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ProductDesignErgonomicsergon(work)+nomos(laws)=ErgonomicErgonomicsGeneral•Ergonomicsisthescienceoffittingjobstopeople.•The

disciplineencompassesabodyofknowledgeaboutphysicalabilitiesandlimitationsaswellasotherhumancharacteristicsthatarerelevanttojobdes

ign.•Essentially,ergonomicsistherelationshipbetweentheworkerandthejobandfocusesonthedesignofworkareastoenhancejobperformance.•Ergono

micscanhelppreventinjuriesandlimitsecondaryinjuriesaswellasaccommodateindividualswithvariousdisabili

ties,includingthosewithmusculoskeletaldisorders(MSDs).Discipline•Ergonomics–Ergonomics(orhumanfactors)isthescientificdi

sciplineconcernedwiththeunderstandingofinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem,andtheprofessionthatappl

iestheory,principles,dataandmethodstodesigninordertooptimizehumanwell-beingandoverallsystemperformance.(accordingInternationalEr

gonomicsAssociation2009)Figure1.1Asimpleworksystem.Peopleinteractwithmachinestoturninputsintooutputs

.Systemcapacityreferstoamountofinputthatcanbeprocessedovertime.Productivityreferstotheratioofoutputstoinputs.Efficientsystemsmi

nimiseby-productsofallkinds(E=localenvironment,M=machine,H=humanoperator).FiveAspectsofErgonomics•Safety-Medicinebottles:Theprintonthemcouldbelarger

sothatasickpersonwhomayhavebadvision(duetosinuses,etc.)canmoreeasilyseethedosagesandlabel.Ergonomicscoulddesignthepr

intstyle,colorandsizeforoptimalviewing.•Comfort-Alarmclockdisplay:Somedisplaysareharshlybright,drawingone’seyetoth

elightwhensurroundingsaredark.Ergonomicprinciplescouldre-designthisbasedoncontrastprinciples.•Easeof

use-StreetSigns:Inastrangearea,manytimesitisdifficulttospotstreetsigns.Thiscouldbeaddressedwiththeprinciplesofvisualdetectioni

nergonomics.Fiveaspectsofergonomics•Productivity/performance-HDTV:ThesoundonHDTVismuchlowerthanregularTV.S

owhenyouswitchfromHDtoregular,thevolumeincreasesdramatically.Ergonomicsrecognizesthatthisdifferenceindecibellevelcreatesa

differenceinloudnessandhurtshumanearsandthiscouldbesolvedbyeveningoutthedecibellevels.•Aesthetics-thelookandfeeloftheobject,theuserexperience.History

•AncientGreece-Helleniccivilizationinthe5thcenturyBCusedergonomicprinciplesinthedesignoftheirtools,jo

bs,andworkplaces.Hippocratesgavedescribedhowasurgeon'sworkplaceshouldbedesigned•WojciechJastrzębowski(polishbiologist)firstusedt

heword“ergonomics”inhis1857articleRysergonomjiczylinaukiopracy,opartejnaprawdachpoczerpniętychzNaukiPrzyrody(TheOutline

ofErgonomics,i.e.ScienceofWork,BasedontheTruthsTakenfromtheNaturalScience).•FrederickWinslowTaylorpioneeredthe"ScientificManagement"method,whi

chproposedawaytofindtheoptimummethodforcarryingoutagiventaskintheearly19thcentury.•FrankandLillianGilbrethexpandedTaylor'smethodsinth

eearly1900stodevelop"TimeandMotionStudies".Theyaimedtoimproveefficiencybyeliminatingunnecessarystepsand

actionswhichincreasethebricklayer’sproductivityfrom120to350bricksperhour.•WorldWarIImarkedthedevelopmentofnewan

dcomplexmachinesandweaponry,Itwasobservedthatfullyfunctionalaircraft,flownbythebest-trainedpilots,stillcrash

ed.•In1943,AlphonseChapanis,alieutenantintheU.S.Army,showedthatthisso-called"piloterror"couldbegreatlyre

ducedwhenmorelogicalanddifferentiablecontrolsreplacedconfusingdesignsinairplanecockpits.History•Inthedecadessincet

hewar,ergonomicshascontinuedtoflourishanddiversify.TheSpaceAgecreatednewhumanfactorsissuessuchasweightlessnessandextremeg-forces.Thedawnofthe

