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病毒主题医学知识病毒（virus）是一类非细胞型微生物主要特点体积非常微小，需在电子显微镜观察结构简单，无细胞结构，只含一种类型核酸（DNA或RNA）严格的细胞内寄生，只能在活细胞中增殖对抗生素不敏感，但对干扰素敏感2病毒主题医学知识特性病毒细菌真菌滤菌器+

--结构非细胞原核细胞真核细胞细胞壁-++核酸类型DNA或RNADNA＋RNADNA＋RNA人工培养-++增殖方式复制二分裂有性或无性抗生素-++干扰素+--3病毒主题医学知识形态大小:（纳米，nm）Thelargest

:（300X100nm,痘病毒）Thesmallest:10nm形态：球形或杆状，也有复合状4病毒主题医学知识5病毒主题医学知识6病毒主题医学知识7病毒主题医学知识8病毒主题医学知识HIV9病毒主题医学知识Bact

eriophageT410病毒主题医学知识结构基本结构核心Viralcore衣壳Capsid辅助结构包膜Envelope其他病毒体Virion核衣壳Nucleocapsid11病毒主题医学知识核心成分：DN

A或RNA病毒复制功能决定病毒的各种特性具有感染性编码病毒结构蛋白和功能蛋白病毒核酸的特性：具有感染性将提纯的病毒核酸（如肠道病毒RNA）如加至活细胞可以启动病毒复制从而感染细胞。从感染细胞中可以获得子代完整病毒颗粒。12病毒主题医学知识

病毒衣壳成分：蛋白质由壳粒组成。壳粒是衣壳的形态学亚单位，多肽分子是衣壳的化学亚单位功能保护病毒核酸参与感染过程具有抗原性13病毒主题医学知识按壳粒排列方式的对称型螺旋对称型（helicalsymmetry）20面体立体对称型（icosahedr

alsymmetry）复合对称型（complexsymmetry）14病毒主题医学知识病毒包膜是包绕在病毒核衣壳外面的双层膜主要成分是蛋白质、多糖及脂类，常以糖蛋白或脂蛋白形式存在蛋白质是由病毒基因编码，多糖、脂类来自宿主细胞膜、核膜或空泡膜15病毒主题医学知识

包膜特性与功能有包膜的病毒以“出芽”方式释放有包膜病毒对脂溶剂（如乙醚、氯仿）敏感，能灭活病毒，乙醚常用于鉴定病毒有无包膜功能维护病毒体结构的完整性具有与宿主细胞膜亲和及融合的性能具有病毒抗原的特异性16病毒主题医学知识病毒复制复制周期吸附、穿入、脱壳、生物合成、装配

与释放病毒本身没有独立的蛋白合成酶系统，必须借助宿主细胞的蛋白合成体系合成病毒蛋白病毒复制周期时间因病毒而异腺病毒25h小RNA病毒6-8h流感病毒15-30h17病毒主题医学知识dsDNA病毒复制示意图18病毒主题医学知识+ssRNA病毒

复制示意图19病毒主题医学知识+ssRNA逆转录病毒复制示意图20病毒主题医学知识吸附通过病毒体表面的配体蛋白与易感细胞表面特异性受体相结合吸附过程可在几分钟到几十分钟内完成21病毒主题医学知识穿入吞饮：无包膜病毒被宿主细胞吞噬，进入胞内融合：有包膜病毒

的包膜与宿主细胞膜直接融合，病毒核衣壳进入细胞直接穿入：22病毒主题医学知识脱壳在细胞溶酶体酶的作用下，脱去衣壳蛋白释放病毒核酸23病毒主题医学知识生物合成早期蛋白合成阶段转录、翻译而产生病毒生物合成中必需的酶类及某些

抑制或阻断细胞核酸和蛋白质合成的非结构蛋白晚期蛋白合成阶段复制病毒核酸，转录、翻译而产生病毒的结构蛋白隐蔽期生物合成阶段用电镜方法在细胞查不到完整病毒，用血清学方法也测不到病毒抗原各病毒隐蔽期长短不一，24病毒主题医学知识装配无包膜病毒先形成空心衣壳，核酸从衣壳裂隙

进入形成核衣壳有包膜病毒核衣壳与细胞的膜系统（浆膜或核膜）结合形成包膜包膜的蛋白质（包括糖蛋白）是由病毒基因组编码，故具有病毒的特异性和抗原性装配的部位除痘病毒外，DNA病毒均在细胞核内装配RNA病毒与痘病毒则在细胞浆内装配25病毒主

题医学知识释放无包膜病毒均以破胞方式释放有包膜的病毒以出芽方式释放到细胞外通常细胞不死亡，仍能继续分裂增殖26病毒主题医学知识病毒增殖异常顿挫感染缺陷病毒干扰现象形成包涵体某些病毒在宿主细胞内增殖，其细胞质或细胞核内会出现一种光学显微镜下可见的斑块结构，称包

涵体。它是病毒在细胞内增殖的场所27病毒主题医学知识顿挫感染原因宿主细胞不能提供病毒复制所需的酶、能量或成份病毒虽被复制，但不能装配释放28病毒主题医学知识缺陷病毒因病毒基因组不完整或有点突变而不能进行正常复制的病毒，当与辅助病毒共同培养，如能为其提供缺乏的物质，则缺陷病毒也能培

