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PB能源公司集中CENTRALIZEDVS分散DECENTRALIZED能源ENERGY17thCONFERENCEONTHEELECTRICITYSUPPLYINDUSTRYMACAUOCTOBER27-31,2008PBPowerGroup二零零八年十月Topics❖Cen

tralisedEnergyGenerationVs.DecentralisedEnergyGeneration◼ConsiderationsGeneral◼ConsiderationsSpecific

❖FeaturesofCentralisedEnergyGeneration❖FeaturesofDecentralisedEnergyGeneration❖CHPEconomics❖ConsiderationofRenewablesandNu

clear❖ComparisonofCentralisedvs.DecentralisedGeneration❖Summary集中能源CentralizedEnergyGeneration(CEG)vs分散能源DecentralizedEnergyGene

ration(DEG)Centralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONS-GENERAL❖经济Economics❖技术Technical❖互相联络Interconnecti

on,系统安全SystemSecurity❖系统操作SystemOperator,安排程度Scheduling,分派Dispatch❖可靠性Reliability:技术与操作Technical/OperatingSys

tem❖法规Regulatory❖能源政策EnergyPolicy❖排放EnvironmentalEmissions:air/water/landCentralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONS–SPECIFICFACTORS❖位置Loca

tion–单一对倍数Singlevs.Multiple❖分派Dispatch–24x7x52,力量，蒸汽，热水Power,Steam,Hotwater❖资本CapitalCost–数值范围，设备类型Eco

nomiesofScale,Planttype❖系统效率Efficiency–FClass55%,蒸汽循环SteamCycle33%❖燃料供应FuelAvailability❖传送/分配Transmission/Distribution–

埋置，网络Embedded,Networks❖可靠性Reliability–冗余，单位Redundancy,No.ofUnits❖科技Technology–CCGT/GT/Boiler,可更新Renewable,核能Nuclear❖容量Capaci

ty–CCGT750MW,Engines1-10MW❖发电成本GenerationCosts,公共价格UtilityPrices:Nextslides往下页集中能源特点FeaturesofCentralizedEnergyGeneration

❖大投资本Largecapitalinvestments❖蒸汽SteamPlant,联合循环汽轮机CCGT,热电共生CHP,百兆瓦特’00(Hundredsof)Megawatts❖电厂远离区城Plantsiteusuallyalongdista

ncefrombuilt-upareas❖有效性Highavailabilityand生产量capacityfactor输配电网T&DNetworks:CEGvs.DEG集中CENTRALIZED分散

DECENTRALIZEDNumberofTowers当地网LocalNetworkTransmission节点Nodal结构Configuration&DistributionIECTransmissions

&电塔2-5Towers/km国际电工委员会DistributionCodes电压依赖Voltagedependent❖位于近消费者Locatednearpointofconsumption❖资本Capitalcostshigher每per瓦特Wattthan高过于集中能源CEG❖可再生能源Ren

ewableEnergyProjects◼风能Wind◼生物能/垃圾发电Biomass/WTE◼小水电Smallhydro◼太阳能Solar特点Featuresof分散能源DecentralizedEnergyGe

neration(DEG)RenewableEnergyCentralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:集中对分散的热电共生经济CHPECONOMICSWITHDIFFERENTTECHNOLOGYSCHEMES与不同的技术计划CHP计划使用SCHEME

SUSING❖CCGTpowerequipment联合循环汽轮机动力设备❖SteamTurbine蒸汽机❖BoilerOnly仅锅炉热电共生CHPScheme–联合循环汽轮机CCGT热电共生CHPScheme–蒸气涡轮SteamTurbine基本经济BasicEconomics联合循环

汽轮机CCGT共生CogenandCCGTPowerOnly•CalculatedbasedonincrementalcapitalinvestmentoftheCHP.•ThewholeCHPadvantageisallocatedtothecosto

fheatproductionPoweronly-CCGTTechnicalAssumptionsNetpoweroutput(GT+ST)119MWeNetefficiency(LHV)47.5%Utiliza

tionhours4,000hCostassumptionsUnitcapitalcost700$/kWLHVofnaturalgas38MJ/m3Unitfuelcost0.35$/m3Capitalchargefactor0.08350AnnualO&Mcharge2,000$/EO

HAnnualpowergeneration474,126MWheAnnualfuelconsumption94,507,177m3Annualcapitalcharge6,928,534$AnnualO

&Mcost8,000,000$Annualfuelcost33,356,187$Totalcost48,284,721$Generationcost101.8$/MWh0.79MOP/kWh基本经济BasicEconomics工业用Industrial

锅炉Boiler–蒸汽Steam发电Generation基本经济BasicEconomics蒸气涡轮SteamTurbine:CHPandPowerOnlyCHP-SteamTurbineTechnicalAssumptionsCogenNetpoweroutput30MWeHeatc

apacity40MWthNetefficiency(LHV;power)22.4%Netefficiency(LHV;cogen)52.4%PoweronlyNetoutput43MWeNetefficiency(LHV)32.1%

