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Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSupplyandDemandChapter4Copyright

©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-2LaugherCurveQ.WhatdoyougetwhenyoucrosstheGodfatherwithan

economist?A.Anofferyoucan'tunderstand.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-3DemandDemandmeansthewil

lingnessandcapacitytopay.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-4DemandPricesarethetoolsbywhi

chthemarketcoordinatesindividualdesires.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-

Hill/Irwin4-5TheLawofDemandQuantitydemandedrisesaspricefalls,otherthingsconstant.Quantitydemandedfallsaspricesrise,

otherthingsconstant.Thus,thereisaninverserelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitydemanded.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrights

reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-6TheLawofDemandWhataccountsforthelawofdemand?PeopletendtosubstituteforgoodswhosepricehasgoneupCopyright©2001byT

heMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-7TheDemandCurveThedemandcurveisthegraphicrepresentationofthela

wofdemand.Thedemandcurveslopesdownwardandtotheright.Asthepricegoesup,thequantitydemandedgoesdown.Copyr

ight©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-8TheDemandCurveTheslopetellsusthatquantityde

mandedvariesindirectly—intheoppositedirection—withprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-9Oth

erThingsConstantOtherthingsconstantmeansthatallotherfactorsthataffecttheanalysisareassumedtoremainconstant,whethertheyactuallyremainconstantornot.

Thesefactorsmayincludechangingtastes,pricesofothergoods,eventheweather.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.A

llrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-10DPrice(perunit)0Quantitydemanded(perunitoftime)PAQAAASampleDeman

dCurveCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-11ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCur

veDemandreferstoascheduleofquantitiesofagoodthatwillbeboughtperunitoftimeatvariousprices,otherthingsconstant.Graphically,i

treferstotheentiredemandcurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-12ShiftsinDemandVersusMove

mentsAlongaDemandCurveQuantitydemandedreferstoaspecificamountthatwillbedemandperunitoftimeataspecificprice.Graphical

ly,itreferstoaspecificpointonthedemandcurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsres

erved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-13ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurveAmovementalongademandcurveisthegraphicalrepresentationoftheeffectofachang

einpriceonthequantitydemanded.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Ir

win4-14ShiftsinDemandVersusMovementsAlongaDemandCurveAshiftindemandisthegraphicalrepresentationoftheeffectofanything

otherthanpriceondemand.Theoriginalcurvewillmovetotherightortotheleft.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw

-Hill/Irwin4-15ChangeinQuantityDemanded0D1Changeinquantitydemanded(amovementalongthecurve)BPrice(peru

nit)Quantitydemanded(perunitoftime)100$2$1200ACopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsr

eserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-16D0D1ShiftinDemandPrice(perunit)Quantitydemanded(perunitoftime)100$2$1200BA

Changeindemand(ashiftofthecurve)250Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-17S

hiftFactorsofDemandShiftfactorsofdemandarethosethatcauseshiftsinthedemandcurvetotherightorleft.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCom

panies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-18ShiftFactorsofDemandShiftfactorsofdemandinclude—butaren

otlimited—tothefollowing:Society'sincomeThepricesofothergoodsTastesExpectationsCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-H

ill/Irwin4-19ShiftFactorsofDemandAriseinincomewillincreasedemandforgoods.Whenthepricesofsubstitutegoodsfa

ll,youwillconsumelessofthegoodwhosepricehasnotchanged.Achangeintastewillchangedemandwithnochangeinprice

.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-20ShiftFactorsofDeman

dIfyouexpectyourincometorise,youmayconsumemorenow.Ifyouexpectpricestofallinthefuture,youmayputoffpurchasestoday.Copyright©

2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-21TheDemandTableThedemandtableassumesallthefollowing:Aspr

icerises,quantitydemandeddeclines.Quantitydemandedhasaspecifictimedimensiontoit.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,In

c.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-22TheDemandTableThedemandtableassumesallthefollowing:Alltheproductsinvolvedareidentic

alinshape,size,quality,etc.Thescheduleassumesthateverythingelseisheldconstant.Copyright©2001byTheMcGra

w-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-23FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurveYouploteachpointinthedemandtab

leonagraphandconnectthepointstoderivethedemandcurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsre

served.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-24FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurveThedemandcurvegraphicallyconveysthesameinformationthatisonthede

mandtable.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-25FromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurveThecurv

erepresentsthemaximumpricethatyouwillforvariousquantitiesofagood—youwillhappilypayless.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCo

mpanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-26Pricepercassette(indollars)ADemandCurveQuantityofcassett

esdemanded(perweek)12345678910111213$6.005.004.003.002.001.00.5003.50EDCBFAFromaDemandTabletoaDemandCurvePricepercassetteABCDEA

DemandTableCassetterentalsdemandedperweek$0.501.002.003.004.0098642DemandforcassettesGCopyright©2001byThe

McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-27IndividualandMarketDemandGoodsAmarketdemandcurveisthehorizontal

sumofallindividualdemandcurves.Thisisdeterminedbyaddingtheindividualdemandcurvesofallthedemanders.Copyright©2001

byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-28IndividualandMarketDemandGoodsRealworldsellersd

onotaddupindividualdemandcurves.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-29

IndividualandMarketDemandGoodsTheyestimatetotalmarketdemandfortheirproductwhichbecomessmoothanddownwardslopingcurve.C

opyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-30IndividualandMarketDem

andGoodsThedemandcurveisdownwardslopingforthefollowingreasons:Atlowerprices,existingdemandersbuymore.Atlowerpri

ces,newdemandersenterthemarket.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-31FromIndividualDemandstoaM

arket(1)Pricepercassette$.0.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.00(2)Alice’sdemand(3)Bruce’sdemand(2)Cathy’sdemand(3)Marketdemand987654326543210

01100000016141197532ABCDEFGHQuantityofcassettesdemandedperweek2CathyBruceAliceDACEFG$4.003.503.002.502.001.501.000.5

00Pricepercassette(indollars)46810121416BCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-

Hill/Irwin4-32SupplyIndividualscontrolthefactorsofproduction.Factorsofproductionaretheresourcesorinputs,necessarytoproducegoodsorservices.Copyri

ght©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-33SupplyIndividualssupplyfactorsofproductiontointermediariesorfirms.

Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-34SupplyTheanalysisofthesupplyofproducedgoodshastwoparts:Ananal

ysisofthesupplyofthefactorsofproductiontohouseholdsandfirms.Ananalysisofwhyfirmstransformthosefactorsofproductionintousablego

odsandservices.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-35TheLawofSupplyQ

uantitysuppliedrisesaspricerises,otherthingsconstant.Quantitysuppliedfallsaspricefalls,otherthingscon

stant.Thus,thereisadirectrelationshipbetweenpriceandquantitysupplied.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanie

s,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-36TheLawofSupplyThelawofsupplyisaccountedforbytwofactors:Inthefaceofrisingprices,firmsarrangetheir

activitiestosupplymoreofthegoodtothemarket,substitutingproductionofthatgoodfortheproductionofothergoods.Assumingfirms'costsareconstant

,ahigherpricemeanshigherprofits.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-37TheSupplyCurveThesupplycurvei

sthegraphicrepresentationofthelawofsupply.Thesupplycurveslopesupwardtotheright.Theslopetellsusthatthequant

itysuppliedvariesdirectly—inthesamedirection—withtheprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserv

ed.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-38Quantitysupplied(perunitoftime)0SAPrice(perunit)PAQAASampleSupplyCurveCopyright©2001byTheMcG

raw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-39ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurveSupplyrefe

rstoascheduleofquantitiesaselleriswillingtosellperunitoftimeatvariousprices,otherthingsconstant.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies

,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-40ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurveIftheamountsuppliedisaffectedbyanythingotherthanachangeinpr

ice,therewillbeashiftinsupply.Shiftinsupply--thegraphicrepresentationoftheeffectofachangeinafactorotherthanpriceonsupply.Copyrig

ht©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-41ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurveQuantitysuppl

iedreferstoaspecificamountthatwillbesuppliedataspecificprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-H

ill/Irwin4-42ShiftsinSupplyVersusMovementsAlongaSupplyCurveChangesinpricecauseschangesinquantitysuppliedrepresentedbyamovementalongas

upplycurve.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-43ShiftinSupplyPrice(perunit)Quantitysupplied(pe

runitoftime)S0ShiftinSupply(ashiftofthecurve)S1$15AB1,2501,500Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-H

ill/Irwin4-44Changeinquantitysupplied(amovementalongthecurve)ChangeinQuantitySuppliedPrice(perunit)Quantitysupplied(perunitoftime)S0$15A1,2501,50

0BCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-45ShiftFactorsofSupplyShift

factorsofsupplyarethosefactorsthatcauseshiftsintheentiresupplycurvetotheleftorright.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompani

es,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-46ShiftFactorsofSupplyThefollowingareshiftfactorsofsupply:Changesinthepricesofinputsusedintheproduct

ionofagoodChangesintechnologyChangesinsuppliers'expectationsChangesintaxesandsubsidiesCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrig

htsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-47ShiftFactorsofSupplyChangesinthepricesofinputsusedintheproductionofagood.Ifcostsgoup,thenprofitsgodown,a

ndtheincentivetosupplyalsogoesdown.Ifcostsgoupsubstantially,thefirmmayevenshutdown.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrights

reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-48ShiftFactorsofSupplyTechnologymakescostsgodown,profitsgoup,thustheincentivetosupplyalsogoesup.Thi

sisespeciallytruewhentechnologyreplaceslabor.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4

