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SafetyEngineerinⅠgNASA'sillustrationshowinghighimpactriskareasfortheInternationalSpaceStationSafetyengineeringisanengineeri

ngdisciplinewhichassuresthatengineeredsystemsprovideacceptablelevelsofsafety.Itisstronglyrelatedtoindu

strialengineering/systemsengineering,andthesubsetsystemsafetyengineering.Safetyengineeringassuresthatalife-criticalsystembehavesasneeded,evenwh

encomponentsfail.常用术语•危险：hazard•安全：safe•事故：accident•风险：risk•灾害：disaster•系统：system•可靠性：reliability•安全分析：safetyanalysis•安全评价：safetyevaluatio

n•Accidentcausationmodels事故致因理论•Safetymanagement安全管理•Physicalconditions物质条件•Lossprevention损失预防•Topmanagement高层管理人员•Humanerrors人因失误•Hazardcontrol危险控制

•Corporateculture企业文化•Riskingtaking冒险行为•Safetyofficer安全官员•Safetycommittee安全委员会•Unionizedcompany集团公司•S

afetyprinciple安全规则•Statusreview状态审查•Supervisorylevel监督层•Implementplan执行计划•Hazardidentification危险辨识•Safetyperformance安全性能Systemsengin

eeringisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofengineeringandengineeringmanagementthatfocusesonhowtodesignandmanagecomplexsystem

sovertheirlifecycles.Atitscoresystemsengineeringutilizessystemsthinkingprinciplestoorganizethisbodyofknowledge.Issu

essuchasrequirementsengineering,reliability,logistics,coordinationofdifferentteams,testingandevaluation,maintainabilityandmanyotherdiscip

linesnecessaryforsuccessfulsystemdevelopment,design,implementation,andultimatedecommissionbecomemoredifficultwhendealing

withlargeorcomplexprojects.ⅡSystemEngineering•Systemsengineeringdealswithwork-processes,optimizationmethods,andriskmanagementtoolsinsuchprojects.Itov

erlapstechnicalandhuman-centereddisciplinessuchasindustrialengineering,mechanicalengineering,manufacturingengineeri

ng,controlengineering,softwareengineering,electricalengineering,cybernetics,organizationalstudiesandprojectmanagement.Systems

engineeringensuresthatalllikelyaspectsofaprojectorsystemareconsidered,andintegratedintoawhole.•Thesystemsengineeringpr

ocessisadiscoveryprocessthatisquiteunlikeamanufacturingprocess.Amanufacturingprocessisfocusedonrepetitiveactivitiesthatachievehighqualityou

tputswithminimumcostandtime.Thesystemsengineeringprocessmustbeginbydiscoveringtherealproblemsthatneedtoberesolved,and

identifythemostprobableorhighestimpactfailuresthatcanoccur–systemsengineeringinvolvesfindingelegantsolutionstoth

eseproblems.Systemcharacteristics:Unity—整体性Relativity—相关性Objective,Goal&Function—目的性和功能性AdaptabilitytotheE

nvironment—环境适应性Dynamic—动态性Systemhasitsownorder—有序性Classificationofsystem•NaturalandHuman-MadeSystem自然系统和人工

系统•PhysicalandConceptualSystem实体系统和抽象系统•StaticandDynamicSystem静态系统和动态系统•ControlandBehaviorSystem控制系统和行为系统•OpenandClosedSystem开放系统和封闭系统Systemen

gineeringmethod•Engineeringlogic•Engineeringanalysis•Statisticaltheoryandprobabilitytheory•OperationsresearchSystemengineeringprincipl

e•系统原理•整分合原理•反馈原理•弹性原理•封闭原理•能级原理•动力原理•激励原理•Systemprinciple•Principleofintegral-division•Feedbackprinc

iple•Elasticityprinciple•Closureprinciple•Energylevelprinciple•Dynamicprinciple•IncentiveprincipleⅢSafetySystemEngineeri

ng1.Featuresofsafetysystem•系统性•开放性•确定性与非确定性•有序与无序的统一体•突变性或畸变性•Systematicness•Openness•Certaintyanduncertainty•Unityoforderanddisorder•Suddenorabno

rmaldegeneration2.SafetySystemEngineeringDefinition•安全系统工程是运用系统工程方法，识别、分析、评价系统寿命周期中的危险性，根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素，控制可能发

