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PB能源公司集中CENTRALIZEDVS分散DECENTRALIZED能源ENERGY17thCONFERENCEONTHEELECTRICITYSUPPLYINDUSTRYMACAUOCTOBER27-31,2008

PBPowerGroup二零零八年十月Topics❖CentralisedEnergyGenerationVs.DecentralisedEnergyGeneration◼ConsiderationsGenera

l◼ConsiderationsSpecific❖FeaturesofCentralisedEnergyGeneration❖FeaturesofDecentralisedEnergyGeneration❖CHPEc

onomics❖ConsiderationofRenewablesandNuclear❖ComparisonofCentralisedvs.DecentralisedGeneration❖Summary集中能源CentralizedEnergyGeneration(CEG)vs分散能源Dec

entralizedEnergyGeneration(DEG)Centralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONS-GENERAL❖经济Economi

cs❖技术Technical❖互相联络Interconnection,系统安全SystemSecurity❖系统操作SystemOperator,安排程度Scheduling,分派Dispatch❖可靠性R

eliability:技术与操作Technical/OperatingSystem❖法规Regulatory❖能源政策EnergyPolicy❖排放EnvironmentalEmissions:air/water/landCentralizedvs.Decen

tralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONS–SPECIFICFACTORS❖位置Location–单一对倍数Singlevs.Multiple❖分派Dispatch–24x7x52,力量，蒸汽，热水Power,Steam,Hotwater❖资本Capit

alCost–数值范围，设备类型EconomiesofScale,Planttype❖系统效率Efficiency–FClass55%,蒸汽循环SteamCycle33%❖燃料供应FuelAvailability❖传送/分配Transmission

/Distribution–埋置，网络Embedded,Networks❖可靠性Reliability–冗余，单位Redundancy,No.ofUnits❖科技Technology–CCGT/GT/Boiler,可更新Renewable,核能Nuclear❖容量Capacity

–CCGT750MW,Engines1-10MW❖发电成本GenerationCosts,公共价格UtilityPrices:Nextslides往下页集中能源特点FeaturesofCentralizedEnergyGeneration❖大投资本Largecapitalin

vestments❖蒸汽SteamPlant,联合循环汽轮机CCGT,热电共生CHP,百兆瓦特’00(Hundredsof)Megawatts❖电厂远离区城Plantsiteusuallyalongdist

ancefrombuilt-upareas❖有效性Highavailabilityand生产量capacityfactor输配电网T&DNetworks:CEGvs.DEG集中CENTRALIZED分散DECENTRALIZEDNumberofTowers当地网LocalNetworkTrans

mission节点Nodal结构Configuration&DistributionIECTransmissions&电塔2-5Towers/km国际电工委员会DistributionCodes电压依赖Voltagedep

endent❖位于近消费者Locatednearpointofconsumption❖资本Capitalcostshigher每per瓦特Wattthan高过于集中能源CEG❖可再生能源RenewableEnergyProjects◼风能Wi

nd◼生物能/垃圾发电Biomass/WTE◼小水电Smallhydro◼太阳能Solar特点Featuresof分散能源DecentralizedEnergyGeneration(DEG)RenewableEnergyCentralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:

集中对分散的热电共生经济CHPECONOMICSWITHDIFFERENTTECHNOLOGYSCHEMES与不同的技术计划CHP计划使用SCHEMESUSING❖CCGTpowerequipment联合循环汽轮

机动力设备❖SteamTurbine蒸汽机❖BoilerOnly仅锅炉热电共生CHPScheme–联合循环汽轮机CCGT热电共生CHPScheme–蒸气涡轮SteamTurbine基本经济BasicEconomics联合循环汽轮机CCGT共生CogenandCCGTPowerOnly•Calcu

latedbasedonincrementalcapitalinvestmentoftheCHP.•ThewholeCHPadvantageisallocatedtothecostofheatproductio

nPoweronly-CCGTTechnicalAssumptionsNetpoweroutput(GT+ST)119MWeNetefficiency(LHV)47.5%Utilizationhours4,000hCostassumptionsUnitcapitalcos

t700$/kWLHVofnaturalgas38MJ/m3Unitfuelcost0.35$/m3Capitalchargefactor0.08350AnnualO&Mcharge2,000$/EOHAnnualpowergeneration4

74,126MWheAnnualfuelconsumption94,507,177m3Annualcapitalcharge6,928,534$AnnualO&Mcost8,000,000$Annualfuelcost33,356

,187$Totalcost48,284,721$Generationcost101.8$/MWh0.79MOP/kWh基本经济BasicEconomics工业用Industrial锅炉Boiler–蒸汽Steam发电Generation基本经济Ba

sicEconomics蒸气涡轮SteamTurbine:CHPandPowerOnlyCHP-SteamTurbineTechnicalAssumptionsCogenNetpoweroutput30MWeHeatcapacity40

MWthNetefficiency(LHV;power)22.4%Netefficiency(LHV;cogen)52.4%PoweronlyNetoutput43MWeNetefficiency(LHV)32.1%Heatcapacity-MWthUtilizat

ionhoursCogen4,000hPoweronly-hTotalutil.hours4,000hCostassumptionsUnitcapitalcost1,100$/kWLHVoffueloil41,000kJ/kgUnitfuelcost450$/

