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大学英语四级写作四级写作内容篇•题材现实性四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性，基本可以分为两大类：1.贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材2.论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。–1.RecreationalActivitie

s(2008.6)–2.WhatElectivestoChoose(2007.12)–3.WelcometoOurClub(2007.6)–4.VolunteersNeeded(2006.6)–5.ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTouri

st?(2005.12)–6.Teachers’Day(2005.6)–7.ACampaignSpeech(2005.1)–8.ABriefIntroductiontoaTouristAttraction(

2004.6)–9.ALetterinReplytoaFriend(2004.1)校园题材••关于此类题材的近五年的真题作文列举如下：–1.LimitingtheUseofDisposablePlasticB

ags(2008.12)–2.SpringFestivalGalaonCCTV(2006.12)•--3HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentobeIndependent?（2010）•1

.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切•2.为了让孩子独立,父母应该……社会热点话题•健康:1身体健康---health:physical:--keepfit;wellbeing—(emotional/physical/psychol

ogical)•2008.12/2008.06/2007.12/98.06/93.01/91/90•2人的心理健康：psychologically,mentally:independent,cooperative,competiti

ve,considerate,confident,creative,sociable,selfish,isolated,conservative---2009.12(绿色校园不仅指绿色环境）/2007.12/2007.06—参加社团缓解压力•教育与娱乐：recreati

on,relax,entertainment;cultivate,foster,enlighten,giveinspirationto,motivate,expandone’shorizon,促进学生身

心发展：promotethestudent’sphysical,intellectualandemotionaldevelopment(well-rounded/versatile)mouldone’scharacter;•teamspirit•—2009

.06(博物馆免费开放的目的）-2008.06（娱乐使人们受益）/2007.12(学生选课不同原因)/2007.06(参加社团的好处)/2006.12(看春晚)•方便VS效率：•2008.12—一次性塑料袋广泛使用/2002.06—计算机普及程度/2

002.01—食堂服务/1994.01—现代化交通工具发达…./1991.01---自行车在中国这样普及•2006.06—学生自由选择教师—方便学生,提高办学的效率•节省和浪费：savetime/money/space;economical,thrift;was

tetime/money/space;costly•2009.06—博物馆作为教育资源/2008.12—塑料袋使用/2004.01—报考专业理由(人才浪费)—2002.01---对食堂批评;•2000.01–上大学费用(takingapart-timejo

b—ease/alleviatefamilyfinancialburden•1996.01—双休日可能给大学生带来的问题•1998.01—假冒伪劣商品对个人(浪费金钱)•环境：environment,pollute,poisonous,dirty,contaminati

on,detrimentalto,sustainabledevelopment;•2009.12/2009.06—公共设施环境维护（图片）/2008.12—preserveenvironment/2007.06—社团主要内容—环保组织—”healtheworld”•2005.12—校

园是否对游客开放/1990.06-城市绿化•安全和危险：safe,danger,risk—2009.06(公共场所存在安全隐患)/2008.06/98.01—假冒伪劣产品安全隐患/97.06—大学生了解社会的必要性(社会的险恶,陷阱—trap)/96.01—双

休日带来的问题—travel;•经验：workingexperience,socialexperience,enterthesociety;practicalexperience;associatetheorywithpractice;（interpersonalskills)•2007.1

2—开设选修课目的/2007.06—社团的好处:expandone’shorizon;enlargeourknowledge;…/2005.01—具备胜任学生会主席的条件/2001.01---取得面试成功的因素/•97.06—大学生了解社会的必要性•个人权利

与自由:2007.12—学生选课不同的原因•/2006.06—允许学生选择老师(学生权利—student–centered)/•2004.01–报考专业理由用词是否恰当，准确，形象，关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词；P5•Good—advisable/sensible/inform

ative/useful/instructive;•Good—beneficial,advantageous,helpful;excellent,outstanding;•Bad—undesirable/mindless/worthless;Bad—harmful,baneful,

detrimental•Lotsof—ahostof,avastnumberof—(可数名词），agreatdealof,avastamountof–(不可数名词）--substantial;considerable

;heapsof•Important—crucial,vital,significant,key;P4;indispensable/integral;•desire替换want•pourattentioninto替换payattentionto•bearinmindthat替换rememb

er•促进/提高/增强/改善giveaboostto/enhance/motivate/better/promote角色与功能•Playanimportant(active,major,central,cruci

al,essential,integral,prominent,vital)role—•Playabigpart---•Takealeadingpart---允许与阻止•Make…possible—电脑的使用促使人们在家上班:Theuseofcomputersan

dotherhigh-techofficeequipmenthasmadeitpossibleformorepeopletoworkfromhome.Enable,encourage,entitle•谈中国的老年人如何受到社会的尊重—适用于个人/社会类话题•InC

hina,respectforseniorcitizensisshowninthefactthattheyareentitledtomanypublicservicesfreeofcharge.Stop,k

eep,prevent,prohibit•太多的学业压力对学生的负面影响—•Toomuchacademicpressuredeprivesyoungstudentsoftheopportunitytotakepartinanyextracurricularacti

vitiesandpreventthemfromenjoyingtheirschoolyears.(hinder---obstruct—hedge)•Deprive—privilege;--shelter—pension—compensate;--cour

tesy;•Increasing(ly),growing替换moreandmore(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用•increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.•st

hhasgainedgrowingpopularity.•Sthisincreasinglypopularwiththeadvancementofsth.•非常地exceedingly/extremely/greatly/remarkably/signif

icantly/utterly)•在当代•Incontemporarysociety,inpresent-daysociety,inthisdayandage;•formypart,frommyownperspective替换inmyopinion•破坏•

Destroy;impair;undermine;jeopardize;devastate;•支持观点（befor/convince/insist/voiceasupportfor/votefor)(win)•反对观点(ar

gueagainst/combat/disagreewith/disregard/oppose)(goastray—flourish—rival—thrive—administration)•Transform—change(应用:科技改变我们的生产和生活方式,环境变化—教育思路