生的事故，使系统处于最佳安全状态。Definition•Safetysystemengineeringisamethodofusingsystemengineeringtoidentify,analyzeandevaluatethehazardsinthelifecycleofasyste

m.•Accordingtotheresults,itadjuststheprocess,equipment,operation,management,productioncycle,investmen

tandotherfactorstocontrolthepossibleaccidents,sothatthesystemisintheoptimalsecuritystate.Threesubsystems:HumansubsystemsMachinesubsystemsEnvironments

ubsystem3.ResearchobjectofsafetysystemengineeringThesethreeinterrelated,mutuallyconstrained,interactivesubsystemsconstituteanorganicwholeofa"human

-machine-environment"system.Analysis,evaluation,control"human-machine-environment"systemsecurity,canreallysolvet

hesystemsafetyissues.4.ResearchcontentsofsafetysystemengineeringThebasictaskofsafetysystemsengineeringistopredict,evaluateand

controlhazards.Theanalysisprocesscanbesummarizedasfollows:Systemsafetyanalysis(identificationandforecastinghazards);Risk(safety)evaluation(i

ncludinghuman,machine,material,craft,environment,organization,etc);Comparison;Comprehensiveevaluation;Optimizethedecisionoftheplan.Themaintechnica

lmeanscanbesummarizedassystemsafetyanalysis,systemsafetyevaluationandsafetydecision-makingandaccidentcontrol.ⅣSystemSafet

yAnalysisThroughthesystemsafetyanalysis,youcanidentifythedangeroussourcesinthesystem,analyzethepossibleda

ngerousstates,estimatetheprobabilityoftheaccident,thepossibledamageandtheseverityoftheconsequences,bymodifyingthesystem

designorchangethecontrolsystemtoruntheprogram.maincontent•Investigateandanalyzethevariousdangeroussourcesa

ndtheirrelationsinthesystem•Conductinvestigationandanalysisofsystem-relatedenvironmentalconditions,equipment,personnel

andotherrelevantfactors•Analyzemeasuresthatcantakeadvantageofappropriateequipment,procedures,processesormaterials,controloreradicateapartic

ularhazardsource•Investigatingandanalyzinghazardcontrolmeasuresandthebestwaytoimplementthesemeasures•Invest

igationandanalysisofdangeroussourcesthatcannotbeeradicatedtoloseorreducethepossibleconsequencesofcontrol•Investiga

tionandanalysisofsafetyhazardsinordertopreventinjuryandlossifthehazardisoutofcontrolCommonmethod•预先危险性分析（PHA）•安全

检查表分析（SCA）•故障模式及影响分析（FEMA）•危险和可操作性研究(HAZOP)•事件树分析(ETA)•事故树分析（FTA)•系统可靠性分析（ＳＲＡ）•原因-后果分析（CCA)•PreliminaryHazardAna

lysis•SafetyChecklistAnalysis•FailureModeandEffectAnalysis•HazardandOperabilityAnalysis•EventTreeAnalysis•FaultTreeAnalysis•Sys

temReliabilityAnalysis•CauseCensequenceanalysisClassification归纳法预先危险性分析安全检查表事故模式及影响分析致命度分析可操作性分析共同原因分析演绎法事故树分析事件树分析可靠性分析原因—后果分析定性分析预先危险性分析安

全检查表可操作性分析共同原因分析事故模式及影响分析定量分析事故树分析事件树分析原因—后观分析致命度分析可靠性分析InductionQualitativeanalysisQuantitativeanalysisDeductionPreliminaryHazardAnaly

sis(PHA)，是在每项工作活动之前，对系统存在的危险类型、来源、出现条件、到事故后果及相关措施，作一概略分析。总之，即在行动之前作一安全分析，以避免考虑不周造成的各种损失。1、MaincontentofPHA•识别危险的

