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SafetyEngineerinⅠgNASA'sillustrationshowinghighimpactriskareasfortheInternationalSpaceStationSafetyengineeri

ngisanengineeringdisciplinewhichassuresthatengineeredsystemsprovideacceptablelevelsofsafety.Itisstronglyrela

tedtoindustrialengineering/systemsengineering,andthesubsetsystemsafetyengineering.Safetyengineeringassuresthatalife-criticalsystembeha

vesasneeded,evenwhencomponentsfail.常用术语•危险：hazard•安全：safe•事故：accident•风险：risk•灾害：disaster•系统：system•可靠性：reliability•安全分析：safetyanalysis

•安全评价：safetyevaluation•Accidentcausationmodels事故致因理论•Safetymanagement安全管理•Physicalconditions物质条件•Lossprevention损失预防•Topma

nagement高层管理人员•Humanerrors人因失误•Hazardcontrol危险控制•Corporateculture企业文化•Riskingtaking冒险行为•Safetyofficer安全

官员•Safetycommittee安全委员会•Unionizedcompany集团公司•Safetyprinciple安全规则•Statusreview状态审查•Supervisorylevel监督层•Implementplan执

行计划•Hazardidentification危险辨识•Safetyperformance安全性能Systemsengineeringisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofengin

eeringandengineeringmanagementthatfocusesonhowtodesignandmanagecomplexsystemsovertheirlifecycles.Atitscoresystemsengineeringu

tilizessystemsthinkingprinciplestoorganizethisbodyofknowledge.Issuessuchasrequirementsengineering,reli

ability,logistics,coordinationofdifferentteams,testingandevaluation,maintainabilityandmanyotherdisciplinesnecessaryforsucces

sfulsystemdevelopment,design,implementation,andultimatedecommissionbecomemoredifficultwhendealingwithlargeorcomplexprojects.ⅡSyste

mEngineering•Systemsengineeringdealswithwork-processes,optimizationmethods,andriskmanagementtoolsinsuchprojects.Itoverlaps

technicalandhuman-centereddisciplinessuchasindustrialengineering,mechanicalengineering,manufacturingengin

eering,controlengineering,softwareengineering,electricalengineering,cybernetics,organizationalstudiesandprojectmanagement.System

sengineeringensuresthatalllikelyaspectsofaprojectorsystemareconsidered,andintegratedintoawhole.•Thesystemsengi

neeringprocessisadiscoveryprocessthatisquiteunlikeamanufacturingprocess.Amanufacturingprocessisfocusedonrepetitiveactivitiesthata

chievehighqualityoutputswithminimumcostandtime.Thesystemsengineeringprocessmustbeginbydiscoveringtherealproblemsthat

needtoberesolved,andidentifythemostprobableorhighestimpactfailuresthatcanoccur–systemsengineeringinvolvesfindingelegantsolutionstotheseprob

lems.Systemcharacteristics:Unity—整体性Relativity—相关性Objective,Goal&Function—目的性和功能性AdaptabilitytotheEnvironment—环境适应性Dyna

mic—动态性Systemhasitsownorder—有序性Classificationofsystem•NaturalandHuman-MadeSystem自然系统和人工系统•PhysicalandConceptualSystem实体系统和抽象系统•Static

andDynamicSystem静态系统和动态系统•ControlandBehaviorSystem控制系统和行为系统•OpenandClosedSystem开放系统和封闭系统Systemenginee

ringmethod•Engineeringlogic•Engineeringanalysis•Statisticaltheoryandprobabilitytheory•OperationsresearchSystemeng

ineeringprinciple•系统原理•整分合原理•反馈原理•弹性原理•封闭原理•能级原理•动力原理•激励原理•Systemprinciple•Principleofintegral-division•Feedbac

kprinciple•Elasticityprinciple•Closureprinciple•Energylevelprinciple•Dynamicprinciple•IncentiveprincipleⅢSafetySystemEngineering1.Feature

sofsafetysystem•系统性•开放性•确定性与非确定性•有序与无序的统一体•突变性或畸变性•Systematicness•Openness•Certaintyanduncertainty•Unityoforderanddisord

er•Suddenorabnormaldegeneration2.SafetySystemEngineeringDefinition•安全系统工程是运用系统工程方法，识别、分析、评价系统寿命周期中的危险性，根据其结果调