—取消文理分科,通才教育—generalist);•Preserve—protect--保护某种资源，naturalresourcesoroldbuildings---demolish—teardown;--英国人尊重历史和文化。•解决:Sol

ve,dealwith,copewith,handle,resolve,address,tackle—(economiccrisis,deterioratedenvironment,shortagesofwater,unemployment,trafficja

ms….)_;•培养：：Develop,cultivate,foster,culture—(education—cultivatethespiritofindependence•认为：maintain,assert,,hold,argue,b

econvinced,befirmlyconvinced,•消除：Eliminate,clear,remove,clearup,•Alleviate—ease;减轻,缓解(就业压力,新能源缓解资源紧张;经济增长方式转变缓

解发展压力---Anumberofmeasuresweretakentoalleviatetheproblem.)•Worsen—deteriorate;aggravate(环境恶化)•人们认为：itisgenerally/wide

lybelieved/held/agreedthat•适应的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate(使适应)oneselftonewenvironment/change;•接触各种思想/经历：beex

posedtonewideas/experiences/problems影响与冲击•Profound/Significant•DamagingDevastatingDestructivedisastrous•InfluenceImpactEffectaffect

Whenaskedaboutthefunctionofmedia,manypeopleagreetothefirstview.此外，表示“多”的词还有：vast,quiteafew,anarmyof,anoceanof,aseaof,

agreatnumberof…Cheatinginexamhappensinourdailylife.Dishonestyoccurredmoreandmoreinoursociety.theoverwhelmingmajorit

yofhasbecomeacommonoccurrenceObviously,thepictureshowsthatacultureofonenationmaybecomeinternational,whichisbeneficialtoallthehumanbeings.show:

indicate,reveal,suggest,proveAsthenumbershows,nearly200billiondollarsarelostintobaccoeveryyear.number:figure

,statistics用词的生动性•is•首先前者的问题在于be动词是静态的，没有活力的，therebe也是如此。makemakesb.dosth---英语的词化程度较高，存在大量词语，一个单词的存在使得很多词语不再被需要dismay使震惊，convince使信服.•避免be形式表达，尽可能选择

表示强有力的行为动词，写出生动，简洁，有力，耐读和连贯的文章。•Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-TanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.Itisthebiggestpar

kinBeijing.TheTian-Tanparkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.•NearmyhousestandsTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundr

edyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.•Ecologicalimbalancesisthebiggestthreattothesurvivalofwil

danimalsandplants.•Ecologicalimbalancesthreatenthesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants,evenhumanbeings.•TheInternetmakesmele

arnEnglishmoreconveniently.•TheInternetfacilitatedmyEnglishstudy•Hiscriminalrecordmadehimunabletobeadmittedtotheuniversity.•H

iscriminalrecorddisqualifiedhimfrombeingadmittedtotheuniversity.避免一味用Thereis开头。Therearemoreandmorepeoplewhorealizetherelationbetweenexamin

ationandteachingmethods.Therelationbetweentheexaminationandteachingmethodsisincreasinglyrecognized.避免一味用People,I,We开头Wewillalwaysrememberthesmile

onherface.Thesmileonherfacewillbefirmlyrootedinourminds.Wecertainlyshouldoffergoodservice.Goodserviceiscertainlyr

equired.It---句型的广泛使用•Itmustbepointedoutthat...必须指出……Itmustbeadmittedthat...必须承认……Itisimaginedthat...人们认为……Itcannot

bedeniedthat...不可否认……Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可知……Itshouldberealizedthat...必须认识到……Itis(always)stressedthat...人们(总是)强调……Itm

aybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...可以毫不夸张地说……变换句式优化文章Lecture1长句和短句变换Lecture2主动句和被动句变换Lecture3非谓语从句

变换Lecture4比较句变换Lecture5松散到紧凑变换变换句式优化文章短句变长句受汉语思维习惯影响，很多考生往往会直接将脑子里的意思译成英语，而忽略句与句之间的联系，导致写出来的句子无法体现英语作为“形合语言”的特点。因此，在

平时写作时，考生要注意前后句子之间是否存在联系，善于发现各个简单句之间的关联，用恰当的连接词将简单句连接起来，组成准确地道的复杂长句，增加文章的气势。【例1】【原文】Liesdoharmtothosewhoarebeingtoldlies

.Liesalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.【优化】Liesnotonlydoharmtothosewhoarebeingtoldlies,butalsodoharmtothosewhotellthem.【例2】【例3

】【原文】Usually,afactisdefinedasatruth.Thetruthcanbetestedbyobservationorexperimentation.【优化】Usually,afactisd

efinedasatruth,somethingthatcanbetestedbyobservationorexperimentation.【原文】Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouraged

bytheirpeers.Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.【优化】Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouraged

bytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.【例4】【原文】WhenIturnedrightonthecorner,amotorbikeknockedintoasm

allcar.Themotorbikewasred.Thereweretwopersonsonthemotorbike.Thecarwasyellow.Themotorbikefelldown.Thetwopersonson

themotorbikewereslightlyinjured.Thedrivercameoutofthecaratonce,andaskedaboutthetwopersons’injuries.As

soonasIsawthat,Imadeatelephonecallto110.Thetrafficpolicearrivedinashorttime.【优化】WhenIturnedrightonthecorner,ar

edmotorbikewithtwopersonsknockedintoasmallyellowcar.Immediately,themotorbikefelldown,andthetwopersonsonthemotorbikewereslightlyinjured.Atthat

time,thecardrivercameoutofthecar,andaskedaboutthetwopersons’injuries.Seeingthis,Idialedthe110.Inashorttime,thetrafficpolicearrived.