TCapitalchargefactor0.08350AnnualO&Mcharge3.0%Annualpowergeneration119,745MWhAnnualfuelconsumption46,

879,610kgAnnualheatproduction160,000MWhAnnualcapitalcharge3,932,102$AnnualO&Mcost1,412,658$Annualfuelcost21,095,824$To

talcost26,440,584$Powergenerationcost152$/MWhProductioncostofheat51.8$/MWhPowerOnly-SteamTurbineTechnicalAssumptionsNetpoweroutput4

3MWeNetefficiency(LHV)32.1%Utilizationhours4,000hCostassumptionsUnitcapitalcost1,000$/kWLHVoffueloil41,000kJ/kgUni

tfuelcost450$/TCapitalchargefactor0.08350AnnualO&Mcharge3.0%Annualpowergeneration171,231MWheAnnualfuelconsumption46,880m3Annualcapitalcharg

e3,574,638$AnnualO&Mcost1,284,234$Annualfuelcost21,095,824$Totalcost25,954,697$Powergenerationcost152$/MWh1.2MOP/kWhFactor热量Heat电量Power联合循环汽轮机CC

GTUS3Cents/kWhthermal1USD=about7RMBUS10Cents/kWhelectric工业用Industrial锅炉BoilerUS8.3Cents/kWhthermal蒸气涡轮SteamTur

bineUS5Cents/kWhthermalUS15Cents/kWhelectric基本经济BASICECONOMICS电与热量比较COMPARISONOFELECTRICITYANDHEATFROMDIFFERENTCYCLES燃料Fuelprices:天燃气naturalg

asUS35cents/m3,LPGUSD900/t.石油fueloilUSD450/tCentralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONS–RENEWABLES,NUCLEAR❖风Wind❖太阳能Solar❖水下风车UnderwaterT

urbines❖核能Nuclear❖公开咨询Publicconsultation❖地点问题Locationissues❖安全或管理Safety/regulatory❖废燃料处置Usedfueldisposal❖非热电共生焦点PowernotCHPf

ocus❖容量Capacity,(e.g.minimum600MWforeconomics)REResource/Capex姿源数据ResourceData备注Remarks风能WIND10RMB/WCapex1USD=about7RMB5.5m

eters/sec46meterhubheight更高速Higherspeedsoncoastfacing面南海SouthChinaSea太阳能SOLAR75RMB/WpCapex1500kWh/m2peryear混合太

阳能HybridSolaratMacauInternationalAirport生物能BIOMASS7RMB/WCapex城市固体废物焚烧发电厂MSWIncinerationPowerPlant25MWgross可再生能源RENEWABLEENERGY调查SURVEYINMACAUFactorCe

ntralizedDecentralized相比Relative投资成本InvestmentCostper每瓦特Watt低Lowto中等Medium高High排放Emissions高Highif化石油fossilfuel/coal低L

owif再生能源renewableDegreeof安排程度SchedulingandDispatchHighLow储运损耗OutageImpactHighLow集中与分散比较COMPARISONOFCENTRALIZEDVS.DECENTRAL

IZEDENERGYGENERATION成本比较COSTCOMPARISONOFCENTRALIZEDVSDECENTRALIZEDGENERATIONInvestmentCostofCentralizedCHPSupplylowerthanDe-Centralized,Non-CHPSup

plyforWholeCity(FIRSTBARVS.FIFTHBAR,WHOLECITY)集中热电共生投资成本低余分散非热电共生二氧化碳CO2排放EMISSIONSOFCENTRALIZEDVSDECENTRALIZED

GENERATIONCO2EmissionslowerforCentralizedCHPSupplythanDe-Centralized,non-CHPSupplyforWholeCity(naturalgasproxyfuel)(FIRSTBARVS.FIFTHBAR

,WHOLECITY)集中热电共生的二氧化碳排放低余分散非热电共生(天然气燃料)总结SUMMARYCentralizedvs.DecentralizedGeneration:CONSIDERATIONSOF❖经济Economics❖技术Technical❖互相联络Interco

nnection,系统安全SystemSecurity❖系统操作SystemOperator,安排程度Scheduling,分派Dispatch❖可靠性Reliability:技术与操作Technical/OperatingSystem❖法规Regulator

y❖能源政策EnergyPolicy❖排放EnvironmentalEmissions:air/water/landThankyou!联系Contactdetails:AlbertLamRegionalManager-NorthEastAsiaPBPower-Asi

a7thFloor,OneKowloon1WangYuenStreetKowloonBay,KowloonHongKongTel:(852)29637669Mobile:(852)91719374Switchboard:(852)25798899Fax:(852)28569902E:la

m.albert@pbworld.comEddieTaylorDirector-GenerationPBPower-Asia300BeachRoad#05-00,TheConcourseSingapore,199555Tel:

(65)62900616Mobile:(65)91729660Fax:(65)62911363E:taylore@pbworld.com