整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素，控制可能发生的事故，使系统处于最佳安全状态。Definition•Safetysystemengineeringisamethodofusingsystemengineer

ingtoidentify,analyzeandevaluatethehazardsinthelifecycleofasystem.•Accordingtotheresults,itadjuststheprocess,equip

ment,operation,management,productioncycle,investmentandotherfactorstocontrolthepossibleaccidents,sothatthesystemisintheoptimalsecuritystate.Threesub

systems:HumansubsystemsMachinesubsystemsEnvironmentsubsystem3.ResearchobjectofsafetysystemengineeringThesethreeinterrelated,mutuallyc

onstrained,interactivesubsystemsconstituteanorganicwholeofa"human-machine-environment"system.Analysis,evaluation,control"human-machine-e

nvironment"systemsecurity,canreallysolvethesystemsafetyissues.4.ResearchcontentsofsafetysystemengineeringTh

ebasictaskofsafetysystemsengineeringistopredict,evaluateandcontrolhazards.Theanalysisprocesscanbesummarizedasfollows:Systemsafetyanalys

is(identificationandforecastinghazards);Risk(safety)evaluation(includinghuman,machine,material,craft,environment,organization,etc);Comp

arison;Comprehensiveevaluation;Optimizethedecisionoftheplan.Themaintechnicalmeanscanbesummarizedassystem

safetyanalysis,systemsafetyevaluationandsafetydecision-makingandaccidentcontrol.ⅣSystemSafetyAnalysisThroughthesystemsaf

etyanalysis,youcanidentifythedangeroussourcesinthesystem,analyzethepossibledangerousstates,estimatethe

probabilityoftheaccident,thepossibledamageandtheseverityoftheconsequences,bymodifyingthesystemdesignorchangethecon

trolsystemtoruntheprogram.maincontent•Investigateandanalyzethevariousdangeroussourcesandtheirrelationsinthesystem•Conductinv

estigationandanalysisofsystem-relatedenvironmentalconditions,equipment,personnelandotherrelevantfactors•Analyzemeasuresth

atcantakeadvantageofappropriateequipment,procedures,processesormaterials,controloreradicateaparticularhaza

rdsource•Investigatingandanalyzinghazardcontrolmeasuresandthebestwaytoimplementthesemeasures•Investigationandanalysis

ofdangeroussourcesthatcannotbeeradicatedtoloseorreducethepossibleconsequencesofcontrol•Investigationandanalysisofsafetyhazardsinordertopreventinjur

yandlossifthehazardisoutofcontrolCommonmethod•预先危险性分析（PHA）•安全检查表分析（SCA）•故障模式及影响分析（FEMA）•危险和可操作性研究(HAZOP)•事件树分析(ETA)•事故树分析（FTA)•系统可靠性分析（ＳＲＡ

）•原因-后果分析（CCA)•PreliminaryHazardAnalysis•SafetyChecklistAnalysis•FailureModeandEffectAnalysis•HazardandOperabilityAnalysis•EventTreeAna

lysis•FaultTreeAnalysis•SystemReliabilityAnalysis•CauseCensequenceanalysisClassification归纳法预先危险性分析安全检查表事故模式及影响分析致命度分析可操作性分析共同原因分析演绎法事故树分析事

件树分析可靠性分析原因—后果分析定性分析预先危险性分析安全检查表可操作性分析共同原因分析事故模式及影响分析定量分析事故树分析事件树分析原因—后观分析致命度分析可靠性分析InductionQualitativeanalysisQuantita

tiveanalysisDeductionPreliminaryHazardAnalysis(PHA)，是在每项工作活动之前，对系统存在的危险类型、来源、出现条件、到事故后果及相关措施，作一概略分析。总之，即在行动之前作