2.长句变短句长句固然能表达出复杂而缜密的思想，但如果片面追求复杂句子，反而会显得华而不实，成为表达的累赘。写作中句子的长短应根据表达的需要而定。短句不仅指句子长度较短，也指句子内部结构精炼，简洁是写作的一个重要原则，用词累赘则是写作的大忌。【例1】【原文】Hisfath

er,whoisasalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.【优化】Hisfather,asalesman,becameamillionaireovernight.【例2】【原文】Perhapstheybasic

allydistrustedourcapacitytojudgecorrectly.【优化】Theydistrustedourjudgment.一、将下面的长句和短句进行优化改写，使其更符合表达要求。【

原句】【优化】Thecaptain,atall,thinmanwithabigmustache,waspacingthebridgewithalookofimportance.Thegradingsyste

matourcollegeshouldbeabolished,becauseneitherthestudentsnortheinstructorslikeit.1.Thecaptainwasatall,thinm

anwithabigmustache.Hewaspacingthebridgewithalookofimportance.2.Thegradingsystematourcollegeshouldbeabolish

ed.Thestudentsdon’tlikegettinggrades.Theinstructorsdon’tenjoygivinggrades.【原文】【优化】Theseriousnessoftheproblemonthereservesofrawmaterialssho

wsthatitisimportanttosetupaplantoconserveanddivideupfairlynaturalresourcesonaworldwidescale.Thosewhodon’tlikehavingroommatesarguethatsever

alpeoplelivingtogethercausessomeunpleasantnessbecauseeverypersonhashisorherownway.5.Naturalresourcesareveryl

imited.Theywillbeexhaustedinthenearfuture.Itisnottrue.Butitbecomesamajorconcernaroundtheworld.Thisisawidelyacceptedfact.4.Somestudentsdon’t

likehavingroommates.Theythinkeverypersonhashisorherownway.Andseveralpeoplelivingtogethercausessomeunpleasantness.3.Theproblemoftherese

rveofrawmaterialsisbecomingmoreserious.Itshowsitisimportanttobeginaplan.Weshouldconserveanddivideupthenaturalresourceso

naworldwidescale.Itisawidelyacceptedfactthatthereisamajorconcernaroundtheworldfortheexhaustionoflimitednaturalresou

rcesinthenearfuture,thoughitisunlikelytobetrue.二、请按照所给提示对下面的作文进行句式优化【原文】【优化】①Withthedeepeningofreformandopeningupofourcountry,studyi

ngoverseasisbecominganincreasinglypopularoption.②Peoplewhochoosetofurthertheirstudiesabroadinsistthatiftheygoto

studyoverseastheycangetmanybenefitsindifferentways.③First,whentheyliveinaforeigncountry,theycanimprovetheirforeignlanguageskills.④Second,if

theycompletepartoralloftheireducationoverseas,theycangainabroaderordifferentperspectiveontheirfieldofstudy.⑤Thir

d,theycanexperienceadifferentculturefirst-hand.【提示】将②中的宾语从句改为简单句，将其中的条件状语从句改为主语。将③中的时间状语从句改为现在分词短语。将④中的条件状语从

句改为主语，该句变为简单句。【优化】Withthedeepeningofreformandopeningupofourcountry,studyingoverseasisbecominganincreasinglypopula

roption.Peoplewhochoosetofurthertheirstudiesabroadinsistthatoverseasstudycanbenefitthemindifferentways.First,livinginaf

oreigncountry,theycanimprovetheirforeignlanguagesskills.Second,completingpartoralloftheireducationoverseashelpsthemgainabroaderordif

ferentperspectiveontheirfieldofstudy.Third,theycanexperienceadifferentculturefirst-hand.⑥However,therearestillmanypeoplewhofavorstudyingathome.⑦They

arguethat,studyingabroadistooexpensiveandthereforedoesnotpayoffandhavenolanguageandculturalbarriers.【提示】将⑦改成两句，分别陈述两

个理由。⑧Asforme,Ibelievebothopinionsareacceptableinsomesense.⑨Ifstudentswhowishtohaveoverseasacademicexperiencehavegotthechancesandfinancialresource

s,theyshouldseizetheopportunitytogoabroadandbroadentheirvision,whileifconditionsdon’tpermitthemtogoabroad

,theycanpursuetheirstudiesattopuniversitiesinourcountry.⑩Theplacewheretheystudyisnotveryimportantforthem,andinstead,itiswhatthey

canlearnthatisthemostimportant.【提示】将⑨改成两句，分别陈述两种不同的情况。通过not…but将⑩简化成一个简单句。【优化】However,therearestillmanype

oplewhofavorstudyingathome.Theyarguethat,studyingabroadistooexpensiveandthereforedoesnotpayoff.What’smore,therearenolanguageandcultural

barrierswhenstudyinginourcountry.【优化】Asforme,Ibelievebothopinionsareacceptableinsomesense.Ifstudentswhowishtohaveoverseasacademicexpe

riencehavegotthechancesandfinancialresources,theyshouldseizetheopportunitytogoabroadandbroadentheirvision.On

theotherhand,ifconditionsdon’tpermit,theycanpursuetheirstudiesattopuniversitiesinourcountry.Whatcountsisnottheplacewheretheystudy,butwhattheycan

learn.主动句和被动句变换与汉语相比，英语更注重动作本身，而不是动作的执行者，因此在英语中被动语态的使用相对多一些，但这并不表明要一味地追求被动语态的使用。1.主动变被动1）不需要体现动作的执行者【原文】Weshouldpaymoreattentiontothe

elderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandenergytoourcountry.【优化】Moreattentionshouldbepaidtotheelderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandene

rgytoourcountry.2）需要强调动作的承受者【原文】TheemployeeselectedMr.Lichairmanofthecommitteelastweek.【优化】Mr.Liwaselectedcha