Heatcapacity-MWthUtilizationhoursCogen4,000hPoweronly-hTotalutil.hours4,000hCostassumptionsUnitcapit

alcost1,100$/kWLHVoffueloil41,000kJ/kgUnitfuelcost450$/TCapitalchargefactor0.08350AnnualO&Mcharge3.0%Annualpowergeneration119,745MWhAnnualfuelconsump

tion46,879,610kgAnnualheatproduction160,000MWhAnnualcapitalcharge3,932,102$AnnualO&Mcost1,412,658$Annualfuelcost21,095,824$Totalcost26,440,584$

Powergenerationcost152$/MWhProductioncostofheat51.8$/MWhPowerOnly-SteamTurbineTechnicalAssumptionsNetpoweroutput4

3MWeNetefficiency(LHV)32.1%Utilizationhours4,000hCostassumptionsUnitcapitalcost1,000$/kWLHVoffueloil41,000kJ/kgUnitfuelcost450$/TCapitalcharg

efactor0.08350AnnualO&Mcharge3.0%Annualpowergeneration171,231MWheAnnualfuelconsumption46,880m3Annualcapitalcharge3

,574,638$AnnualO&Mcost1,284,234$Annualfuelcost21,095,824$Totalcost25,954,697$Powergenerationcost152$/MWh1.2MOP/kWhFactor热量Heat电量Power联合循环汽轮机CCGTUS3C

ents/kWhthermal1USD=about7RMBUS10Cents/kWhelectric工业用Industrial锅炉BoilerUS8.3Cents/kWhthermal蒸气涡轮SteamTurbineUS5Cents/kW

hthermalUS15Cents/kWhelectric基本经济BASICECONOMICS电与热量比较COMPARISONOFELECTRICITYANDHEATFROMDIFFERENTCYCLES燃料Fuelprices:天燃气naturalgasUS35cents/m3,LPGU

SD900/t.石油fueloilUSD450/tCentralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONS–RENEWABLES,NUCLEAR❖风Wind❖太阳能Solar❖水下风车UnderwaterTurbines❖核能N

uclear❖公开咨询Publicconsultation❖地点问题Locationissues❖安全或管理Safety/regulatory❖废燃料处置Usedfueldisposal❖非热电共生焦点PowernotCHPfocus❖容量

Capacity,(e.g.minimum600MWforeconomics)REResource/Capex姿源数据ResourceData备注Remarks风能WIND10RMB/WCapex1USD=about7RMB5.5meters/sec46meterhubheight更高速Highe

rspeedsoncoastfacing面南海SouthChinaSea太阳能SOLAR75RMB/WpCapex1500kWh/m2peryear混合太阳能HybridSolaratMacauInternationalAirport生物能BIOMASS7RMB/WCa

pex城市固体废物焚烧发电厂MSWIncinerationPowerPlant25MWgross可再生能源RENEWABLEENERGY调查SURVEYINMACAUFactorCentralizedDecentralized相比Relative投资成

本InvestmentCostper每瓦特Watt低Lowto中等Medium高High排放Emissions高Highif化石油fossilfuel/coal低Lowif再生能源renewableDegreeof安排程度SchedulingandDispat

chHighLow储运损耗OutageImpactHighLow集中与分散比较COMPARISONOFCENTRALIZEDVS.DECENTRALIZEDENERGYGENERATION成本比较COSTCOMPARISONOFCENTRALIZEDVS

DECENTRALIZEDGENERATIONInvestmentCostofCentralizedCHPSupplylowerthanDe-Centralized,Non-CHPSupplyforWholeCity(FIRSTBA

RVS.FIFTHBAR,WHOLECITY)集中热电共生投资成本低余分散非热电共生二氧化碳CO2排放EMISSIONSOFCENTRALIZEDVSDECENTRALIZEDGENERATIONCO2E

missionslowerforCentralizedCHPSupplythanDe-Centralized,non-CHPSupplyforWholeCity(naturalgasproxyfuel)(FIRSTBA

RVS.FIFTHBAR,WHOLECITY)集中热电共生的二氧化碳排放低余分散非热电共生(天然气燃料)总结SUMMARYCentralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONSOF❖经济Economics❖技

术Technical❖互相联络Interconnection,系统安全SystemSecurity❖系统操作SystemOperator,安排程度Scheduling,分派Dispatch❖可靠性Reliability:技术

与操作Technical/OperatingSystem❖法规Regulatory❖能源政策EnergyPolicy❖排放EnvironmentalEmissions:air/water/landThankyou!联系Contactdetails:AlbertLamRegionalMa

nager-NorthEastAsiaPBPower-Asia7thFloor,OneKowloon1WangYuenStreetKowloonBay,KowloonHongKongTel:(852)296

37669Mobile:(852)91719374Switchboard:(852)25798899Fax:(852)28569902E:lam.albert@pbworld.comEddieTaylorDirector-GenerationP

BPower-Asia300BeachRoad#05-00,TheConcourseSingapore,199555Tel:(65)62900616Mobile:(65)91729660Fax:(65)62911363E:taylore@pbworld.com