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同步辐射医学成像第二讲同步辐射医学成像进展WonthefirstNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1901.RoentgenbeganthepracticeofradiologybypresentinganX-rayp

hotographofhiswife’shandinJanuaryof1896.RADIOLOGYmorethanoneCENTURY--byAmericanCollegeofRadiology1895•Roentgendiscove

rstheXrayonNovember8.1896•Roentgen’sdiscoverylaunchesrapidlyaflurryofexperimentationaroundtheworld.•InMarch,a“Roentgenphotograph”isint

roducedasevidenceinacourtroom.•HospitalsbeginacquiringX-rayequipment.The“firstradiographofthehumanbrain”isactuallyapanofcatintestines.Thisimag

ewasmadebyFrancisWilliamsofBoston,oneofthefirstradiologists,inMarch1896.19001896Angiographicworkbeganin

January,1896,withthispost-morteminjectionofmercurycompounds.Firstuseacontrastmedium1901•RoentgenwinsthefirstNobelLaureateinPhysic

sprize.1904•Edison’sassistantinX-rayresearch,diesofextremeandrepeatedX-rayexposure.1919•Dr.CarlosHeuser,anArgent

ineradiologist,isthefirsttouseacontrastmediuminalivinghumancirculatorysystem.Firstpracticesofmodernangiography1920–1929•Chest

Xraysareusedtoscreenfortuberculosis•RoentgendiesFebruary10,1923.•Drs.GrahamandColediscoverin1923howtovisualizethegallbladderwithXraysbyusingcon

trastmedia.•Thefirstpracticesofmodernangiographyaredevelopedin1927byaPortuguesephysician,whoisthefirsttocrea

teimagesofthecirculatorysysteminthelivingbrain.ThefirstimageofahumancoronaryarteryrecordedinvivowithSR.Thiscoronary

angiogramwasdoneattheSSRLinMay1986.AnimageofahumancoronaryarteryrecordedinvivoattheNSLS,inNov.1992.Impro

vementsintheimagingsystemhaveincreasedthequalityoftheangiogram.First“tomograph”1930–1939•In1936,thefirst“tomogra

ph”,anX-ray“slice”ofthebody,ispresentedataradiologymeeting.andforeshadowsthedevelopmentinthe1970sofCT.1

950–1959•Dr.W.GoodwinintroducestheconceptofX-rayguidednephrostomy.肾造口术Findingbreastcancerswithhighaccuracy1960–1969•In1960,Dr.R

obertEganpublishestheresultsofanintensive,three-yearstudyofmammography,withanaccuracyinfindingbreastcancersisremarkable(97–99%).•Drs.DotterandJud

kinsarethefirsttoreportperforminganangioplasty.血管重建术CT,Angioplasty1970–1979•CT,orcomputedtomography,whichtakesX-ray“slices”oftheb

odyandimagesthemonacomputerscreen,isintroduced.•Withtheadditionofcomputertechnology,tocreate3-dimensionalimages.•SwissphysicianDr

.AndreasGruntviginventsballoonangioplasty.1980–Today•PhasecontrastimagingforsofttissueswithSR.•Teleradiology,t

heabilitytosendimagesthroughthe“informationsuperhighway,”isintroduced.Phasecontrastimaging，Teleradiol

ogy1900192019401980RoentgenphotographAngiographicworkTomographCT1960Usecontrastmediuminalivinghuman1896

1919193619861895ChestXraystoscreenforTB1920s20001927Firstpracticesofmodernangiography1960Mammography1970sPhasecontrastim

agingwithSR~2000FirsthumancoronaryangiogramwithSRHowisthestoryofacenturyofmedicalradiology•Toimproveonthefaintimages

,borrowingfromadvancesinphysics,chemistry,pharmacology,nuclearscience,computers,telemetryandinformationscience,isthestoryofacenturyofmedi

calradiology.•Acenturylater,thevastlymoresophisticatedartsofmedicalimagingarestillbasedupontherecognitionthatbodypartsabsorbXraysaccordi

ngtotheirdensity.吸收衬度成像吸收衬度成像是利用X-射线在穿透样品时，样品对X-射线的吸收系数不同从而引起吸收强度的不同来记录图像的。吸收衬度成像冠状动脉血管造影Howisthestoryofmedicalradiologyinth

efuture•SR-basedimagingmightchangemedicalpractice.•Toobserveinsideofvariousorgansisthestoryofmedicalradiolo

gy.•ThefuturemoresophisticatedartsofmedicalimagingarebasedupontherecognitionthatbodypartsabsorbXraysaccordingtoth

eirdensity,aswellasthechangeofphase.位相衬度成像•位相衬度成像是利用空间相干的X-射线透过样品后携带的位相信息来成像。•位相衬度成像是近几年发展起来的一种新的成像方法，与吸收衬度成

像相比，这种技术的敏感度要高1000倍。这样，就可以对神经组织、肺腺泡结构等成像，以及在不用造影剂的情况下来显示软组织的内部结构。absorptionscatteringrefractionSampleX-rays•

Absorption•Refraction•Extinction(smallanglescatteringfree)N(ω,k)=nR(ω,k)+inI(ω,k)DiffractionEnhancedImaging(DEI)在分析晶体接受角范围内，X-射线的衍

射强度依赖于入射角，这种关系称为摇摆曲线。-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)N(ω,k)=nR(ω,k)+i

nI(ω,k)•Attop→“pure”absorption(absorptionandsmallanglescatteringrejected)•Ileft+Iright→aparentabsorption(absorptioninclud

ingsmallanglescattering)•Ileft-Iright→refractionimaging-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAn

gle(second)Threekindsofimagesareusuallyrecorded.-20-15-10-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)Diffractionimage-20-15-10

-5051015200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)+Apparentabsorptionimage-20-15-10-5051015

200.00.20.40.60.81.0RelativeIntensityAnalyzerAngle(second)-Refractionimage衍射增强成像结果（脚趾）传统的同步辐射图像同步辐射衍射增强图像IL-XPCTin-lineX-rayphasecontrastcomput

erizedtomography中极穴中极穴旁开足三里穴足三里穴旁开考试题选择以下一篇文章为主题，作口头报告，重点说明同步辐射在科学研究中的作用。1.揭示生命能量之源--ATP合酶三维结构的同步辐射研究，

田亮、张新夷，核技术,26(1)2(2003).2.细胞膜通道与同步辐射，闫晓辉、田亮、张新夷，核技术,27(1)1(2004).祝好运再见