设备、零部件并分析其发生的可能性和条件；Identifydangerousequipment,partsandanalyzethelikelihoodandconditionsoftheiroccurrence;•分析系统中各子系统，各元件的交接面及其相互关系与影响；•Analy

sisofthesubsystemsinthesystem,thecomponentsoftheintersectionandtheirrelationship&influence;•分析物质危险性（MSDS，相关的检测

）；•Analysisofmaterialhazards•分析工艺过程危险性(含装置存在的危险性)；•Analyzetheprocesshazard(includingthepresenceofthedevice)•人、机关系(操作、维修等)Human-machinerelation

ship•环境条件危险性分析；Riskanalysisofenvironmentalconditions•防护措施和安全保障分析。Protectionmeasuresandsafetyandsecurityanalysi

s.2、advantages•分析工作在行动之前，可以及早排除、降低和控制危险；Earlyelimination,reductionandcontrolofhazards;•系统开发、设计、制造、安装、检修等过程的分析结果，可以作为应遵循的注意事项和指导方针；Guidelines•可为制定标准和

规范提供必要资料；可以作为安全教育的教材。SafetyeducationGeneralstepsPreliminaryHazardAnalysisincludingthreestages:preparation,review,andtheresultssumma

ry•确定系统对象；•资料调查收集；•系统功能分解；•分析辨识危险；•确定危险等级；•制定措施；•实施措施。Determinethesystemobject;Datacollection;Systemfunctiondecompositi

on;Analysisandidentificationofhazards;Determinethehazardlevel;Developmeasures;Implementingmeasures.分析、辩识危险Dangerousandharmfulfactors危险、有害因素固有危险性贮

运过程危险性其他相关危险性(职业病等)使用中的危险物料采用可能危险的工艺过程危险装置和危险操作单元InherentriskOccupationaldiseaseRiskofstorage1、SafetyAnalysisofHouseholdWaterHeater热水器用煤气加热，装

有温度和煤气开关连锁，当水温超过规定温度时，连锁动作将煤气阀门关小；如果发生故障，则由泄压安全阀放出热水，防止事故发生。为了防止煤气漏出和炉膛内滞留煤气．在热水器内设有燃气安全控制系统，由长明火、热电偶和电磁阀组成。由于长明火存在，即使溢出煤气也不

会发生爆炸。若长明火灭了，热电偶起作用，通过电磁阀将煤气关闭，防止事故发生。•Waterheaterheatingbycoalgas.Itequippedwithtemperatureandgasswitchchain,whenthewatertemperatureexceedsthespeci

fiedtemperature,thechainactionwillclosethegasvalve;•Ifthefaultoccurs,accidentspreventedbythehotwaterreleasefrompressurereli

efvalve.Inordertopreventgasleakageandfurnacegasretention,thegassafetycontrolsystemislocatedoutsidetheheater.•Inord

ertopreventgasleakageandfurnacegasretention.Gassafetycontrolsystemconsistsofeverlastingfire,thermocoupleandelectromagneticvalve.•Duetotheexistenceo

feverlastingfire,explosionwillneverhappenevenifthegasleak.Ifthefireisoff,thethermocoupleworkandturnoffgasbyel

ectromagneticvalveforpreventingaccidents.FaultTreeAnalysis•Faulttreeanalysis(FTA)isatopdown,deductivefailureanalysisinwhichanundesiredstateofasyste

misanalyzedusingBooleanlogictocombineaseriesoflower-levelevents.FaultTreeAnalysis•Thisanalysismethodismainlyusedinthe

fieldsofsafetyengineeringandreliabilityengineeringtounderstandhowsystemscanfail,toidentifythebestwaystoreduceriskortodetermine(orgetafeelingfor)e

ventratesofasafetyaccidentoraparticularsystemlevel(functional)failure.FaultTreeAnalysis•ThebasicsymbolsusedinFTAaregroupedasevents,gates,a

ndtransfersymbols.Failuremodeandeffectsanalysis•Failuremodeandeffectsanalysis(FMEA)—also"failuremodes",plural,inmanypublications—wasoneofthefirs

thighlystructured,systematictechniquesforfailureanalysis.RiskisthecombinationofEndEffectProbabilityAndSeverity