InformationAgehasresultedinthenewergonomicsfieldofhuman-computerinteraction(HCI).Likewise,thegrowingde

mandforandcompetitionamongconsumergoodsandelectronicshasresultedinhumanfactorsinproductdesign.Domains•Physicalergonomics:isconc

ernedwithhumananatomical,anthropometric,physiologicalandbiomechanicalcharacteristicsastheyrelatetophysicalactivity.(

workingpostures,materialshandling,repetitivemovements,workrelatedmusculoskeletaldisordersetc.)ErgonomicMultiloc

kOfficeAirMeshSeriesDeskChair-W81•Cognitiveergonomics:isconcernedwithmentalprocesses,suchasperception,memory,re

asoning,andmotorresponse,astheyaffectinteractionsamonghumansandotherelementsofasystem.(mentalworkload,dec

ision-making,skilledperformance,human-computerinteraction,humanreliabilityetc.)TheoreticalFrameworkforHCI•Organizationalergono

mics:isconcernedwiththeoptimizationofsociotechnicalsystems,includingtheirorganizationalstructures,policies,andprocesses.(Rel

evanttopicsincludecommunication,workdesign,designofworkingtimes,participatorydesign,communityergonomics,cooperativework

etc.)ApplicationSEATINGANDPOSTUREFORTYPICALOFFICETASKS1SEATBACKADJUSTABILTY2GOODLUMBARSUPPORT3SEATHEIGHTADJUSTABILITY4NOEXCESSPRESSUREONUND

ERSIDEOFTHIGHSANDBACKSOFKNEES5FOOTSUPPORTIFNEEDED6SPACEFORPOSTURALCHANGE,NOOBSTACLESUNDERDESK7FOREARMSAPPROXIMATELYHORIZONTAL8MIN

IMALEXTENSION,FLEXIONORDEVIATIONOFWRISTS9SCREENHEIGHTANDANGLESHOULDALLOWCOMFORTABLEHEADPOSITION10SPACEINFRONTOFKEYBOARDTOSUPPORTHANDS/WRISTSDURING

PAUSESINKEYINGErgonomicsintheworkplace•Ergonomicsisthescienceofdesigningthejob,equipment,andworkplacetofittheworker.•Properergonomicd

esignisnecessarytopreventrepetitivestraininjuries,whichcandevelopovertimeandcanleadtolong-termdisability.•Thefourmaincontrib

utingcausesoftheseinjuriesarequick,repetitiveactions,awkwardposition,useofforce,andlackofrest.•Minimizationof

repetitivetasksandawkwardbodypositionscanhelptopreventsuchinjuriesfromoccurring.•Whatarecommonergonomicriskfactors?–Repetition–AwkwardBodyPostures–F

orce–ContactStress–Vibration–Heat•CommonSymptoms–pain–numbnessandtingling–stiffnessorcramping–inabilitytoholdobjectsorlossofgripstrengthCumulativ

eTraumaDisorders•Prevention•Goodbodyposture•Engineeringcontrols•AdministrativeControls–Jobenlargement–Jobrota

tion–Workbreaks–Training.FigureSeparatebanksofkeysforeachhandmayrelievewriststrain.Whatareindividualsresponsibilities?•

FacultyandStaff•Participateinergonomicstrainingandproblem-solving.•Implementergonomicrecommendations.•Choosetools,furniture,ande

quipmentthatfityourjobtasksandyourbody.•Listentoyourbodyandadjustyourworkstationfurnitureandaccessoriestosupportc

omfortablepostures.•Thinkbeforeyoulift,gethelpifnecessary,andfollowsafeliftingguidelines.•Varyyourjobtasksthroughouttheday,takefrequentshortstretc

hbreakswhenperforminghighlyrepetitivetasks,andperformsimplestretches.•Exercise,includingwalkingandclimbingstairs,tobuildstaminaandmuscl

etone.•Reportwork-relatedinjuriestoyoursupervisorpromptly.•Supervisors•Learnaboutergonomicriskfactorsandhowtopreventthem.•Provideergonomicstr

ainingandencourageinputinergonomicproblem-solving.•Supportyourdepartment'scomputerworkstationevaluator.•ContactthecampusErgonomicsSpec

ialistforaworksiteassessmentofnon-computerjobsinvolvingergonomicriskfactors.•Provideergonomicworkstationfurnitureandtools.•Promote

