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11.IntroductionLiverinjuryduetobothprescriptionandover-the-counterdrugsisagrowingpublichealthproblem.Althoughdrug-inducedliverinjury(D
ILI)isararecauseofacuteliverinjuryinclinicalpractice,itistheleadingcauseofacuteliverfailure(ALF)intheUSandmostofEurope.处方药和非处方药导致的肝损伤是一个
日益严重的公共卫生问题。尽管药物诱导的肝损伤(DILI)在临床实践中是急性肝损伤的罕见原因,但它是美国和大多数欧洲的急性肝衰竭(ALF)的主要原因2.1.IntroductionDespitetheextensivesafetytestsperformedinthepro
cessofgettingadrugtomarket,DILIremainsenigmaticandcannotbepredictedinpreclinicalandclinicaltrials.Eventhoughdifferentgenet
icvariantsandbiomarkershavebeenassociatedwiththeriskofdevelopingDILI,hepatotoxicityremainsaverycommon
sideeffect.尽管在药物上市的过程中进行了广泛的安全性测试,但肝损伤仍然是神秘的,并且不能在临床前和临床试验中预测。不同的遗传变异体和生物标志物与肝损伤发展的风险相关,肝毒性仍然是非常常见的副作用。3.1.IntroductionInthisreviewwewillfocusonth
epotentialroleofmetabolomicstudyonthediagnosisandprognosisofDILI.在这篇综述中,我们将重点关注代谢组学在肝损伤的诊断和预断中的潜在作用。4.2.TheMai
nChallengesinDILI:AccuracyofDiagnosisandPredictionofEvolutionCurrently,DILIisdiagnosedbyexclusionofotherliverdiseasesandisfrequentlymisdiagnose
d.AnimportantpartinthediagnosisofDILIistoestablishatemporalassociationbetweenadrugandtheonsetofliverdamage.However,inmanycases,settingacausallinkcan
beacomplextaskasmostoftheidiosyncraticdrug-inducedreactionsoccurroughlybetweenarangeof1-2weeksand2-3monthsfromtheonsetofdrugadministrati
on目前,肝损伤是通过排除其他肝病进行诊断的,而且经常被误诊。DILI诊断的一个重要部分是建立药物与肝损伤起始之间的时间关联。然而,在许多情况下,设置因果关联可以说是一件复杂的任务,因为大多数特异性药物诱导的反应大致在给药开始的1-2
周和2-3个月的范围内才发生5.2.TheMainChallengesinDILI:AccuracyofDiagnosisandPredictionofEvolutionImportantly,ourknowledgeisscarcenotonlyintermsofdiagn
osticaccuracy.ThenaturalhistoryofDILIisstillnotcompletelyunderstood重要的是,我们的知识不仅在准确诊断性方面知道的很少。而且肝损伤的自然
史仍然没有完全理解6.2.TheMainChallengesinDILI:AccuracyofDiagnosisandPredictionofEvolutionmetabolomicsisemergingforcefullyinordertoidentifyearlytoxi
citybiomarkersfrombiofluidscollectedthroughminimallyinvasiveproceduresthatarespecificindicatorsofliverdama
ge.代谢组学可以通过作为肝损伤的具体指标的微创手术收集生物流体来识别早期毒性的生物标志物。7.3.Metabolomics:ConceptandDefinitionMetabolomicsoffersa
viewdistinctfromGenomicsandProteomics.WhileGenomicsandProteomicstelluswhat“canhappen,”metabolomicste
llsuswhatis“reallyhappening”and,therefore,isthesciencethatcanbettercharacterizethephenotypesoflivingorganisms.代谢组学提供了不同于基因组学和蛋白质组学的一种全新视图。基因组学和
蛋白质组学告诉我们“可能发生”,但代谢组学告诉我们“真正发生发生了什么”,因此是更好地表征活性生物体表型的科学8.3.Metabolomics:ConceptandDefinitionThemainanalyticalmethodsusedinmetabolomicanalysesaren
uclearmagneticresonance(NMR)andmassspectrometry(MS).代谢组学分析中使用的主要分析方法是核磁共振(NMR)和质谱(MS)。9.4.ThePotentialRoleofMetabolicPr
