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UNIT6LEGALASPECTS–COMMUNITYMANAGEMENTPioE.ManoaSchoolofMarineStudiesFacultyofIslands&OceansUniversityoftheSouthPacificCoastalFisheriesPolicyan

dPlanningCourse,28/01/08–8/02/08,Apia,SamoaSecretariatofthePacificCommunityOverview•ImportanceofCommunityparticipation•Examples

ofExistingInitiatives•LegalAspectssupportingCommunitymanagement•FurtherconsiderationoflegalaspectsImportanceofCom

munityparticipation•Rightsandinterestsovercoastalenvironments•Relianceonmarineresourcesforsubsistence,traditionalandcommercialpurposes•Moni

toring,controlandsurveillance•Existingoftraditional/customaryprotocolsandrulesinmostcountriesImportanceofCommunitypartici

pationcont’d•Traditionalknowledge•Controloverlocalandadjacentcommunities•Futureaspirations•Longtermsustainabilityinte

restsExamplesofexistinginitiatives•LocallyManagedMarineAreas•MarineProtectedAreas•MarineReserves•CommunityConservationAr

eas•Otherformsoftraditionalmanagement•Roleinmonitoring,controlandsurveillanceLegalAspects•Ownershipand/orRightso

verCoastalEnvironments–DoestheCommunityhavelegalownershipovercoastalenvironments?–Whatkindofrightsandinterestsdoesthe

Communityhave?–Can/dotheserightsandintereststranslateintomanagementpowers?LegalAspectscont’d•CommunityasaLegalEntity•Aleg

alentityisanentityrecognisedinlaw–Areresourceownersrecognisedasalegalentity?–Ifresourceownersarenotrecognisedasalegalentit

y,howcananentitybeformed?•Trust;Company;IncorporatedAssociation;RegisteredCharitableAssociation;Agreementwithgovernme

ntetc.LegalAspectscont’d•ConstitutionalRecognition•Thehighestrecognition•ExamplesinPalau,RMI,Samoa,Vanuatu,PNG,FSM,Nauru,T

uvalu,Kiribati,SolomonIslands.•NaturalresourcesofcountryvestedinpeopleandgovernmentLegalAspectscont’d•ConstitutionalRecognition

cont’d•ButConstitutionusesgenerallanguage•Scopeofpowersofcustomary/traditionalauthoritiesusuallylimited•Needtoelaborateoncommun

ityrightsandinterestsinotherlegislationLegalAspectscont’d•SupportinNationalLegislation•Canclarifyrightsandinterests•Empower

sCommunitytotakecertainactionwithinlegislativelimits•Maybeelaboratedinsubsidiarylegislation(regulations,by-laws)Legal

Aspectscont’d•SupportinNationalLegislationcont’d•Manyexamplesinregion•Samoa:–VillageFonoAct1990–FisheriesAmendmentA

ct2002–PlanningandUrbanManagementAct2004LegalAspectscont’d•SubsidiaryLegislation•Shoulddetailtherights,interestsandpowersofCommunity•Enabledby

legislation–Example:Tuvalu:FalekaupuleAct1997–makingofregulations–Example:Samoa:VillageFonoAct1990–com

munityby-lawsFurtherconsiderationofLegalAspects•Constitutionalprovisionsofferhighestrecognitionbutneedsadditiona

llegislativeprovisions•Nationallegislationoffersspecificrecognitionandcanbesupplementedbysubsidiarylegislation•Communi

tylaw-makingandenforcementpowersconfirmsCommunityimportanceinmanagementFurtherconsiderationofLegalAspects•Communityengagements

trengthensnationalmanagementandenforcementcapability•Needtoconsider:–Harmonisedorcompatiblemeasures–Coordinat

edimplementation–Capacitybuildingstrategy–Incentivesscheme(?)