frequent,shortrestbreaksandalternativeworkactivitiesforstaffperforminghighlyrepetitivetasks.•Encouragestafftoreportsymptomsearly.•Sendinjure

demployeesformedicaltreatment,reportinjuriespromptly,andimplementworkrestrictionsandworkplacemodifications.•Seekassistanceonergonomicissuesfro

mcampusresourceswhennecessary.SustainableDesignChartAnalysisFigure.2.1WorldoilproductionFigure2.2AnnualFo

ssil-FuelEmissions•Inmanypastsituations,environmentaleffectswereignoredduringthedesignstagefornewproductsandprocesses.Hazar

douswastesweredumpedinthemostconvenientfashionpossible,ignoringpossibleenvironmentaldamage.Inefficientenergyuseresultedinhighopera

tingcosts.Wastewascommoninmaterialproduction,manufacturinganddistribution.Consumerscastasideproducts,usuallywithonlyminimal

re-manufacturingorrecycling.Whatis“Greendesign”?Greendesignisthedesignofaproducttominimiseitsenvironment

alimpactsoveritsentirelifetimeandtomeetcustomerrequirements3915Theelementsofalife-cycleinventoryanalysisMaterialsac

quisitionProductdistributionProductuseRecycle:Products,components,materialsWastemanagementMaterialsEnergyA

irWaterFormulation,processing,andmanufacturingPrincipalproductsCo-productsWatereffluentsAirborneemissionsSolidWasteOtherenvironmentalinteractions4

1Figure1.TheShifttoSustainableDesign*Generalgoalsforgreendesign•Reduceorminimizetheuseofnon-renewablereso

urces•Managerenewableresourcestoinsuresustainability;•Reduce,withtheultimategoalofeliminating,toxicandotherwi

seharmfulemissionstotheenvironment,includingemissionscontributingtoglobalwarming.•Uselessmaterial**•Usematerialswithlessenvironmentalimpact•U

sefewerresources•Producelesspollutionandwaste•Reducetheimpactsofdistribution•Optimisefunctionalityandservicelife•Makere-us

eandrecyclingeasier•ReducetheenvironmentalimpactofdisposalKeyenvironmentalconsiderations*SystemsThinking•EnvironmentalLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)

isatechniquefortracingoutalltheenvironmentaleffectsandresourceneedsofanewproductorprocessthroughthem

aterialsuppliers,throughmanufacture,useanddisposal•MaterialFlowsandCyclesisatechniquefortracingmaterialuseandlocationovert

ime.Intracingmaterialsflows,itisimportanttobeclearabouttheboundariesofanalysisandtheuncertaintyofmassmeasurements.*Sustai

nableProductDesign•Fivefactorshavebeenidentifiedforperfectsustainableproductdesign.•Cyclic•Solar•Safe•Eff

icient•SocialMinimisingWasteProduction•Wasteislostprofit.•Thefourr’scanhelpreducewaste.•Reduce•Reuse•Recycle•RecoverReduce•Red

ucetheamountofmaterialsusedfortheproduct.•Reducetheamountofmaterialsusedforthepackaging.•Canbedonebyusing:•Lighterweightofm

aterials•Onlyonetypeofpackagingmaterial•PackagingfitsaroundtheproductReuse•Reusingcontainersstopsneedfor:•Newpackaging•Recycling(a

sitcostsmoney)•Collection(asitcostsmoney)•Washingandrefillingshouldbelessthanthatofproducinganewcontainer.Recycle•Designersmus

tconsiderdesignforrecyclingandtheproduct’slifecycle.•Componentsshouldberecycledandrecyclable.Recover•Whenaproductisdiscardedandputintoalandf

illsiteenergyislost.•Thisenergycanberecoveredthroughincinerationinspecialisedpowerstations.GreenDesignMethodsandTool

s•Massbalanceanalysis•GreenIndices•Designfordisassemblyandrecyclingaids•Riskanalysis•Materialselectionandlabelad

visors•FullcostaccountingmethodologiesResponsibilitiesoftheDesigner•Whataresomeofthemoralandsocialrespo

nsibilitiesofdesignersinrelationtogreendesignissues?•Considerissuesrelatingto:•waste•Pollution•Resour

ces•marketforces•wealthcreation.为良善人生而设计，用良善设计服务于大众人生。————李泽厚