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HearingandVisualImpairmentsDr.ShawneeWakemanHearingandVisualImpairmentsTypesCharacteristicsPrevalenceCause

sPreventionAcademicInstructionalPracticesTechnologyHowdoeshearingwork?SoundwavespassthroughmediumEardrumvi

bratesVibrationssenttoinnerearPasstoreceptorcells—sendimpulsestobrainBraintranslatesimpulsestosoundTypesofHearingImpairme

ntsDeafHard-of-HearingHard-of-HearingMeanssignificanthearinglossMinimalloss:–Lossofgreaterthan15-25dB–Canmissupto10%ofclassroomspeech

Mildtomoderateloss:–26to50-55dBSeverehearingloss:–71to90dBProfoundhearingloss:–Greaterthan91dBDeafPro

foundorseverehearinglossNotabletousehearingtounderstandspeech(mayperceivesomesound)Speechrangelossofgreaterthan60dBAgeofOnset

Congenitallydeaf–PresentatbirthPrelinguallydeaf–Occursbeforelanguagedevelops(95%occurrence)Postlingually

deaf–Occursafterlanguageisdeveloping(typicallyafterage2)TypesofHearingLossConductive–Oftencorrectedthroughsurgeryormedicaltreatment–Hearingaidsben

eficialSensorineural–Innerear–Usuallycannotbecorrected–Sounddistorted,ifanyatall–AmplificationmayormaynothelpPrevalenceHearinglossin

childrenisthe#1birthdefectintheUS1/1000babiesbornprofoundlydeaf2-3/1000babiesbornwithlessseverehearingloss0.14%ofchildreninschoolarec

lassifiedasdeaforhardofhearing44%ofchildrendeaforhardofhearingarefromdiversebackgroundsHardtocounttotal#ofchildrenwhoaredeaf/hardofhearingorhav

emultipledisabilitiesbecauseofvaryingcriteriaindifferentstatesandbecause–TheUSDepartmentofEducationreportsch

ildrenbytheirprimarydisability,whichmaynotbehearingrelated5MajorCausesofHearingLossBacterialinfectionsMeningitis(leadingcauseofpost-lingu

alhearingloss)Pre-orpost-lingualPrenatalinfectionsofmotherMaternalrubellaCongenitalsyphilisCongenitalExcessivenoisePre-orpost-lingu

alHeredity—leadingcauseofdeafness(exceptduringrubellaepidemics)Pre-orpost-lingualOtitismediaPre-orpost

-lingualCausesofHearingLossOtherCausesPrematurityBlowstoheadRhincompatibilitySideeffectsofantibioticsViralinfections—mumps,measlesAnoxia(depri

vationofoxygen)atbirthExactcauseunknownforupto50%ofhearinglossPreventionEarlydetection–Universalscreeningofnewborns

Medicaltechnology–Cochlearimplants–MiddleearimplantsIncreasedpublicawareness–Earlyidentificationandintervention(e.g.,Ottism

edia)–GoodhealthcareforchildrenLessonnoiseTeachingApproachesforChildrenwithHearingDisabilitiesBilingual-Bicultura

lApproachTotalcommunicationapproach–UsesAmericanSignLanguage(ASL)(manualcommunication)andoralspeechCue

dspeech–UseshandsignalstoaccompanyoralspeechOralonlyapproach–Studentsuseasmuchresidualhearingaspossible–Studentslip-readandspeak–Nos

igningBilingual-BiculturalApproachAmericanSignLanguageControversy:Oralapproachvs.Manualapproach–AlexanderGrahamBell–EdwardGallaudetInstructionalPr

acticesKeepbackgroundnoisetoaminimumSeatstudentswheretheycanseeeveryonespeakingUsevisualdisplaysDefinekeyvocabula

rywordsslowlyandcarefullyUsemanipulativestoexplainmathconceptsShowmultimediapresentationswithsubtitlesHavestudentssharetheirnotesUsemaps,glob

es,chartstodemonstrateconceptsProvidestudentswithopportunitiesfordiscussionFacedeaf/hard-of-hearingstudentswhenspeakingTechnologyAs

sistivelisteningdevices–Hearingaids–FMtransmissiondevices–AudioloopsTelecommunicationdevices–Texttelephone(TTY)–Closedcaptions–OpencaptionsC

omputerizedtext-to-speechtranslationsAlertingdevicesWhatdoesADAmeanforthedeaf?Anybuildingwith4ormorepayphonesmusthaveaTTYEachtypeofpublicacc

ommodationmusthaveaTTYMeetingroomsformorethan50peoplemusthavepermanentassistivelisteningsystemsHotel/motelroomsmusthaveaccommodationsf

orthedeaf.–4%offirst100rooms–2%ofadditionalroomsVisualImpairmentsHowVisionWorksFourelementsrequiredfornormalvisionLight