-49ShiftFactorsofSupplyIftheyexpectpricestoriseinthefuture,suppliersmaystoretoday'sproductionforanexpectedwindfalllater.Iftheyexpectpricestofallinthe

future,suppliersmayselloffmoreoftheirinventoriestoday.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-50Shift

FactorsofSupplyIftaxesgoup,costsalsogoup,andprofitsgodown,leadingsupplierstoreduceoutput.Ifgovernmentsubsidiesgoup,costsgodo

wn,andprofitsgoup,leadingsupplierstoincreaseoutput.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/I

rwin4-51FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurveToderiveasupplycurvefromasupplytable,youploteachpointinthesupplytableonagraphandconnectthepoints.Copyright©2001

byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-52FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurveThesupplycurverepresentstheset

ofminimumpricesanindividualsellerwillacceptforvariousquantitiesofagood.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompa

nies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-53FromaSupplyTabletoaSupplyCurveCompetingsuppliers’entryin

tothemarketplacesalimitonthepriceanysuppliercancharge.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrigh

tsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-54IndividualandMarketSupplyCurvesThemarketsupplycurveisderivedbyhorizontallyaddingtheindividualsupplycurvesofeachsup

plier.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-55FromIndividualSupplie

stoaMarketSupplyQuantitiesSuppliedABCDEFGHI(1)Price(indollars)(2)Ann'sSupply(5)MarketSupply(4)Charlie'sS

upply$0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.00012345678001234555000000022013579111415(3)Barry'sSupplyCopyright©2001byTheMcGra

w-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-5612345678910111213141516FromIndividualSuppliestoaMarketSupplyPricepercassette(in

dollars)CharlieBarryAnnQuantityofcassettessupplied(perweek)$4.003.503.002.502.001.501.000.500IHGFEDCBAMarketSupplyCACopyright©2001byTheMcGraw

-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-57TheMarriageofSupplyandDemandTheEnglishhistorianThomasCarlyleonce

said:“Teachanyparrotthewordssupplyanddemandandyou’vegotaneconomist.”Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.

Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-58TheDynamicLawsofSupplyandDemandSupplyanddemandcometogethertodetermineequilibriumquantityandequilibriumprice.

Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-59ExcessSupplyandExc

essDemandExcesssupply–pricestendtofallifquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded.Excessdemand–pricestendtoriseifquanti

tydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McG

raw-Hill/Irwin4-60PriceAdjustsThelargerthedifferencebetweenquantitydemandedandquantitysupplied,thegreaterthepressureforpricestorise(ifthereisexcessde

mand)orfall(ifthereisexcesssupply.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-61Pri

ceAdjustsWhenquantitydemandedequalsquantitysupplied,priceshavenotendencytochange.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserv

ed.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-62ATheMarriageofSupplyandDemandPricepercassette(indollars)$5.004.003.503.002.502.001.501.00SDQuantityofcasse

ttessuppliedanddemanded(perweek)CExcessdemand123456789101112ExcesssupplyExcesssupplyBECopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrigh

tsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-63EquilibriumEquilibriumisaconceptinwhichopposingdynamicforcespushingcanceleachotherout.Copyright©2001byTheMcGra

w-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-64EquilibriumInsupplyanddemandanalysis,equilibriummeansthattheup

wardpressureonpriceisexactlyoffsetbythedownwardpressureonprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-65E

quilibriumEquilibriumpriceisthepricetowardwhichtheinvisiblehanddrivesthemarket.Equilibriumquantityistheamountboughtandso

ldattheequilibriumprice.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-66Equilibrium

Isn't:Astateoftheworld—it'sacharacteristicofthemodelusedtolookattheworld.Inherentlygoodorbad—butsimplyastateinw

hichdynamicpressuresoffseteachother.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-67DesirableCharact

eristicsofSupply/DemandEquilibriumConsumersurplus–thedistancebetweenthedemandcurveandthepricethedemanderpaysisnetbenefittoconsumers.Copyri

ght©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-68DesirableCharacteristicsofSupply/DemandEquilibriumProducersurplus

–ifaproducerreceivesmorethanthepricehewouldbewillingtosellitfor,hereceivesanetbenefit.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompa

nies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-69DesirableCharacteristicsofSupply/DemandEquilibriumWhat'sgoodaboutequilibriumisthatitmakesthecombinat

ionofconsumerandproducersurplusaslargeasitcanbe.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsre

served.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-70DesirableCharacteristicsofSupply/DemandEquilibriumMarketsallowtrade,therebyleadingtoanincreaseinthecombination

ofconsumerandproducersurplus.Copyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin4-71ConsumerandProducerSurpl

usSupplyDemandQuantity0$1098765432110987654321ProducerSurplusConsumerSurplusLostSurplusCopyright©2001byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Al

lrightsreserved.McGraw-Hill/IrwinSupplyandDemandEndofChapter4