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ProductDesignErgonomicsergon(work)+nomos(laws)=ErgonomicErgonomicsGeneral•Ergonomicsisthescienceoffittingjobstopeople.•Thedisci

plineencompassesabodyofknowledgeaboutphysicalabilitiesandlimitationsaswellasotherhumancharacteristicsthatarerelevanttojobdesign.•Essentially

,ergonomicsistherelationshipbetweentheworkerandthejobandfocusesonthedesignofworkareastoenhancejobperformance.•

Ergonomicscanhelppreventinjuriesandlimitsecondaryinjuriesaswellasaccommodateindividualswithvariousdisabilities,includingthosewithmuscu

loskeletaldisorders(MSDs).Discipline•Ergonomics–Ergonomics(orhumanfactors)isthescientificdisciplineconcernedwiththeunderstandingofin

teractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem,andtheprofessionthatappliestheory,principles,dataandmethodst

odesigninordertooptimizehumanwell-beingandoverallsystemperformance.(accordingInternationalErgonomicsAssociation200

9)Figure1.1Asimpleworksystem.Peopleinteractwithmachinestoturninputsintooutputs.Systemcapacityreferstoamountofinputthatcanbeprocessedovertime.Pro

ductivityreferstotheratioofoutputstoinputs.Efficientsystemsminimiseby-productsofallkinds(E=localenvironment,M=machine,H=humanoperator).FiveAsp

ectsofErgonomics•Safety-Medicinebottles:Theprintonthemcouldbelargersothatasickpersonwhomayhavebadvision(duetosinuses,et

c.)canmoreeasilyseethedosagesandlabel.Ergonomicscoulddesigntheprintstyle,colorandsizeforoptimalviewing.•Comfor

t-Alarmclockdisplay:Somedisplaysareharshlybright,drawingone’seyetothelightwhensurroundingsaredark.Ergonomicprinciplescoul

dre-designthisbasedoncontrastprinciples.•Easeofuse-StreetSigns:Inastrangearea,manytimesitisdifficulttospotstreets

igns.Thiscouldbeaddressedwiththeprinciplesofvisualdetectioninergonomics.Fiveaspectsofergonomics•Productivity

/performance-HDTV:ThesoundonHDTVismuchlowerthanregularTV.SowhenyouswitchfromHDtoregular,thevolumeincrea

sesdramatically.Ergonomicsrecognizesthatthisdifferenceindecibellevelcreatesadifferenceinloudnessandhurtshumanearsandthiscouldbesol

vedbyeveningoutthedecibellevels.•Aesthetics-thelookandfeeloftheobject,theuserexperience.History•AncientGreece-Helleniccivilizationinthe5thc

enturyBCusedergonomicprinciplesinthedesignoftheirtools,jobs,andworkplaces.Hippocratesgavedescribedhowasurgeon'sworkplacesho

uldbedesigned•WojciechJastrzębowski(polishbiologist)firstusedtheword“ergonomics”inhis1857articleRyse

rgonomjiczylinaukiopracy,opartejnaprawdachpoczerpniętychzNaukiPrzyrody(TheOutlineofErgonomics,i.e.ScienceofW

ork,BasedontheTruthsTakenfromtheNaturalScience).•FrederickWinslowTaylorpioneeredthe"ScientificManagement"meth

od,whichproposedawaytofindtheoptimummethodforcarryingoutagiventaskintheearly19thcentury.•FrankandLillianGilbrethexpande

dTaylor'smethodsintheearly1900stodevelop"TimeandMotionStudies".Theyaimedtoimproveefficiencybyeliminatingunnecessarystepsandact

ionswhichincreasethebricklayer’sproductivityfrom120to350bricksperhour.•WorldWarIImarkedthedevelopmentofnewandcomplexmachinesandweaponry,Itwasobs

ervedthatfullyfunctionalaircraft,flownbythebest-trainedpilots,stillcrashed.•In1943,AlphonseChapanis,alieutenantintheU.S.Army,showedthatthisso-calle

d"piloterror"couldbegreatlyreducedwhenmorelogicalanddifferentiablecontrolsreplacedconfusingdesignsinairplanecockpits.History•Inthedecadessincethewar,

ergonomicshascontinuedtoflourishanddiversify.TheSpaceAgecreatednewhumanfactorsissuessuchasweightlessne