irmanofthecommitteebytheemployeeslastweek.3）保持陈述对象的一致，以求行文通顺【原文】WhenthePrimeMinisterarrivedattheairport,hundredsofreporterssurround

edhimimmediately.【优化】WhenthePrimeMinisterarrivedattheairport,hewasimmediatelysurroundedbyhundredsofreporters.2.被动变主动1）需要体现动作的执行者【原文】Ifyouarefr

iendlytoothers,youwillbeheldhospitableattitudetowardsbythemandviceversa.【优化】Ifyouarefriendlytoothers,theywillholdhospitableattitudetowa

rdsyouandviceversa.2）保持陈述对象的一致，以求行文通顺【原文】Oneveryimportantqualitydevelopedbymanyindividualsduringafirstjobisself-reliance.Thisqualitywascultivatedb

ymewhenIwasallowedbymysupervisortosetupandconductmyownsurveyproject.【优化】Duringtheirfirstjob,manyindividua

lsdeveloptheirveryimportantqualityofself-reliance.Icultivatedthisqualitywhenmysupervisorallowedmetosetupandconductmyownsurveyproject.专项训练

一、要求：请将下面句子中语态使用不当的地方进行优化改写，使其更符合表达需要。【原文】【优化】1.Weknowthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Weshouldad

visepeopletoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements3.Nowadays,publicplacesandadvertisementsofanykindforbids

moking.2.Peopleshouldbeadvisedtoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements.3.Nowadays,smokingi

sforbiddeninpublicplacesandadvertisementsofanykind.1.Itisalmostknownthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.4.Computersmayhelpscient

istsinanalyzingdataanddoingcomplexcalculation,whileengineersmakeuseofsomecomputersindesigningaplane,oraspaceship.5.Thoseinfavorofuni

versitymarriagearguethatweshouldgivecollegestudentstherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.4.Computersmayhelpscientistinanal

yzingdataanddoingcomplexcalculation,whilesomecomputersaremadeuseofbyengineersindesigningaplane,oraspaceship.5

.Thoseinfavorofuniversitymarriagearguethatcollegestudentsshouldbegiventherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.非谓语和从句变换非谓语动词包括

不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。【例1】【原文】WhenIlookintothefuture,IwilltrymybesttoservemyfellowstudentsifIamluckyenoughtobePresidentoftheSt

udentUnion.【优化】Lookingintothefuture,IwilltrymybesttoservemyfellowstudentsifIamluckyenoughtobePresidentoftheStudentUnion.【例2】【原

文】In1836,therearosetheworking-classmovementwhichisknownasChartism,whichwasthefirstproletarianrevolutio

narymovement.【优化】in1836,therearosetheworking-classmovementknownasChartism,whichwasthefirstproletarianrevoluti

onarymovement.专项训练一、要求：请将下列句子中划线的从句部分改为非谓语动词形式。【原文】【优化】1.Thelawcanpunishthosewhoproduceorsellfakecommodities.

2.Afterhecompletedcollegein1980,TonybecameanEnglishteacherinanormalcollege.3.Itmustberealizedthatpeopleshouldbecautiouswhentheydeci

dewhichbookstheyshouldchoosetoreadsinceiftheyreadbadbooks,itwillbetime-wastingandharmful.4.Becauseoneofmyparentsislaidoff,myfamilyc

an’tpossiblyaffordallmyexpensesatcollege.2.Aftercompletingcollegein1980,TonybecameanEnglishteacherinanormalcol

lege.1.Thelawcanpunishthoseproducingorsellingfakecommodities.3.Itmustberealizedthatpeopleshouldbecautiouswhend

ecidingwhichbookstoreadsincereadingbadbooksistime-wastingandharmful.4.Withoneofmyparentsbeinglaidoff,myfamilycan’tpossiblyaffordallm

yexpensesatcollege.二、要求：请对下面段落中的划线部分进行优化改写【原文】【优化】①Nowadayswasteisacommonphenomenoninsociety.②Manypeople,forexample

,wouldnotbothertomakecarefuluseofwater,electricityandgas.③Andhostsandgueststendtoleavealuxuriousbanquetfullup,andthentheywi

llleavebehinddishesandfoodunfinishedonthetable.④Also,somebigfactories,whicharearmedwithadvancedmachinesandtechnology,mayneglecttoreusethe

largequantityofwastematterwhichisproducedbythemanufacturingprocess.⑤Evensuchpeopleasthosefromformerpoverty-s

trickenareas,whowereonceconsideredtobefrugalofeverycentoftheirmiserablemoney,haveturnedwasteful.①Nowadayswasteisacommonphenomenoninso

ciety.②Manypeople,forexample,wouldnotbothertomakecarefuluseofwater,electricityandgas.③Andhostsandgue

ststendtoleavealuxuriousbanquetfullup,leavingbehinddishesandfoodunfinishedonthetable.④Also,somebigfactories,armedwith

advancedmachinesandtechnology,mayneglecttoreusethelargequantityofwastematterproducedbythemanufacturing

process.⑤Evensuchpeopleasthosefromformerpoverty-strickenareas,onceconsideredtobefrugalofeverycentoftheirmi

serablemoney,haveturnedwasteful.比较句变换1.表示相似性1）justas…,so…（正如…,…也一样）【例】Justasfoodisnecessarytolife,soarebookstoourspirit.2）share/have

…incommon（在…方面有共同点）【例】ChinaandtheU.S.Ahavesomeinterestsincommoninforeigntradearea.3)bearsimilarities/resemblancesto…（和

