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Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSupplyandDemandChapter4Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanie

s,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-2LaugherCurveQ.WhatdoyougetwhenyoucrosstheGodfatherwithaneconomist?A.Anofferyoucan't

understand.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-3DemandDemandmeansthewillingnessandcapacity

topay.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-4DemandPricesarethetoolsbywhichthemarketcoordinatesindivid

ualdesires.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-5TheLawofDemandQuantity

demandedrisesaspricefalls,otherthingsconstant.Quantitydemandedfallsaspricesrise,otherthingsconstant.Thus,thereisanin

verserelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemanded.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-6TheL

awofDemandWhataccountsforthelawofdemand?PeopletendtosubstituteforgoodswhosepricehasgoneupCopyright©20

01byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-7TheDemandCurveThedemandcurveisthegraphicr

epresentationofthelawofdemand.Thedemandcurveslopesdownwardandtotheright.Asthepricegoesup,thequantitydemandedgoesdown.Copyright©2001byTheMc

Graw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-8TheDemandCurveTheslopetellsusthatquantitydemandedvariesindirect

ly—intheoppositedirection—withprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-9OtherThingsConstantO

therthingsconstantmeansthatallotherfactorsthataffecttheanalysisareassumedtoremainconstant,whethertheyactuallyremainconstantornot.Thesefactorsmayin

cludechangingtastes,pricesofothergoods,eventheweather.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsrese

rved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-10DPrice(perunit)0Quantitydemanded(perunitoftime)PAQAAASampleDemandCurveCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrigh

tsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-11ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurveDemandreferstoascheduleof

quantitiesofagoodthatwillbeboughtperunitoftimeatvariousprices,otherthingsconstant.Graphically,itreferstothee

ntiredemandcurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-12Shiftsin

DemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurveQuantitydemandedreferstoaspecificamountthatwillbedemandperunitofti

meataspecificprice.Graphically,itreferstoaspecificpointonthedemandcurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw

-Hill/Irwin4-13ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurveAmovementalongademandcurveisthegraphicalrepresentationofthe

effectofachangeinpriceonthequantitydemanded.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-14ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurveAshiftindemandisthegraphicalrepresentationofthe

effectofanythingotherthanpriceondemand.Theoriginalcurvewillmovetotherightortotheleft.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsrese

rved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-15ChangeinQuantityDemanded0D1Changeinquantitydemanded(amovementalongthecurve)BPrice(perunit)Quantitydemanded(p

erunitoftime)100$2$1200ACopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-16D0D1ShiftinDemandPrice(

perunit)Quantitydemanded(perunitoftime)100$2$1200BAChangeindemand(ashiftofthecurve)250Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompani

es,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-17ShiftFactorsofDemandShiftfactorsofdemandarethosethatcauseshiftsint

hedemandcurvetotherightorleft.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-18Sh

iftFactorsofDemandShiftfactorsofdemandinclude—butarenotlimited—tothefollowing:Society'sincomeThepricesofothergoodsTastesExpectationsCopy

right©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-19ShiftFactorsofDemandAriseinincomewillinc

reasedemandforgoods.Whenthepricesofsubstitutegoodsfall,youwillconsumelessofthegoodwhosepricehasnotchanged.Achangei

ntastewillchangedemandwithnochangeinprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-20Shif

tFactorsofDemandIfyouexpectyourincometorise,youmayconsumemorenow.Ifyouexpectpricestofallinthefuture,youmayputoffpurchases

today.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-21TheDemandTableThe

demandtableassumesallthefollowing:Aspricerises,quantitydemandeddeclines.Quantitydemandedhasaspecifictimedimensiontoit.Cop

yright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-22TheDemandTableThedemandtablea

ssumesallthefollowing:Alltheproductsinvolvedareidenticalinshape,size,quality,etc.Thescheduleassumesthateverythingelseisheldconsta

nt.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-23FromaDemandTable

toaDemandCurveYouploteachpointinthedemandtableonagraphandconnectthepointstoderivethedemandcurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-

HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-24FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurveThedemandcurvegraphicallycon

veysthesameinformationthatisonthedemandtable.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

4-25FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurveThecurverepresentsthemaximumpricethatyouwillforvariousquantitiesofagood—you

willhappilypayless.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-26Pricepercassette(ind

ollars)ADemandCurveQuantityofcassettesdemanded(perweek)12345678910111213$6.005.004.003.002.001.00.5003.50EDCBFAFromaDe

mandTabletoaDemandCurvePricepercassetteABCDEADemandTableCassetterentalsdemandedperweek$0.501.002.003.004.009864

2DemandforcassettesGCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-27Individu

alandMarketDemandGoodsAmarketdemandcurveisthehorizontalsumofallindividualdemandcurves.Thisisdeterminedbyaddingtheindividualdemandcurvesofa

llthedemanders.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-28IndividualandMarketDemandGoodsRealwo

rldsellersdonotaddupindividualdemandcurves.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-29I

ndividualandMarketDemandGoodsTheyestimatetotalmarketdemandfortheirproductwhichbecomessmoothanddownwardslopin

gcurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-30IndividualandMarketDemandGoo

dsThedemandcurveisdownwardslopingforthefollowingreasons:Atlowerprices,existingdemandersbuymore.Atlowerprices,newdemandersenterthemark

et.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-31FromIndividualDemands

toaMarket(1)Pricepercassette$.0.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.00(2)Alice’sdemand(3)Bruce’sdemand(2)Cathy’sdem

and(3)Marketdemand98765432654321001100000016141197532ABCDEFGHQuantityofcassettesdemandedperweek2CathyBruceAliceDACEFG$4.

003.503.002.502.001.501.000.500Pricepercassette(indollars)46810121416BCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-

Hill/Irwin4-32SupplyIndividualscontrolthefactorsofproduction.Factorsofproductionaretheresourcesorinputs,nece

ssarytoproducegoodsorservices.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-33SupplyIndividualssupplyf

actorsofproductiontointermediariesorfirms.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-34SupplyTheana

lysisofthesupplyofproducedgoodshastwoparts:Ananalysisofthesupplyofthefactorsofproductiontohouseholds

andfirms.Ananalysisofwhyfirmstransformthosefactorsofproductionintousablegoodsandservices.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw

-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-35TheLawofSupplyQuantitysuppliedrisesaspricerises,otherthingsco

nstant.Quantitysuppliedfallsaspricefalls,otherthingsconstant.Thus,thereisadirectrelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitysupplied.Copy

right©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-36TheLawofSupplyThelawofsuppl

yisaccountedforbytwofactors:Inthefaceofrisingprices,firmsarrangetheiractivitiestosupplymoreofthegoodtothemarket,

substitutingproductionofthatgoodfortheproductionofothergoods.Assumingfirms'costsareconstant,ahigherpricemea

nshigherprofits.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-37TheS

upplyCurveThesupplycurveisthegraphicrepresentationofthelawofsupply.Thesupplycurveslopesupwardtotheright.Theslopetellsusthatthequan

titysuppliedvariesdirectly—inthesamedirection—withtheprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrig

htsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-38Quantitysupplied(perunitoftime)0SAPrice(perunit)PAQAASampleSupplyCurveCopyright©200

1byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-39ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurveSupplyreferst

oascheduleofquantitiesaselleriswillingtosellperunitoftimeatvariousprices,otherthingsconstant.Copyrigh

t©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-40ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurv

eIftheamountsuppliedisaffectedbyanythingotherthanachangeinprice,therewillbeashiftinsupply.Shiftinsupply--thegraphicrepresentation

oftheeffectofachangeinafactorotherthanpriceonsupply.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/

Irwin4-41ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurveQuantitysuppliedreferstoaspecificamountthatwillbesuppliedat

aspecificprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-42Shifts

inSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurveChangesinpricecauseschangesinquantitysuppliedrepresentedbyamovementalongasupplycurve.Copyright©2001byT

heMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-43ShiftinSupplyPrice(perunit)Quantitysuppl

ied(perunitoftime)S0ShiftinSupply(ashiftofthecurve)S1$15AB1,2501,500Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrigh

tsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-44Changeinquantitysupplied(amovementalongthecurve)ChangeinQuantitySuppliedPrice(perunit)Quantitysupplied(

perunitoftime)S0$15A1,2501,500BCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-45ShiftFactorsofSupplyShiftfac

torsofsupplyarethosefactorsthatcauseshiftsintheentiresupplycurvetotheleftorright.Copyright©2001byTheMcGr

aw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-46ShiftFactorsofSupplyThefollowingareshiftfactorsofsupply:Change

sinthepricesofinputsusedintheproductionofagoodChangesintechnologyChangesinsuppliers'expectationsChang

esintaxesandsubsidiesCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-47Sh

iftFactorsofSupplyChangesinthepricesofinputsusedintheproductionofagood.Ifcostsgoup,thenprofitsgodown,andtheincent

ivetosupplyalsogoesdown.Ifcostsgoupsubstantially,thefirmmayevenshutdown.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.All

rightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-48ShiftFactorsofSupplyTechnologymakescostsgodown,profitsgoup,thustheincentiv

etosupplyalsogoesup.Thisisespeciallytruewhentechnologyreplaceslabor.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-49ShiftFactorsofSupplyIftheyexpectpricestoriseinthefuture,suppliersmaystoretoday'sproduction

foranexpectedwindfalllater.Iftheyexpectpricestofallinthefuture,suppliersmayselloffmoreoftheirinventoriestoday.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-Hi

llCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-50ShiftFactorsofSupplyIftaxesgoup,costsalsogoup,andprofits

godown,leadingsupplierstoreduceoutput.Ifgovernmentsubsidiesgoup,costsgodown,andprofitsgoup,leadingsupplierstoincreaseoutput.Copyright©200

1byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-51FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurveToderiveasupplycu

rvefromasupplytable,youploteachpointinthesupplytableonagraphandconnectthepoints.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompani

es,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-52FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurveThesupplycurverepresentsthesetofminimumpricesanindivid

ualsellerwillacceptforvariousquantitiesofagood.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGr

aw-Hill/Irwin4-53FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurveCompetingsuppliers’entryintothemarketplacesalimitonthepriceanysuppli

ercancharge.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-54Individualand

MarketSupplyCurvesThemarketsupplycurveisderivedbyhorizontallyaddingtheindividualsupplycurvesofeachsupplier.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,

Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-55FromIndividualSuppliestoaMarketSupplyQuantitiesSuppliedABCDEFGHI(1)Price(indollars)(2)A

nn'sSupply(5)MarketSupply(4)Charlie'sSupply$0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.00012345678001234555000000022013579111415(3)Barry'sSupplyCopyrigh

t©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-5612345678910111213141516FromIndividualSuppliestoaMarketSupplyPricepe

rcassette(indollars)CharlieBarryAnnQuantityofcassettessupplied(perweek)$4.003.503.002.502.001.501.000.500IHGFEDCBAMarketSupplyCACopyright©2001byThe

McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-57TheMarriageofSupplyandDemandTheEnglishhistorianThomasCarlyleoncesaid:“Teachanyparrott

hewordssupplyanddemandandyou’vegotaneconomist.”Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGr

aw-Hill/Irwin4-58TheDynamicLawsofSupplyandDemandSupplyanddemandcometogethertodetermineequilibriumquantityandequilibr

iumprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-59ExcessSupplyandExcessDemandE

xcesssupply–pricestendtofallifquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded.Excessdemand–pricestendtori

seifquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-60PriceAdjust

sThelargerthedifferencebetweenquantitydemandedandquantitysupplied,thegreaterthepressureforpricestorise(

ifthereisexcessdemand)orfall(ifthereisexcesssupply.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw

-Hill/Irwin4-61PriceAdjustsWhenquantitydemandedequalsquantitysupplied,priceshavenotendencytochange.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.

Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-62ATheMarriageofSupplyandDemandPricepercassette(indollars)$5.004.003.503.002.502.001.501.00SDQuantityofca

ssettessuppliedanddemanded(perweek)CExcessdemand123456789101112ExcesssupplyExcesssupplyBECopyright©2001byTh

eMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-63EquilibriumEquilibriumisaconceptinwhichopposingdynamicforcespushingcanceleachothero

ut.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-64EquilibriumInsuppl

yanddemandanalysis,equilibriummeansthattheupwardpressureonpriceisexactlyoffsetbythedownwardpressureonprice.Copyrigh

t©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-65EquilibriumEquilibriumpriceisthepri

cetowardwhichtheinvisiblehanddrivesthemarket.Equilibriumquantityistheamountboughtandsoldattheequilibriumprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-H

illCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-66EquilibriumIsn't:Astateoftheworld—it'sacharacteristicof

themodelusedtolookattheworld.Inherentlygoodorbad—butsimplyastateinwhichdynamicpressuresoffseteachother.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.

Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-67DesirableCharacteristicsofSupply/DemandEquilibriumConsumersurplus–thedistancebe

tweenthedemandcurveandthepricethedemanderpaysisnetbenefittoconsumers.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Ir

win4-68DesirableCharacteristicsofSupply/DemandEquilibriumProducersurplus–ifaproducerreceivesmorethanthepricehewouldbewi

llingtosellitfor,hereceivesanetbenefit.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-

Hill/Irwin4-69DesirableCharacteristicsofSupply/DemandEquilibriumWhat'sgoodaboutequilibriumisthatitmakesthecombinationofconsumerandprod

ucersurplusaslargeasitcanbe.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-70DesirableCharacteristicso

fSupply/DemandEquilibriumMarketsallowtrade,therebyleadingtoanincreaseinthecombinationofconsumerandproduce

rsurplus.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-71ConsumerandProducerSurplusSupplyDemandQuanti

ty0$1098765432110987654321ProducerSurplusConsumerSurplusLostSurplusCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,In

c.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSupplyandDemandEndofChapter4