andsimplerinstructionsthan_______processors.5.Thesequenceofinstructionsreadfrommemoryconstitutesan___

___.Theoperationsperformedonthedataintheprocessorconstitutesa_________.4.RISCCISC5.instructionstreamdatastreamIIV.

Exercises—ComprehensionI.Fillinthefollowingblanks.1.Shiftregistersoperateinserialfashionallthebitsofthewordatatime.2.RI

SCprocessorshavelargerinstructionsetsthatoftenincludesomeparticularlycomplexinstructions.3.SIMDrepresentsanorganizationthatin

cludesmanyprocessingunitsunderthesupervisionofacommoncontrolunit.4.Parallelprocessingisestablishedbydistributingthedataamongthemultiplefu

nctionalunits.5.RISCisacomplexinstructionsetcomputer.IIV.Exercises—ComprehensionII.TrueorFalse.1.F2.F3.T4.T5.F(a)SISD(b)SIMD(c)E2PROM(d)MI

MD_______multipleinstructionstream,singledatastream_______singleinstructionstream,multipledatastream_______multipleinstructionstream,multipledatas

tream_______singleinstructionstream,singledatastreamIIV.Exercises—ComprehensionIII.Matchingterms.2.b3.d4.a1.c1.parallelpr

ocessing2.pipelineprocessing3.vectorprocessing4.scalarprocessor5.backwardcompatibility1.并行处理2流水线处理3.向量处理4.标量处理器5.向下兼容IIV.Exercises—Compre

hensionIV.TranslatingTerms.V.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularydistinguishcorrespond

artificialsequentialvariablefeasibleconcurrenteliminatesegment1.Inthiswaythechildrenareintroducedto_____

_learning.concurrent2.Thetwinsaresoalikethatnoonecan______onefromtheother.distinguishV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenece

ssary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularydistinguishcorrespondartificialsequentialvariablefeasibleconcurrenteliminatesegment3.Shequestionedwhetheritwas______t

ostimulateinvestmentintheseregions.feasible4.Linesdividedtheareainto______.segmentsV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenece

ssary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularydistinguishcorrespondartificialsequentialvariablefeasibleconcurrenteliminatesegment5.Evenint

he______environmentofanoffice,ourbodyrhythmscontinuetoaffectus.Othervariablesinmakingforecastsfortheindustryinclud

etheweatherandthegeneraleconomicclimate.artificialV.Fillintheblankswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenec

essary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularydistinguishcorrespondartificialsequentialvariablefeasibleconcurrenteliminates

egment6.TheSexDiscriminationActhasnot______discriminationinemployment.variable7.Academicdepartmentsarebeing______.eliminateV.Fillinthebla

nkswiththewordsgivenbelow.Changetheformwherenecessary.IV.Exercises—Vocabularydistinguishcorrespondartificials

equentialvariablefeasibleconcurrenteliminatesegment8.Thewrittenrecordofourconversationdoesn’t______with(i.e.,i.e.,isdifferentfrom)whatwasactual

lysaid.correspondIV.Exercises—CollocationV.Lookatthefollowingsentencetakenfromyourreadingpassage.Justthinkaboutwhate

lseyoucan“perform”andfillinthesentenceswiththerightwords.e.g.Theregisterholdsthedataandthecombinationalcircuitperformsthesubopera

tionintheparticularsegment.IV.Exercises—Collocation2.Wearethesamebiologicallyandourbodiesperformthesamefu________everywhereontheplanet.ncti

ons1.Threebasicpiecesofequipmentwillhelpyoutoperformavarietyofex________toimproveyourfigure.ercisesIV.Exercises—Collocation4.V

alentineignoredthebanandcontinuedtoperformma_______foryoungloversinsecret.riages3.BancroftCommunitystudentswillliveina

partmentsorinahouse,cookingtheirownmeals,washingtheirownclothes,andlearningtoperformotherta_______.sksIV.Exercises—Collocation6.Hisco

uncilhadtoperformmi_______onatinybudget.racles5.Wewerepleasedtohavetheopportunitytowatchsuchgooddancersperformahighlypraisednewba

_______.lletIV.Exercises—SummaryVII.Choosethebestoneofthefouranswersgiventofillineachblank.Incomputerengineering,computerarchitec

tureisthe___1___designandfundamentaloperationalstructureofacomputersystem.Itisa___2___andfunctionaldescriptionofrequirements,espec

iallyspeedsandinterconnections,anddesignimplementationsforthevariouspartsofacomputer—___3___largelyonthewaybywhichth

ecentralprocessingunit(CPU)performsinternallyandaccessesaddressesinmemory.Computersystemarchitecture___4___thedesignofthefour___5___:parallel

processing,pipelining,vectorprocessingandRISC.Parallelprocessingsystemisusedtoprovidesimultaneousdata-processing

tasksforthepurposeofincreasingthe___6__speedofacomputersystemIV.Exercises—Summaryandisabletoperform___7___dataproce

ssingtoachievefasterexecutiontime.Apipelineisasetofdataprocessingelementsconnectedinseries,sothattheoutpu

tofoneelementistheinputofthenextone.Theelementsofapipelineareoften___8___inparallelorintime-slicedfashion.Avectorpro

cessor,isaCPUdesignthatisabletorunmathematicaloperationsonmultipledataelementssimultaneously.Computerswithvectorprocessingc

apabilitiesareindemandin9___applications.RISCprocessorshavefewerand__10___instructionsthanCISCprocessors.Asaresult,theircontrolunitsarelesscompl

exandeasiertodesign.IV.Exercises—Summary1.A.lastestB.conceptualC.idealD.simple2.A.planB.designC.blueprintD.concept3

.A.relyingB.dependingC.attachingD.focusing4.A.refersB.speaksC.involvesD.interacts5.A.ingredientsB.typesC.kindsD.lists6.A.computationalB.computerC.co

mputationD.computing7.A.currentB.compoundC.concurrentD.massive8.A.displayedB.carriedC.accomplishedD.executed9.A.specialB

.specializedC.specificD.especial10.A.simpleB.simplifyingC.singularD.simpler1.B2.C3.D4.C5.A6.A7.C8.D9

.B10.D1.Thepurposeofparallelprocessingistospeedupthecomputerprocessingcapabilityandincreaseitsthroughput,thatis,theamountofprocessingthatcan

beaccomplishedduringagivenintervaloftime.1.并行处理的目的是加快计算机的处理速度并增加其吞吐量，所谓吞吐量是指在规定的时间间隔内所完成的指令。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Trans

lation2.Itischaracteristicofpipelinesthatseveralcomputationscanbeinprocessindistinctsegmentsatthesametime.2.流水线的特征就在于在同一时间里可以在不同的子过程中处

理几个不同的运算。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation3.Toachievetherequiredlevelofhighperformanceitisnecessarytoutilizethe

fastestandmostreliablehardwareandapplyinnovativeproceduresfromvectorandparallelprocessingtechniques.3

.只有采用最快和最可靠的硬件并应用向量处理和并行处理等新技术才能获得这些高性能的处理能力。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translat

ion4.Ingeneral,thegreaterthenumberofinstructionsinaninstructionset,thelargerthepropagationdelayiswithintheCPU.4.一般来说

，指令集中的指令数量越多，CPU内部的传播延迟时间就越长。VIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation5.AlthoughCIS

Cprocessorsaremorecomplex,thiscomplexitydoesnotnecessarilyincreasedevelopmentcosts.5.虽然CISC处理器更为复杂，但这并不一定必然会导致开发成本的增加

。EndVIII.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.IV.Exercises—Translation