…具有相似之处）【例】LotsofancientChineseconstructionsbearstrikingresemblancestothatinotherpartsoftheworld,whichdisclosesthesimilarityin

humancivilization.4)thesameistrueof/with…（…也是如此）【例】Peoplewhoarefinanciallyindependentwillbebulliedbytherichones.Andthesameiftr

uewithcountries.5)viceversa/thereverseistrue（反之亦然）【例】Ifyouarefriendlytoothers,theywillholdhospitableattitudetowardsyouan

dviceversa.6)as…as…（和…一样）7)noless(…)than（不比…少/差）/nomore(…)than（不比…多/强）【例】Thefatherisanambitiousman;theson’sambitionisnolessthanthefather.2.表示差异性1)…th

eoppositeof…（…恰恰与…相反）【例】Hehopesthathiswifecangivebirthtoamaleinheritortosuchalargefortune;whereashiswife’swishisjusttheoppositeofhis.2）…itisjust

theotherwayround…（…，相反，…）【例】Heisnotyourfriend.Itisjusttheotherwayround.Heisyourrival.3)…different/differfrom…inthat…（…与…的不同之处在于）【例】Hischar

acterisdifferentfromhisbrotherinthatheisintrovert.4)less(…)than（比…少/差）/more(…)than（比…多/强）【例】Moreandm

orepeoplearebuyingnewcarsthaneverbefore.专项训练要求：请将括号中所给汉语译成英语。1.Suchkindofbooks,（不像…那么抽象）_____________________________________

____thosefulloftechnicaltermsandformulae,cancolorpeople’slifeandrelievetheirtension.【答案】notas/soabstractas2.Ifyou

arehonesttoothers,（他们也会真诚地对待你，反之亦然）__________________________________.【答案】theywilltreatyousincerelyandviceverse松散到紧凑变换如果一篇文

章只是具有意义上的连贯，而形式上比较松散，就很难突出主题，较好地表达作者的意图。为了能够使文章主题明确、线索明了，而且句式富于变化，句与句之间、段与段之间都需要一定的连接手段。写作中常用的连接手段有：1.使用过渡性词语表示过渡性的词语从功能上

分，主要可以分为表转折、表让步、表层进、表举例或列举、表总结、表强调、表比较或对比等连接词语。表转折：but,however,nevertheless,instead,ontheotherhand表让步：alt

hough,though,despite,evenso,evenif/though,regardlessof,inspiteof表层进：first,tobeginwith,furthermore,besides,moreover,inaddition,what’smore

,lastbutnotleast表举例或列举：forexample,forinstance,asanillustration,suchas表总结：insummary,inaword,inbrief,inconclusion,toconclude,inshort,o

nthewhole表强调:indeed,ofcourse,inparticular,aboveall,mostimportant,infact表比较或对比:While,whereas,likewise,simil

arly,equally,incomparisonwith,comparedwith,inthecontrary,inthecontrast,bycontrast【例】Walter’sgoalinlifewastobecom

easuccessfulsurgeon.First,hehadtogetthroughhighschool,soheconcentratedallhiseffortsonhisstudies—inparticular,biology,chemistry,andmath.Becauseheworke

dconstantlyonthesesubjects,Walterbecameproficientinthem;however,Walterforgotthatheneededtomasterothersubjectsbesidesthosehehadchosen.As

aresult,duringhisjunioryearofhighschool,WalterfailedbothEnglishandLatin.Consequently,hehadtorepeatthesesubjec

tsandhewasalmostunabletograduateonschedule.Finally,onJune6,Walterachievedthefirststeptowardrealizinghisgoal.2.使用过度性的句子与段落

中句与句之间的连贯一样，一篇文章中各段落之间也需要以一定的方式来明确各段之间的逻辑关系，从而使整篇文章形成一个统一连贯的整体。段与段之间除了借助一些篇章层次上的连接性词语，如however,similarly,therefore,ontheother

hand,onthecontrary,incontrast,inconclusion,inshort等，还经常需要使用一些表示过渡性的句子来确保其连贯性。【例】Everystudentwillbefacedwiththesamequestionwhenhepasse

stheCollegeEntranceExamination:Shouldhechooseagoodmajororagooduniversity?Answersdifferasfordifferentgroupsofpeople.Somestudentsgiveprioritytoagoodma

jor.Whattheycherishisaspecialtytheylikemost.Intheirmind,…3.利用代词指代上文提到过的事物英语中比较习惯运用代词来代替上文提到过的人或事物，从而增强上下文的连贯性，并避免重复，使语言更加简洁明了。【例】In

stallingmonitorcamerasisgoodforresidentsandneighborhood.Firstofall,aswhattheadvocatesclaim,itisaneffectiveapp

roachtoimprovethesecuritysituation.Consequentlytheguardscaneasilyknowwhatisgoingoninthedistrictsfromthescreensofthemonit

orcameras.句式变换综合练习训练一Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionentitledTheAdvantagesofWatc

hingTV.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinebelow:1）看电视对人们有好处2）给出你的理由【8分作文——标准分57分】TheAdvantagesofWatchingTV1）Itistruetha

tsomeTVprogramsarenotgoodforpeopletowatch.2)However,wecannotdenythattherearegoodprogramswhichcanbenef

itpeoplewhoarefromallkindsofworks.3)Therefore,wecannotoverlooktheadvantagesofwatchingTV.4)Manyremarkablereasonscontributetothisargumen

t.5)Firstofall,watchingTVisgoodrelaxation.6)ThepleasantmusicandpicturesonTVcanmakeourbodiesandmindsrelax.7)Wearekeptawayfromtensi

onandfatigue.8)Second,watchingTVisentertaining.9)TVcanbringbeautifulsceneryallovertheworldrightinfrontofusandmakeourlifefullofjoys.1