ssandextremeg-forces.ThedawnoftheInformationAgehasresultedinthenewergonomicsfieldofhuman-computerintera

ction(HCI).Likewise,thegrowingdemandforandcompetitionamongconsumergoodsandelectronicshasresultedinhumanfactorsinproductdesign.Dom

ains•Physicalergonomics:isconcernedwithhumananatomical,anthropometric,physiologicalandbiomechanicalcharacteristicsastheyrela

tetophysicalactivity.(workingpostures,materialshandling,repetitivemovements,workrelatedmusculoskeletaldiso

rdersetc.)ErgonomicMultilockOfficeAirMeshSeriesDeskChair-W81•Cognitiveergonomics:isconcernedwithmenta

lprocesses,suchasperception,memory,reasoning,andmotorresponse,astheyaffectinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsof

asystem.(mentalworkload,decision-making,skilledperformance,human-computerinteraction,humanreliabilityetc.)TheoreticalF

rameworkforHCI•Organizationalergonomics:isconcernedwiththeoptimizationofsociotechnicalsystems,includingtheir

organizationalstructures,policies,andprocesses.(Relevanttopicsincludecommunication,workdesign,designofworkingtimes,participat

orydesign,communityergonomics,cooperativeworketc.)ApplicationSEATINGANDPOSTUREFORTYPICALOFFICETASKS1SEATBACKADJUSTABI

LTY2GOODLUMBARSUPPORT3SEATHEIGHTADJUSTABILITY4NOEXCESSPRESSUREONUNDERSIDEOFTHIGHSANDBACKSOFKNEES5FOOTSUPPORTIFNEEDED6SPACEFORPOSTURALCHAN

GE,NOOBSTACLESUNDERDESK7FOREARMSAPPROXIMATELYHORIZONTAL8MINIMALEXTENSION,FLEXIONORDEVIATIONOFWRISTS9SCREENHEIGHTANDANGLESHOULDA

LLOWCOMFORTABLEHEADPOSITION10SPACEINFRONTOFKEYBOARDTOSUPPORTHANDS/WRISTSDURINGPAUSESINKEYINGErgonomicsintheworkplace•Ergonomicsisthescienceofde

signingthejob,equipment,andworkplacetofittheworker.•Properergonomicdesignisnecessarytopreventrepetitivestraininjuries,whichcandev

elopovertimeandcanleadtolong-termdisability.•Thefourmaincontributingcausesoftheseinjuriesarequick,repetitiveactions,awkwardposition,useoffo

rce,andlackofrest.•Minimizationofrepetitivetasksandawkwardbodypositionscanhelptopreventsuchinjuriesfromoccurring.•Whatarecommonergonomicr

iskfactors?–Repetition–AwkwardBodyPostures–Force–ContactStress–Vibration–Heat•CommonSymptoms–pain–nu

mbnessandtingling–stiffnessorcramping–inabilitytoholdobjectsorlossofgripstrengthCumulativeTraumaDisorders•Prevention•Goodbodyposture•Engine

eringcontrols•AdministrativeControls–Jobenlargement–Jobrotation–Workbreaks–Training.FigureSeparatebanksofkeys

foreachhandmayrelievewriststrain.Whatareindividualsresponsibilities?•FacultyandStaff•Participateinergonomicstrainingandpr

oblem-solving.•Implementergonomicrecommendations.•Choosetools,furniture,andequipmentthatfityourjobtasksandyourbody.•Listentoyourbodyand

adjustyourworkstationfurnitureandaccessoriestosupportcomfortablepostures.•Thinkbeforeyoulift,gethelpifnecessary,and

followsafeliftingguidelines.•Varyyourjobtasksthroughouttheday,takefrequentshortstretchbreakswhenperforminghighlyrep

etitivetasks,andperformsimplestretches.•Exercise,includingwalkingandclimbingstairs,tobuildstaminaandmuscletone.•Reportwork-relatedinjuriestoyoursu

pervisorpromptly.•Supervisors•Learnaboutergonomicriskfactorsandhowtopreventthem.•Provideergonomicstrainingandencourageinputine

rgonomicproblem-solving.•Supportyourdepartment'scomputerworkstationevaluator.•ContactthecampusErgonomicsSpecialistforaw

orksiteassessmentofnon-computerjobsinvolvingergonomicriskfactors.•Provideergonomicworkstationfurnitureandtools.•Promotefrequent,sho

