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同步辐射医学成像第二讲同步辐射医学成像进展WonthefirstNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1901.RoentgenbeganthepracticeofradiologybypresentinganX-ra

yphotographofhiswife’shandinJanuaryof1896.RADIOLOGYmorethanoneCENTURY--byAmericanCollegeofRadiology1895•RoentgendiscoverstheX

rayonNovember8.1896•Roentgen’sdiscoverylaunchesrapidlyaflurryofexperimentationaroundtheworld.•InMarch

,a“Roentgenphotograph”isintroducedasevidenceinacourtroom.•HospitalsbeginacquiringX-rayequipment.The“firstradiograph

ofthehumanbrain”isactuallyapanofcatintestines.ThisimagewasmadebyFrancisWilliamsofBoston,oneofthefirstradiologists,inMarch1896

.19001896AngiographicworkbeganinJanuary,1896,withthispost-morteminjectionofmercurycompounds.Firstuseacontrastmedium1901•RoentgenwinsthefirstNob

elLaureateinPhysicsprize.1904•Edison’sassistantinX-rayresearch,diesofextremeandrepeatedX-rayexposure.

1919•Dr.CarlosHeuser,anArgentineradiologist,isthefirsttouseacontrastmediuminalivinghumancirculatorysystem.Firstpracticesofmodernangiography192

0–1929•ChestXraysareusedtoscreenfortuberculosis•RoentgendiesFebruary10,1923.•Drs.GrahamandColediscoverin1923howtovisualize

thegallbladderwithXraysbyusingcontrastmedia.•Thefirstpracticesofmodernangiographyaredevelopedin1927byaPortugues

ephysician,whoisthefirsttocreateimagesofthecirculatorysysteminthelivingbrain.Thefirstimageofahumancoronaryarteryrecordedinv

ivowithSR.ThiscoronaryangiogramwasdoneattheSSRLinMay1986.AnimageofahumancoronaryarteryrecordedinvivoattheNSLS,in

Nov.1992.Improvementsintheimagingsystemhaveincreasedthequalityoftheangiogram.First“tomograph”1930–1939•In1936,thefirst“tomograph”,anX-

ray“slice”ofthebody,ispresentedataradiologymeeting.andforeshadowsthedevelopmentinthe1970sofCT.1950–1959•Dr

.W.GoodwinintroducestheconceptofX-rayguidednephrostomy.肾造口术Findingbreastcancerswithhighaccuracy1960–1969•In1960,Dr.

RobertEganpublishestheresultsofanintensive,three-yearstudyofmammography,withanaccuracyinfindingbreastcancersisremarkable(9

7–99%).•Drs.DotterandJudkinsarethefirsttoreportperforminganangioplasty.血管重建术CT,Angioplasty1970–1979•CT,orcomputedtomography,whic

htakesX-ray“slices”ofthebodyandimagesthemonacomputerscreen,isintroduced.•Withtheadditionofcomputertechnology,tocr

eate3-dimensionalimages.•SwissphysicianDr.AndreasGruntviginventsballoonangioplasty.1980–Today•Phasecontrastimagingforsof

ttissueswithSR.•Teleradiology,theabilitytosendimagesthroughthe“informationsuperhighway,”isintroduced.

Phasecontrastimaging，Teleradiology1900192019401980RoentgenphotographAngiographicworkTomographCT1960Usecontrastmediuminaliv

inghuman18961919193619861895ChestXraystoscreenforTB1920s20001927Firstpracticesofmodernangiography1960Mammography1970sPhasecontrastimagin

gwithSR~2000FirsthumancoronaryangiogramwithSRHowisthestoryofacenturyofmedicalradiology•Toimproveonthefaintimages,borrowingfro

madvancesinphysics,chemistry,pharmacology,nuclearscience,computers,telemetryandinformationscience,isthest

oryofacenturyofmedicalradiology.•Acenturylater,thevastlymoresophisticatedartsofmedicalimagingarestillbaseduponther

ecognitionthatbodypartsabsorbXraysaccordingtotheirdensity.吸收衬度成像吸收衬度成像是利用X-射线在穿透样品时，样品对X-射线的吸收系数不同从而引起吸收强度的不同来记录图像的。吸收衬度成像冠状动脉血管造影Howisthesto

ryofmedicalradiologyinthefuture•SR-basedimagingmightchangemedicalpractice.•Toobserveinsideofvariousorgansisthestoryofmedicalradiology.•Thefut

uremoresophisticatedartsofmedicalimagingarebasedupontherecognitionthatbodypartsabsorbXraysaccordingtotheirde

nsity,aswellasthechangeofphase.位相衬度成像•位相衬度成像是利用空间相干的X-射线透过样品后携带的位相信息来成像。•位相衬度成像是近几年发展起来的一种新的成像方法，与吸收衬度成像相比，这种技术的敏感

度要高1000倍。这样，就可以对神经组织、肺腺泡结构等成像，以及在不用造影剂的情况下来显示软组织的内部结构。absorptionscatteringrefractionSampleX-rays•Abs

orption•Refraction•Extinction(smallanglescatteringfree)N(ω,k)=nR(ω,k)+inI(ω,k)DiffractionEnhancedImaging(DEI)在分析晶体接受角范围

内，X-射线的衍射强度依赖于入射角，这种关系称为摇摆曲线。-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)N(ω,

k)=nR(ω,k)+inI(ω,k)•Attop→“pure”absorption(absorptionandsmallanglescatteringrejected)•Ileft+Iright→aparentabs

orption(absorptionincludingsmallanglescattering)•Ileft-Iright→refractionimaging-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20

.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)Threekindsofimagesareusuallyrecorded.-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0R

elativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)Diffractionimage-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(s

econd)+Apparentabsorptionimage-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)-Refract

ionimage衍射增强成像结果（脚趾）传统的同步辐射图像同步辐射衍射增强图像IL-XPCTin-lineX-rayphasecontrastcomputerizedtomography中极穴中极穴旁开足三里穴足三里穴

旁开考试题选择以下一篇文章为主题，作口头报告，重点说明同步辐射在科学研究中的作用。1.揭示生命能量之源--ATP合酶三维结构的同步辐射研究，田亮、张新夷，核技术,26(1)2(2003).2.细胞膜通道与同步辐射，闫晓辉、田

亮、张新夷，核技术,27(1)1(2004).祝好运再见