0)Third,watchingTVisinforming.11)TVopensawindowforus.12)Throughitwecanlearnmoreknowledgeandskillsindiffere

ntfields.13)AllmentionedabovetellusthatTVisofgreatimportancetous.14)Itisbeneficialtoourstudyandlife.15)Thereisnodenyingthatwe

shouldtakebetteradvantageofTV.ItistruethatsomeTVprogramsarenotgoodforpeopletowatch.However,itisnodenyingthattherearegoodpro

gramswhichcanbenefitpeoplefromallkindsofworks.Therefore,theadvantagesofwatchingTVcannotbeoverlooked.Allmentionedabovet

ellusthatTVisofgreatimportancetous.Itnotonlycolorsourlifebutwidensourhorizons.Therefore,thereisnodenying

thatweshouldtakebetteradvantageofTVManyremarkablereasonscontributetothisargument.Firstofall,watchingTVisgoodrelaxation.Theplea

santmusicandpicturesonTVcanmakeourbodiesandmindsrelax,keepingusawayfromtensionandfatigue.Inaddition,watchingTVisentertaining.ItisTVthatcan

bringbeautifulsceneryallovertheworldrightinfrontofus,withwhichourlifeisfullofjoys.Besides,watchingTVisinforming.TVopensawindowforusth

roughwhichwecanlearnmoreknowledgeandskillsindifferentfields.训练二Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minut

estowriteacompositionentitledForaBetterUnderstandingbetweenParentsandChildren.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionont

heoutlinebelow:1）父母和孩子之间存在代沟2）代沟产生的原因3）如何消除代沟1)Nowadays,manyfamiliesarefacingtheproblemthatthereismisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren.2)W

eoftenhearfrustratedparentscomplainthattheirchildrenarebehavingunreasonablyandhelplesschildrensaythattheirparent

sarejustold-fashioned.3)Whenachildmeetswithaproblem,hewillgotohisfriendsforadvice.4)Thisleadstothefactthathisparentsto

tallyareunawareofhisproblem.Nowadays,manyfamiliesarefacingtheproblemofmisunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren.Itisoftenheardthatfrustratedparents

complaintheirchildrenarebehavingunreasonablywhilehopelesschildrensaythattheirparentsarejustold-fashioned.Whenachi

ldmeetswithaproblem,hewillgotohisfriendsforadviceinsteadofhisparents,leavinghisparentstotallyunawareofhisproblem.5)The

rearesomepossiblereasonsforthepresentsituation.6)Thattheygrewupatdifferenttimesandhavedifferentlikesanddislikesforthethingsaroundthemisthemostob

viousone.7)Alsowhenthereisamisunderstanding,parentsarenotpatienttolistentotheexplanationoftheirchildrenbecausetheyarebusy.8)Bothofthemthinkthatt

hereisagenerationgapisunchangeable.Therearesomepossiblereasonsforthepresentsituation.Themostobviousoneisthattheygrewupatdifferent

timesandthereforehavedifferentlikesanddislikesforthethingsaroundthem.Alsoparentsareoftentoobusytolistenpatientlytothe

explanationoftheirchildrenwhenthereisamisunderstanding.Bothofthemtakeitforgrantedthatthereisagenerationgap.9)Iftheywanttobridgethisso-c

alledgenerationgap,bothparentsandchildrenshouldmakeaneffort.10)Parentsshouldtrytolookatthingsfromchildren’spo

intofview.11)Childrenshouldalsotrytolookatthingsfromtheirparents’pointofview.12)Theyshouldtrytospendmoretimewitheachother.13)In

thiswayparentsandchildrencouldunderstandeachotherbetter.Tobridgethisso-calledgenerationgap,bothparentsandchildrenshoul

dmakeaneffort.Eithershouldtrytolookatthingsfromtheother’spointofview.Besides,theyshouldtrytospendmoretimewitheachother.Onlyinth

iswaycouldparentsandchildrenunderstandeachotherbetter.–1.图表分析型–2.对比论述型–3.问题解决型–4.观点论证型–5.应用文类–6.现象分析型类型模式化类型模式化—对比论述型•这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通过论述

相反的两个观点，或分析评论某一社会现象的优缺点，然后给出自己的见解和看法，是四级考试写作中最常见的作文形式。•例如：ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?

(2005.12)1.名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为。。。IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是。。。2.也有人持不用的意见。

。。3.我的看法和打算开头常用句型：现象式、提问式、引言式1.现象式(1)Associetydevelops,peopleareattachingmoreandmoreimportanceto➢HowtoSucceedinaJobIntervie

w➢YourViewonTakingPostgraduateEntranceExamtheinterviewduringjobhuntingamasterdegree(2)Nowadays,withpeopleattachgreatimportanceto➢

EconomyandEnvironmentalProtection➢TheDevelopmentofLife-LongEducationtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,with

therapiddevelopmentofsociety,environmentalProtectionlife-longEducation.(3)hasbeenplayinganincreasinglyimportantro

leinourday-todaylife.➢YourViewonLearningthroughthenet➢AdvantageanddisadvantageofPrivateCarsOnlineeducationPrivatecars(4)Alongw

ithmoreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhichisthat➢ThedisadvantagesofCheatinginExamination(5)Thereareagrowingnumberof

peoplewhoshowconcernabouttheproblemof➢Youngsters’AddictiontoInternet.thedevelopmentofeducation,cheatinginexamsh

asbecomemoreandmoreserious.netbars.(6)Withthedevelopmentofeconomy,greatchangeshavetakenplacein➢statethechangesinpeople’s

diet(饮食)inthepastfiveyears;Food\Year19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meet17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit&vegetables24%22%20%20%