rtrestbreaksandalternativeworkactivitiesforstaffperforminghighlyrepetitivetasks.•Encouragestafftoreportsymptomsearly.•S

endinjuredemployeesformedicaltreatment,reportinjuriespromptly,andimplementworkrestrictionsandworkplacemodifications.•Seekassistanc

eonergonomicissuesfromcampusresourceswhennecessary.SustainableDesignChartAnalysisFigure.2.1WorldoilproductionFigure2.2AnnualFossil-FuelEmiss

ions•Inmanypastsituations,environmentaleffectswereignoredduringthedesignstagefornewproductsandprocesses.Hazardouswastesweredum

pedinthemostconvenientfashionpossible,ignoringpossibleenvironmentaldamage.Inefficientenergyuseresultedinhighoperatingcosts.Wastewascommoni

nmaterialproduction,manufacturinganddistribution.Consumerscastasideproducts,usuallywithonlyminimalre-manufacturingorrecycling.Whatis“Greend

esign”?Greendesignisthedesignofaproducttominimiseitsenvironmentalimpactsoveritsentirelifetimeandtomeetcustomer

requirements3915Theelementsofalife-cycleinventoryanalysisMaterialsacquisitionProductdistributionProductuseRecycle:Pr

oducts,components,materialsWastemanagementMaterialsEnergyAirWaterFormulation,processing,andmanufacturingPrincipalproductsCo-productsWatereffluentsA

irborneemissionsSolidWasteOtherenvironmentalinteractions41Figure1.TheShifttoSustainableDesign*Generalgoalsforgreendesign•Reduceorminimizetheuseofnon-

renewableresources•Managerenewableresourcestoinsuresustainability;•Reduce,withtheultimategoalofeliminating,toxicandotherwiseharmful

emissionstotheenvironment,includingemissionscontributingtoglobalwarming.•Uselessmaterial**•Usematerialswi

thlessenvironmentalimpact•Usefewerresources•Producelesspollutionandwaste•Reducetheimpactsofdistribution•Optimisefunctionalityandserviceli

fe•Makere-useandrecyclingeasier•ReducetheenvironmentalimpactofdisposalKeyenvironmentalconsiderations*SystemsThinki

ng•EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)isatechniquefortracingoutalltheenvironmentaleffectsandresour

ceneedsofanewproductorprocessthroughthematerialsuppliers,throughmanufacture,useanddisposal•MaterialFlowsandCyclesisatechniquefortracing

materialuseandlocationovertime.Intracingmaterialsflows,itisimportanttobeclearabouttheboundariesofanalysisandtheuncertain

tyofmassmeasurements.*SustainableProductDesign•Fivefactorshavebeenidentifiedforperfectsustainableproductdesign.•Cyclic•Solar•Saf

e•Efficient•SocialMinimisingWasteProduction•Wasteislostprofit.•Thefourr’scanhelpreducewaste.•Reduce•Reuse•Recycle•RecoverReduce•Reducetheam

ountofmaterialsusedfortheproduct.•Reducetheamountofmaterialsusedforthepackaging.•Canbedonebyusing:•Lighterweightofmaterials•Onlyonetypeofpackag

ingmaterial•PackagingfitsaroundtheproductReuse•Reusingcontainersstopsneedfor:•Newpackaging•Recycling(asitcostsmoney)•Collection(asitcostsmoney)

•Washingandrefillingshouldbelessthanthatofproducinganewcontainer.Recycle•Designersmustconsiderdesignforrecyclingandtheproduct’slife

cycle.•Componentsshouldberecycledandrecyclable.Recover•Whenaproductisdiscardedandputintoalandfillsiteener

gyislost.•Thisenergycanberecoveredthroughincinerationinspecialisedpowerstations.GreenDesignMethodsandTools•Massbalanceanalysis•GreenIndices

•Designfordisassemblyandrecyclingaids•Riskanalysis•Materialselectionandlabeladvisors•FullcostaccountingmethodologiesResponsibilitiesofth

eDesigner•Whataresomeofthemoralandsocialresponsibilitiesofdesignersinrelationtogreendesignissues?•Considerissuesrelatingto:•w

aste•Pollution•Resources•marketforces•wealthcreation.为良善人生而设计，用良善设计服务于大众人生。————李泽厚