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ProductDesignErgonomicsergon(work)+nomos(laws)=ErgonomicErgonomicsGeneral•Ergonomicsisthescienceoffittingjobstopeople.•Thedisciplineencompassesabodyo

fknowledgeaboutphysicalabilitiesandlimitationsaswellasotherhumancharacteristicsthatarerelevanttojobdesign.•Essentially,

ergonomicsistherelationshipbetweentheworkerandthejobandfocusesonthedesignofworkareastoenhancejobperformance.

•Ergonomicscanhelppreventinjuriesandlimitsecondaryinjuriesaswellasaccommodateindividualswithvariousdisabilities,includingthosew

ithmusculoskeletaldisorders(MSDs).Discipline•Ergonomics–Ergonomics(orhumanfactors)isthescientificdisciplineconcernedwiththeunderstandingofint

eractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem,andtheprofessionthatappliestheory,principles,dataandmethodstode

signinordertooptimizehumanwell-beingandoverallsystemperformance.(accordingInternationalErgonomicsAssociation2009)Figure1.1Asimpleworksystem.Peopl

einteractwithmachinestoturninputsintooutputs.Systemcapacityreferstoamountofinputthatcanbeprocessedovertime.Productivi

tyreferstotheratioofoutputstoinputs.Efficientsystemsminimiseby-productsofallkinds(E=localenvironment,M=mach

ine,H=humanoperator).FiveAspectsofErgonomics•Safety-Medicinebottles:Theprintonthemcouldbelargersothatasickpersonwhomayhavebadvision(duetosinu

ses,etc.)canmoreeasilyseethedosagesandlabel.Ergonomicscoulddesigntheprintstyle,colorandsizeforoptimalviewing.•Comfort-Alarmclockdisplay:Somedis

playsareharshlybright,drawingone’seyetothelightwhensurroundingsaredark.Ergonomicprinciplescouldre-designthisbasedonc

ontrastprinciples.•Easeofuse-StreetSigns:Inastrangearea,manytimesitisdifficulttospotstreetsigns.Thiscouldbeaddresse

dwiththeprinciplesofvisualdetectioninergonomics.Fiveaspectsofergonomics•Productivity/performance-HDTV:ThesoundonHDTVismuchlowerthanregularT

V.SowhenyouswitchfromHDtoregular,thevolumeincreasesdramatically.Ergonomicsrecognizesthatthisdifferenceindecibellevelcrea

tesadifferenceinloudnessandhurtshumanearsandthiscouldbesolvedbyeveningoutthedecibellevels.•Aesthetics-thelookandfeeloftheobject,theuserexp

erience.History•AncientGreece-Helleniccivilizationinthe5thcenturyBCusedergonomicprinciplesinthedesignoftheirtools,job

s,andworkplaces.Hippocratesgavedescribedhowasurgeon'sworkplaceshouldbedesigned•WojciechJastrzębowski(polishbiologist)firstusedtheword“ergo

nomics”inhis1857articleRysergonomjiczylinaukiopracy,opartejnaprawdachpoczerpniętychzNaukiPrzyrody(TheOutlineofErgonomics,i.

e.ScienceofWork,BasedontheTruthsTakenfromtheNaturalScience).•FrederickWinslowTaylorpioneeredthe"ScientificManagement"method,whichproposedawayto

findtheoptimummethodforcarryingoutagiventaskintheearly19thcentury.•FrankandLillianGilbrethexpandedTaylor'smethodsintheearly1900sto

develop"TimeandMotionStudies".Theyaimedtoimproveefficiencybyeliminatingunnecessarystepsandactionswhichincreasethebrickl

ayer’sproductivityfrom120to350bricksperhour.•WorldWarIImarkedthedevelopmentofnewandcomplexmachinesandweaponry,Itwasob

servedthatfullyfunctionalaircraft,flownbythebest-trainedpilots,stillcrashed.•In1943,AlphonseChapanis,alieutenanti

ntheU.S.Army,showedthatthisso-called"piloterror"couldbegreatlyreducedwhenmorelogicalanddifferentiablecontrolsreplace

dconfusingdesignsinairplanecockpits.History•Inthedecadessincethewar,ergonomicshascontinuedtoflourishanddiversify.TheSpaceAgecreatedn

ewhumanfactorsissuessuchasweightlessnessandextremeg-forces.ThedawnoftheInformationAgehasresultedinthenewergonomicsfieldofhuman-computerinteractio

n(HCI).Likewise,thegrowingdemandforandcompetitionamongconsumergoodsandelectronicshasresultedinhumanfactorsinproductdesign.Domains•

Physicalergonomics:isconcernedwithhumananatomical,anthropometric,physiologicalandbiomechanicalcharacteristicsasthey

relatetophysicalactivity.(workingpostures,materialshandling,repetitivemovements,workrelatedmusculoskeletaldisordersetc.)ErgonomicMultilockO

fficeAirMeshSeriesDeskChair-W81•Cognitiveergonomics:isconcernedwithmentalprocesses,suchasperception,memory,reasoning,andmotorrespon

se,astheyaffectinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem.(mentalworkload,decision-making,skilledperformance,human-computerintera

ction,humanreliabilityetc.)TheoreticalFrameworkforHCI•Organizationalergonomics:isconcernedwiththeoptimizationofsociotechnicalsystems

,includingtheirorganizationalstructures,policies,andprocesses.(Relevanttopicsincludecommunication,workdesign,designofworkingtimes,participatorydesign

,communityergonomics,cooperativeworketc.)ApplicationSEATINGANDPOSTUREFORTYPICALOFFICETASKS1SEATBACKADJUSTABILTY2GOO

DLUMBARSUPPORT3SEATHEIGHTADJUSTABILITY4NOEXCESSPRESSUREONUNDERSIDEOFTHIGHSANDBACKSOFKNEES5FOOTSUPPORTIFNEEDED6SPACEFORPOSTURALCHA

NGE,NOOBSTACLESUNDERDESK7FOREARMSAPPROXIMATELYHORIZONTAL8MINIMALEXTENSION,FLEXIONORDEVIATIONOFWRISTS9S

CREENHEIGHTANDANGLESHOULDALLOWCOMFORTABLEHEADPOSITION10SPACEINFRONTOFKEYBOARDTOSUPPORTHANDS/WRISTSDURINGPAUSESINKEYINGErgonomicsintheworkp

lace•Ergonomicsisthescienceofdesigningthejob,equipment,andworkplacetofittheworker.•Properergonomicdesignisnecessarytopreventre

petitivestraininjuries,whichcandevelopovertimeandcanleadtolong-termdisability.•Thefourmaincontributingcausesoftheseinjuriesarequic

k,repetitiveactions,awkwardposition,useofforce,andlackofrest.•Minimizationofrepetitivetasksandawkwardbodyposi

tionscanhelptopreventsuchinjuriesfromoccurring.•Whatarecommonergonomicriskfactors?–Repetition–AwkwardBodyPostures–Force–ContactStress–Vib

ration–Heat•CommonSymptoms–pain–numbnessandtingling–stiffnessorcramping–inabilitytoholdobjectsorlossofgripstrengthCumula

tiveTraumaDisorders•Prevention•Goodbodyposture•Engineeringcontrols•AdministrativeControls–Jobenlargement–Jobrotation–Workbreaks–Training.FigureS

eparatebanksofkeysforeachhandmayrelievewriststrain.Whatareindividualsresponsibilities?•FacultyandStaff•Participateinergonomicstrainingandprob

lem-solving.•Implementergonomicrecommendations.•Choosetools,furniture,andequipmentthatfityourjobtasksandyourbody.•Listentoyourbodyandadju

styourworkstationfurnitureandaccessoriestosupportcomfortablepostures.•Thinkbeforeyoulift,gethelpifnecessary,andfollowsafeliftingguidelines.•Varyyour

jobtasksthroughouttheday,takefrequentshortstretchbreakswhenperforminghighlyrepetitivetasks,andperformsimplestretches.•Ex

ercise,includingwalkingandclimbingstairs,tobuildstaminaandmuscletone.•Reportwork-relatedinjuriestoyoursuper

visorpromptly.•Supervisors•Learnaboutergonomicriskfactorsandhowtopreventthem.•Provideergonomicstrainingandencourageinputinerg

onomicproblem-solving.•Supportyourdepartment'scomputerworkstationevaluator.•ContactthecampusErgonomicsSpecialis

tforaworksiteassessmentofnon-computerjobsinvolvingergonomicriskfactors.•Provideergonomicworkstationfurnitureandtools.•Promotefrequent,short

restbreaksandalternativeworkactivitiesforstaffperforminghighlyrepetitivetasks.•Encouragestafftoreportsymptomsearly.•Sendinjur

edemployeesformedicaltreatment,reportinjuriespromptly,andimplementworkrestrictionsandworkplacemodifications.•Seek

assistanceonergonomicissuesfromcampusresourceswhennecessary.SustainableDesignChartAnalysisFigure.2.1World

oilproductionFigure2.2AnnualFossil-FuelEmissions•Inmanypastsituations,environmentaleffectswereignoredduringthedesignstagefornewproduc

tsandprocesses.Hazardouswastesweredumpedinthemostconvenientfashionpossible,ignoringpossibleenvironmentaldamage.Inefficient

energyuseresultedinhighoperatingcosts.Wastewascommoninmaterialproduction,manufacturinganddistribution.Consum

erscastasideproducts,usuallywithonlyminimalre-manufacturingorrecycling.Whatis“Greendesign”?Greendesignisthedesignofaproductto

minimiseitsenvironmentalimpactsoveritsentirelifetimeandtomeetcustomerrequirements3915Theelementsofalife-cycleinventoryana

lysisMaterialsacquisitionProductdistributionProductuseRecycle:Products,components,materialsWastemanagementMaterialsEnergyAirWaterFormul

ation,processing,andmanufacturingPrincipalproductsCo-productsWatereffluentsAirborneemissionsSolidWasteOtherenvironmentalinteractions41F

igure1.TheShifttoSustainableDesign*Generalgoalsforgreendesign•Reduceorminimizetheuseofnon-renewableresources•Managerenewableres

ourcestoinsuresustainability;•Reduce,withtheultimategoalofeliminating,toxicandotherwiseharmfulemissionstotheenvironment,includingemissionscontribut

ingtoglobalwarming.•Uselessmaterial**•Usematerialswithlessenvironmentalimpact•Usefewerresources•Producelesspollutionandwaste•Reducet

heimpactsofdistribution•Optimisefunctionalityandservicelife•Makere-useandrecyclingeasier•ReducetheenvironmentalimpactofdisposalKeyenviron

mentalconsiderations*SystemsThinking•EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)isatechniquefortracingoutalltheenvironmentaleffect

sandresourceneedsofanewproductorprocessthroughthematerialsuppliers,throughmanufacture,useanddisposal•Mat

erialFlowsandCyclesisatechniquefortracingmaterialuseandlocationovertime.Intracingmaterialsflows,itisimportanttobeclearaboutthebo

undariesofanalysisandtheuncertaintyofmassmeasurements.*SustainableProductDesign•Fivefactorshavebeenidentifiedforperfectsustainableproductdesign

.•Cyclic•Solar•Safe•Efficient•SocialMinimisingWasteProduction•Wasteislostprofit.•Thefourr’scanhelpreducewaste.•Reduce•Reuse•Recycle•RecoverR

educe•Reducetheamountofmaterialsusedfortheproduct.•Reducetheamountofmaterialsusedforthepackaging.•Canbedonebyusing:•Lighterweightofma

terials•Onlyonetypeofpackagingmaterial•PackagingfitsaroundtheproductReuse•Reusingcontainersstopsneedfor:

•Newpackaging•Recycling(asitcostsmoney)•Collection(asitcostsmoney)•Washingandrefillingshouldbelessthanthatofproducingan

ewcontainer.Recycle•Designersmustconsiderdesignforrecyclingandtheproduct’slifecycle.•Componentsshouldberecycledandrecy

clable.Recover•Whenaproductisdiscardedandputintoalandfillsiteenergyislost.•Thisenergycanberecoveredthroughincinerationinspecialisedp

owerstations.GreenDesignMethodsandTools•Massbalanceanalysis•GreenIndices•Designfordisassemblyandrecyclin

gaids•Riskanalysis•Materialselectionandlabeladvisors•FullcostaccountingmethodologiesResponsibilitiesoftheDesigner•Whataresomeofthemorala

ndsocialresponsibilitiesofdesignersinrelationtogreendesignissues?•Considerissuesrelatingto:•waste•Pollution•Resources•marketforce

s•wealthcreation.为良善人生而设计，用良善设计服务于大众人生。————李泽厚