21%Total100%100%100%100%100%people’sdiet(7)Recently,hasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.➢Yourviewoncross-culturemarriage(8)hasbecomeacommonoccur

renceinourdailylife.➢Writeaproposaltoenhancethesportsactivitiesamongcollegestudentscross-culturemarriageEngaging

insportsactivity2.提问式Howcanwesucceedinajobinterviewer?Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisquestion.Somepeoplebelieveth

at…3.俗语或引言式(1)Asanoldsayinggoes,timeismoney.(2)Astheproverbgoes,practicemakesperfect.(3)Aproverbsays,”awherethereiswill,the

reisway”.对比论述型•真题实战IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?（2000.6）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofthet

opicIsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是2

.也有人持不同的意见，3.我的看法和打算对比论述型范文欣赏WhenitcomestothetestofspokenEnglish,people’sopinionsdiffer.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnecessary

toadoptsuchatest.Foronething,fluentspeakingabilityisbadlyneededintoday’ssocietythatisexperiencingreformandopening-up.Foranother,inamorecompetitivesoc

ietysuchasourstoday,fluentspokenEnglishmeansmoreadvantageyouhavetobeatyourrivalincompetingforapositionwithmuchappe

altobothofyou.Somepeople,however,takeadifferentattitude.Theyregardthetestasbeingunnecessary.Intheirviews,fluen

tspokenEnglishdoesnotnecessarilymeanabetterjob;sometimes,opportunityplaysamoreimportantrole.Furthermore,manype

opledonotusespokenEnglishatallintheirwork.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iamreallyinfavorofthetest.Ontheonehand,

itcanencouragecollegestudentstotryeverymeanstoimprovetheirspokenEnglish.Ontheotherhand,collegestudentswillbenefitendlesslyintheirfuturecareerifthey

canspeakfluentEnglish.SoIdecidetomakeuseofeveryopportunitytopracticemyspokenEnglish,andsurelyitwilldomemuchgood.对比论述型对比论述模板三

对比论述模板四（1）Thereisnoconsensusofopinionamongpeopleasto_______________.(2)Somepeoplewhoareinfavoroftheideaof________________holdth

at___________.(3)Foronething,_______________.(4)Foranother,_______________.(5)Therefore,______________(6)However,

thosewhoinsiston_____arguethat___________.(7)Intheiropinion,______________.(8)Inaddition,________.(9）Thus,___________.(1

0)Inmyviewpoint,______________.(11)Thatistosay,_______________.(12)Inaword,(1)Thereisaheateddebateover________.(2)Itis

commonlyacceptedthat____________.(3)Incontrast,othersthink_______________.(4)Thosewhoholdthefirstopinionsuggestthat______________.(5)Intheirviews

,______________.(6)However,othersthink_____________.(7)Theyarguethat________________.(8)Consideringonea

fteranother,Istandonthesideof________.(9)Firstofall,_______________.(10)Furthermore,__________________.(11)Thirdly,______.(12)The

refore,_________________.驾驭结构Somepeoplepreferlivinginthecountryside,whileothersfeelinclinedtoalifeinb

igcities.Somepeoplebelievethereasonliesinindustry.Whileothersmaintainitisgoodluckthatgivesrisetothesuccess.Stillothersclaimb

oththeindustryandgoodluckplayanessentialpart.➢Fromwhathasbeendiscussed/mentionedabove,wemayconcludethat…➢Therefore,itisnotdifficulttodraw/come

totheconclusionthat…➢Takingintoaccountallthesefactors,wemayreachtheconclusionthat…Personally,Iaminfavorofreadingselectivelyoverreadingextensively.

Personally,Isidewiththeideathatblooddonationshouldbeadvocated.Whenconsideringopinionsofbothsides,Iamin

clinedtopursuefurtherstudy.AsfarasIamconcerned,…问题解决型•问题解决型作文通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考生最后谈论适合自己的方法。这种题型常见的结构模式是：第一段：

导言。描述现状、困难，提出问题。第二段：方法。列举说明处理某事的方法或解决某个问题的途径。第三段：评价、建议或个人选择。针对第二段所阐述的方法给予简要的评论，也可提出个人建议或选择，并简述理由。•本题型的写作重点在How,即解决办法。•真题实战HowtoSucceedinaJobIntervi

ew?(2001.1)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofthetopicHowtoSucceedinaJobIn

terview?Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.1.面试在求职中的作用2.取得面试成功

的因素：仪表、举止、谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是……问题解决型范文欣赏Withthedevelopmentofourmodernsociety,theinterviewisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantinjob-hunting

.Soitisofgreatimportanceforustomasterskillsoninterview.Ontheonehand,ifajobseekercanleaveagoodimpressiononthe

mindoftheinterviewer,hemaybeluckyenoughtogetthejobcompetedforbymanyapplicants.Ontheotherhand,ifthejobhunter

givesapoorperformanceduringtheinterview,heisunlikelytostandachance.Tobesuccessfulinajobinterview,wehavefiguredoutmanywaystoma

keanexcellentperformanceinaninterview.First,theapplicantoughttopayattentiontohisappearanceandmannerofspeaking.Second,heissu

pposedtodisplayhisability.Finally,areallyimpressivejobseekermustconveyasenseofself-confidence.Inaword,iftheintervieweedisplaysthesecharacteristicsa

ndpresentshismostattractivequalitiesduringtheinterview,theinterviewermightmakeanon-the-spotdecisiontotakehimon.Tosumup,thej

obinterviewisindeedimportant.Itishightimeforustopayattentiontotheskills.Therefore,iftheintervieweehasmadefullpreparations

foritandgivenafairlyconfidentandhonestperformance,hisorhersuccesscanbeensured.➢Itishightimethatsomethingwasdoneabout…➢Onth

ewhole,itishightimethateveryone…➢Itisessentialthateffectivemeasuresbetakento…➢Inshort/Inaword/Inconclu

sion/Insummary/Inbrief/Tosumup/Toconclude/Allinall…现象分析型•作文命题是关于某个社会现象或社会问题的，要求考生分析该问题所产生的原因或造成的后果。•例OnStudentsSe

lectingLecturers(2006.6)1.有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师2.学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素3.学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题➢Manyfactorsleadtothetrendofin

creasinginexamination.➢Thereareseveralreasonswhysomepeopleprefertotravelbybike,andIwouldliketoexploreafewofthemostimportantoneshere.➢Thereare

threereasons,Ithink,forthegrowingnumberofadsonTV.(使用插入语)Whatistoaccountfor…?Infactthereasonsarenotdifficulttoget.First,….Second….•It

maygiverisetoahostofproblems.•Itwillexerciseaprofoundinfluenceupon...•Itsconsequencecanbesogreatthat...图表分析型图表作文的命题