一安全分析，以避免考虑不周造成的各种损失。1、MaincontentofPHA•识别危险的设备、零部件并分析其发生的可能性和条件；Identifydangerousequipment,partsandanalyzethelikelihoodandcon

ditionsoftheiroccurrence;•分析系统中各子系统，各元件的交接面及其相互关系与影响；•Analysisofthesubsystemsinthesystem,thecomponentsoftheintersectionandtheirrelatio

nship&influence;•分析物质危险性（MSDS，相关的检测）；•Analysisofmaterialhazards•分析工艺过程危险性(含装置存在的危险性)；•Analyzetheprocesshazard(includingthepresenceofthedevic

e)•人、机关系(操作、维修等)Human-machinerelationship•环境条件危险性分析；Riskanalysisofenvironmentalconditions•防护措施和安全保障分析。Protectionmeasuresandsafetyandsecurityanalysi

s.2、advantages•分析工作在行动之前，可以及早排除、降低和控制危险；Earlyelimination,reductionandcontrolofhazards;•系统开发、设计、制造、安装、检修等过程的分析结果，可以作为应遵循的注意

事项和指导方针；Guidelines•可为制定标准和规范提供必要资料；可以作为安全教育的教材。SafetyeducationGeneralstepsPreliminaryHazardAnalysisincludingthreestages:preparation,review,an

dtheresultssummary•确定系统对象；•资料调查收集；•系统功能分解；•分析辨识危险；•确定危险等级；•制定措施；•实施措施。Determinethesystemobject;Datacollection;Systemfunctiondecomposition;A

nalysisandidentificationofhazards;Determinethehazardlevel;Developmeasures;Implementingmeasures.分析、辩识危险Dangero

usandharmfulfactors危险、有害因素固有危险性贮运过程危险性其他相关危险性(职业病等)使用中的危险物料采用可能危险的工艺过程危险装置和危险操作单元InherentriskOccupationaldiseaseRiskofsto

rage1、SafetyAnalysisofHouseholdWaterHeater热水器用煤气加热，装有温度和煤气开关连锁，当水温超过规定温度时，连锁动作将煤气阀门关小；如果发生故障，则由泄压安全阀放出热水，防止事故发生。为了防止煤气漏出和炉膛内滞留煤气．在热水器内设有燃气安全控制系统，由长

明火、热电偶和电磁阀组成。由于长明火存在，即使溢出煤气也不会发生爆炸。若长明火灭了，热电偶起作用，通过电磁阀将煤气关闭，防止事故发生。•Waterheaterheatingbycoalgas.Itequipp

edwithtemperatureandgasswitchchain,whenthewatertemperatureexceedsthespecifiedtemperature,thechainactionwillclosethegasvalve;•Ifth

efaultoccurs,accidentspreventedbythehotwaterreleasefrompressurereliefvalve.Inordertopreventgasleakageandfurnacegas

retention,thegassafetycontrolsystemislocatedoutsidetheheater.•Inordertopreventgasleakageandfurnacegasretention.Gassafetycontrolsystemconsistsofeverl

astingfire,thermocoupleandelectromagneticvalve.•Duetotheexistenceofeverlastingfire,explosionwillneverhappenevenifthegasleak.Ifthefireiso

ff,thethermocoupleworkandturnoffgasbyelectromagneticvalveforpreventingaccidents.FaultTreeAnalysis•Faulttreeanalysis(FTA)isatopdown,deductivefailu

reanalysisinwhichanundesiredstateofasystemisanalyzedusingBooleanlogictocombineaseriesoflower-levelevents.FaultTreeAna

lysis•Thisanalysismethodismainlyusedinthefieldsofsafetyengineeringandreliabilityengineeringtounderstandhowsystemscanfail,toidentifythebe

stwaystoreduceriskortodetermine(orgetafeelingfor)eventratesofasafetyaccidentoraparticularsystemlevel(functional)failure.Fau

ltTreeAnalysis•ThebasicsymbolsusedinFTAaregroupedasevents,gates,andtransfersymbols.Failuremodeandeffectsanalysis•Failuremodean

deffectsanalysis(FMEA)—also"failuremodes",plural,inmanypublications—wasoneofthefirsthighlystructured,systematictechniquesforfailureanalysis

.RiskisthecombinationofEndEffectProbabilityAndSeverity