SomethingthatreflectslightEyeprocessingreflectedimageintoelectricimpulsesBrainreceivingandgivingmeaningtotheseimpulsesTypesofvisionVisualefficien

cy–HowwellapersonusessightVisualacuity–HowwellapersoncanseeatvariousdistancesPeripheralvision–Outerareaofthevisualfield

Tunnelvision–SeverelimitationinperipheralvisionCentralvision/fieldofvision–Whengazingstraightahead,normaleyeisabletoseeobjectswithinarangegreater

than20degreesandupto180degreesTypesofvisualdisabilitiesLowvision–Individualscanusesighttolearn–Visioninterfereswithdailyfunctio

ningBlindness–Individualsusetouchandhearingtolearn–nofunctionaluseofsightEducationalSettings52%spendtimeinregul

arclasses70%-regularclasseswithsometimeinresourceclassfor―Visuallyimpaired‖8%attendprivateresidential

centersSignsofVisualDisabilities5%ofpreschoolershaveeyeproblemswhichcouldleadtovisionlossifuntreated.Halfofthe2-3millionpeoplewith

glaucomadon’tknowtheyhaveit.1in7peopleage40andoverhavecataracts.Peoplewithdiabetesare25-30timesmorelikelytolosesightthanthegeneralpublic.Liste

ningSkillsSoundawarenessAuditoryattendingAuditoryattentionspanSoundlocalizationAuditorydiscriminationAuditorymem

oryPrevalence1.3millionAmericansarelegallyblind10millionwithlowvisionorblindness–Majorityofthesepeopleoverage65Wor

ldwide,4%ofALLblindpeoplearechildrenLessthan0.04%ofschoolchildrenhavevisualdisabilitiesandreceivespecialservices–Ofthisgro

up,1/3arelegallyblindHalfofyoungchildrenwithvisualdisabilitieshavemorethanonedisabilityandareoftenincludedinthemultipledisabilitiescategoryBr

ailleIn1963,50%ofpersonswithseverevisualdisabilitiesusedBraille;in1992,only10%ofblindstudentsuseBrailleIDEA

saysIEPTeamMUSTaddresstheuseofBrailleforchildrenwithvisualimpairmentsCoreCurriculumPartI–Parallelscurriculumofsightedpe

ers,withpre-learningandadaptationnecessaryforsuccessPartII–Compensatoryskills(i.e.,communicationmodes)–Orie

ntationandmobility–Socialinteractionskills–Independentlivingskills–Recreationandleisureskills–Careereducation–Useofas

sistivetechnology–VisualefficiencyskillsVisualDisabilityAssociationsVisualandHearingImpairment–Usher’sSyndromeAssociatedwithLD–Tu

rnerSyndromeAssociatedwithAutism–Asperger’sSyndrome–SavantSyndrome–AutisticSpectrum–AutisticbehaviorsarecommoninchildrenwithFragileXsyndromeEd

ucationalApproachesMustprovideTACTILEexperiencestoaidstudentswithvisualimpairmentsStudentsneedconcreteexamples:–Manipulatives–AbacusCl

assroomAccommodationsTeachersmustprovideconsistentorganization,expectations,andconsequencesChangeteachingstyletoinclude:–

Advanceorganizers–Oralsummaries–Enlargedprint–Handoutsoflectures–Extendtimeonassignmentsandtests–Audiotapelectures–Usetermsthatconcretely

nametheirreferentsAllowstudentstorepositionthemselvesfordifferentactivitiestoenhanceopportunitiestoseeandlear

nRemoveobstaclesandhazards–HalfopendoorscanbedangerousTechnologyOptacon–Optical-to-tactile–Convertsprinttoreadable,vibratingform—raised

pinsKurzweilPersonalReader–Opticalcharacterrecognitionsystem–Scansandreadsprintedtextupto350wpm–Costs$1500-$4000Computers–Magnifyscreenimage

s–SpeechrecognitionsoftwardBraille–Higheremploymentratesforthosewhouseit–Requiresextensivetraining–Cumbersomeandslow—12wp

m–Teacherscan’treadBraille–NationaldeclineofpeoplewhouseBraille1960-50%,2000-10%