ofilingintheDiagnosisandPrognosisofDILIBiomarkersareanalyzedfromblood,urine,orotherbiologicalsamplesthatmayprovideinsi
ghtintotheseverity,cause,oroutcomeofaninjurytoaspecifictissue来自于血液,尿液或其他生物样品中的生物标志物,可以洞察肝损伤的特定组织的的严重性,原因或结果。10.4.ThePotentialRoleofMetaboli
cProfilingintheDiagnosisandPrognosisofDILIWinnikeanalyzedthemetabolomicprofilesinurinesamplesfrom58healthyadultsbeforeandafterreceiving4gofA
PAPperdayfor7days(aregimenthatproducesmildliverinjuryinaboutone-thirdofsubjects).Urinemetabolomicprofileobtain
ed2dayspriortotreatmentwerenotsufficienttopredictthedevelopmentofmildliverdamage,buttheprofilesobtained
afterashortperiodofadministrationofAPAPwereabletopredictit.Winnike分析了来自每天给予4gAPAP持续7天(在约三分之一的受试者中产生轻度肝损伤的方案)58名健康成人的尿液样品中的代
谢组学概况。在治疗前2天获得的尿液代谢组学概况不足以预测肝损伤的发展,但在短时间施用APAP后获得的概况能够预测11.4.ThePotentialRoleofMetabolicProfilingintheDiagnosisandPrognosisofDI
LIHuoandcollaboratorshavepublishedastudyinhumans,usingametabolomicapproachtoidentifydiagnosticbiomarkersofDILITheyevalu
atedthelivertoxicityofsodiumvalproateusingultra-performanceLC-MSandHNMR-basedmetabolomicsanalysisofserumsamplesfrom34epilepticpatientsreceivi
ngthisdrugHUO和合作者在人中进行了一项研究,他们使用代谢组学方法来鉴定诊断DILI的生物标志物,使用超高效液相色谱-质谱和基于HNMR的代谢组学分析评估了接受丙戊酸钠这种药物的34例癫痫患者的血清样品中的肝毒性,12.4.ThePot
entialRoleofMetabolicProfilingintheDiagnosisandPrognosisofDILITheyfounddifferencesinmetabolitesinvolvedinglycolysis,lipid
metabolism,energymetabolism,andaminoacidsmetabolismbetweenpatientswithnormalliverfunctionandthosewithelevatedliverenzymesduetothem
entioneddrug.Thus,theycoulddefinemetabolitesassociatedwithvalproatesodium-inducedhepatotoxicity.Thiswork
demonstratesthepotentialofusingmetabolomicstodiscoverbiomarkersofhepatotoxicity.他们发现正常肝功能的患者和由于使用丙戊酸钠后肝酶升高的患者中的,糖酵解,脂质代谢,能量代谢和氨基酸代谢中的代
谢物的差异。因此,他们可以锁定丙戊酸钠诱导肝毒性相关的代谢物。这项工作表明使用代谢组学可以发现肝毒性的生物标志物13.5.ConclusionsInthissense,thetremendousgrowth
metabolomicshasexperiencedoverthelastdecadeisnotable,withremarkableapplicationsintheareaoflivertoxicity.Itisinthisfieldwheremetabolomics
hasshownthepotentialofcombiningphysiologicalandmetabolicpathwayinformationtodrugtoxicitystudies.在过去的十年中
,代谢组学在肝脏毒性领域的应用得到了显著的和快速的发展,正是在这个领域,代谢组学已经显示出将生理和代谢途径信息与药物毒性研究相结合的潜力。14.5.ConclusionsMoreover,itsabilitytorapidlydetectm
anymetabolitesusingNMRandMSfrombiofluidobtainedbyminimallyinvasivetechniquesmakesmetabolomicsapromisingtoolinthediscov
eryofbiomarkersallocatedtoestablishanearlydiagnosisandprognosisofDILI.此外,通过微创技术获得的生物流体,借助NMR和MS可以被快速检测,
在早起诊断和预断肝损伤中的生物标志物,代谢组学是一个非常具有前景的工具。15.thanks16.