形式是根据图画或者图表，要求考生用简洁、生动的语言把图表中所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。然后进行分析和评论，并得出合乎逻辑的结论。图表作文是一种信息的转换。也就是说，写图表作文时，首先要以题目中的要求为指导，审慎读图，准

确把握图表传达的信息，将其扩展成文。图表作文往往是以说明为主，图表中的数据是为了说明某个问题而提供的，只要问题能阐释清楚，就不必面面俱到地把所有数据都在文章中引用出来。考生要切忌毫无目的地引用图表中的数据。引用数据

过多的同学往往得分很低。二、图表作文的段落设计1.开头段—--说明该图表反映的概况，选择能充分说明主题的典型数据进行概述；2.中间段—--对数据进行仔细地分析比较，归纳出增减速率，找出产生变化的原因；3.结尾段—--写出看完图表后的想法或评论，得出自己的结论。图表分析型1.

上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。图表分析型•（1）Thechar

tshowsthatstudentsarenowspendingmuchmoretimeonthecomputer,fromonehourtofourhoursperweekfrom1990to1995.(2)Itisself-evidentthatitincreasessharplytotwe

ntyhoursintheyearof2000.(3)Threepossiblereasonscontributetothisphenomenon.•(4)Onereasonisthatmostcollegestudentsnowcanaffordapersonalcomput

erduetothesharpdeclineinitsprice.(5)Anotherreasonisthattheyfindthecomputerawonderfulthingtohavefunwith.(6)Forinstance,theycanchat

throughQQorplayinggamesonline.(7)What’smore,fromInternet,theycanlearnthingsmuchmorequicklythansimplyfromrea

dingbookssothattheycansecureagoodjobinthefuture.(8)Asaresult,alltheseleadtomuchmoretimespentonusingcomputers.•(9)However,inmyopinion,therea

resomecomplaintsfrombothteachersandstudents.(10)Foronething,studentscomplainaboutthelessavailabilityofcomputersandslo

wspeedofthenetwork.(11)Foranother,someteachersworrythatthemuchmoretimespentplayingcomputergamesorsurfingonline

willleadstudentstoignoretheirstudiesandevendocheatinginsteadofdoingresearchbytheirown.(12)Tosumup,insp

iteofproblemsconcerningtheuseofcomputer,computerisstillofmoremeritsthandefects.驾驭结构应用文类型•四级考试中的应用文一般会给出一个特定的情景，要求考生根据该情景写一封短信、倡议书或演

说词等。•应用文涉及的内容多种多样，但大部分都与日常生活比较贴近,主要包括：投诉信、求职信、求学信、拒绝信、道歉信、感谢信、祝贺信、邀请信、求职信、演说辞、倡议书、海报、景点介绍和日程安排等。•从历年真题来

看，应用文的考查以信函为主，但近几年也常涉及其他类型，如倡议书、景点介绍等。应用文类型【常用句式】（1）Iwouldliketosuggestthat…/Iamwritingwithmysuggestion/proposalabout…/Iamwritingtoexpressmyviewsc

oncerning…我想建议……。/我写信来想就……一事提出我的建议。/我写信来表达我关于……的看法。(2)Youhaveaskedmeformyadvicewithregardto…andIwilltrytomakesomeconducivesuggestio

ns.关于……你让我提一些建议，我尽量提一些有益的建议。(3)Ifeelthatitwouldbebeneficialif…我觉得如果……将会很有好处。(4)IfIwereyou,Iwould…如果我是你，我将……(5)Itwouldsee

mtomethatyoucould….在我看来，你可以……应用文类型(6)Asyoumayagreethat…或许你会同意……。(7)Ihopeyouwillfindthesesuggestions/proposals/recommendationshelp

ful/practical/useful.我希望你会觉得这些意见/提议/建议是有帮助的/实际的/有用的。(8)Itrustyouwilltakemysuggestionintoaccount.我相信你会考虑我的建议的。(9)Iwouldbemorethanhappytoseeimpr

ovementsinthisregard.我会很高兴看到这方面的改善。(10)Iwouldbereadytodiscussthismattertofurtherdetails.我会准备好与你进一步详谈此事。应用文类型范文欣赏Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterinreplytoafriend’sinquiryaboutapplyingforadmissiontoyourcollegeoruniversity.Yousho

uldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.建议报考的专业级理由2.报考该专业的基本条件3.应当如何报考应用文类型ALetteri

nReplytoaFriendDecember27,2008DearTom,Iamverypleasedtoknowthatyouaregoingtoapplyforadmissiontooneuniversity.Ithasbeensevera

lyearssincewepartedlasttime,andsoonwewillprobablymeetagain.Inmyopinion,youshouldmajorinEnglish.Ononehand,Engli

shisaverypopularmajoratouruniversityandwehavemodernteachingmethodsandprestigiousprofessors.Ontheotherhand,youseemtohaveagiftfo

rlanguagelearningandyouarereallygoodatEnglish.AstothepreparationforapplyingfortheEnglishmajorofouruniversity,Isuggestyoupaym

oreattentiontospokenEnglish.Ifyoumakeagoodperformanceinoraltest,youwillhavethepriority.Itisunnecessaryforyoutobenervous.Inaddition,whenmakingprepar

ationyoushoulddomoremodeltests.Iamsureyouwillsucceedintheexam.PleaseinformmeifthereissomethingIcandoforyou.Iamlooking

forwardtomeetingyouonourcampus.Sincerelyyours,LiMing