殖腺病毒相关病毒（缺陷病毒）与腺病毒（辅助病毒）丁型肝炎病毒（缺陷病毒）与乙型肝炎病毒（辅助病毒）29病毒主题医学知识干扰现象两种病毒感染同一细胞时，一种病毒会干扰另一病毒复制原因与干扰素（IFN）产生有关病毒改变了宿主细胞代

谢途径意义联合使用疫苗30病毒主题医学知识理化因素对病毒的影响灭活病毒受理化因素作用后，失去感染性灭活病毒仍保留某些特性，如抗原性、红细胞吸附、细胞融合等31病毒主题医学知识物理因素温度病毒耐冷不耐热。-70ºC长期保存。冻融可杀死病毒60ºC30min或100

ºC数秒即可杀死病毒，但HBV需100ºC10min方可杀死有包膜病毒比无包膜病毒对热更敏感pH多数在pH5~9范围稳定肠道病毒耐酸（pH3~5）射线X线、射线可将病毒核酸致死性断裂，从而杀死病毒32病毒主题医学知识化学因

素脂溶剂：乙醚、氯仿、去氧胆酸盐有包膜病毒敏感。无包膜病毒无作用（如肠道病毒）消毒剂：过氧乙酸、甲醛、戊二醛、卤素杀死大多数病毒，但病毒对消毒剂抵抗力比细菌强，尤其是无包膜病毒常用甲醛来制备灭活疫苗其他抗生素：对病毒无作用中草药：有一定作用3

3病毒主题医学知识病毒的变异现象感染性变异（毒力变异）•条件致死株：减毒活疫苗（脊灰）抗原性变异耐药性变异机制基因突变基因重组34病毒主题医学知识病毒与其他微生物的比较特性病毒细菌支原体立克次体衣原体大小

(m)0.01-0.30.5-3.00.2-3.00.2-0.50.3-0.5结构非细胞单细胞类似细菌近似细菌介于细胞和病毒细胞壁—十—十十核酸类型D/RD十RD十RD十RD十R人工培养基—十十——二分裂增殖—十十十十核糖

体—十十十十抗生素敏感—十十十十干抗素敏感十————35病毒主题医学知识小结病毒的概念病毒的结构与化学组成病毒的复制理化因素对病毒的影响36病毒主题医学知识14.TechniquesusedtoStudyVirusesLivinghosts.Man.Pa

steurusedrabbitstostudyanddeveloprabiesvaccines.WalterReeddevelopedamousemodelofyellowfever.Transgenicanimals

,particularlymiceinvaluable•Embryonatedeggsusedtopropagatevirusesintheearlydecadesofthiscentury.Effectivefortheisolati

on&cultureofmanyvirusese.g.influenza.37病毒主题医学知识15.CellCulturemethodsWholeorgancultures,progressedtomethodsinvolvingindividu

alcells;primarycellcultureswhichcanbemaintainedforashortperiodinculture);orimmortalizedcelllines,whichgrowincultureindefinitely.Virusescanbegrown

inthem.38病毒主题医学知识16.Quantifyingviruses.Theplaqueassay-dilutionsofthevirusareusedtoinfectaculturedcellmonolayer,coveredwithagartorestrictvir

usdiffusionvirus.Resultsinlocalizedcellkilling&theappearanceofplaques.Thenumberofplaquesdirectlyrelatestonum

bersofinfectiousvirusparticlesappliedtotheplate.Manyotherapproaches.39病毒主题医学知识17.OtherpracticalapproachesSerologyStructuralstudies,pur

ification,EM,X-ray.Biochemical,electrophoresisGeneticMolecularbiology,nucleicacidsequencing.40病毒主题医学知识Replication14.ExitSomevirusescausecelllysis.U

nenveloped.Othervirusesbudthroughacellmembrane,aquiringanenvelope.Canbetheplasmamembranee.g.HIV-1.Canbenuclearorgolgimembranes.41病毒

主题医学知识2.Bigfleashavelittlefleasupontheirbackstobitethem;andlittlefleashavelesserfleasandsoadinfinitum.Virusesconsisto

fproteins,nucleicacidsandsometimeslipids.Howeverthereareotherinfectiousagentsstudiedbyvirologists.Viroidssmall

(200-400nt),circularRNAs,possessingnocapsidorenvelope.Associatedwithcertainplantdiseases.Theyareinfectiouso

bligateintracellularparasites.Virusoidsaresatellite,viroid-likeRNAs,largerthanviroids(approximately1000nt).Dependonthepresence

ofvirusreplicationformultiplication(hence'satellite'),theyarepackagedintoviruscapsidsaspassengers.Presentinanimalsandplants.Associatedwithd

isease.42病毒主题医学知识3.PrionsPrions.“preeons”believedtoconsistofasingletypeofproteinwithnonucleicacidcomponent.Theprionp

rotein&thegenewhichencodesitarealsofoundinnormal'uninfected'cells.Theseagentsareassociatedwithinfecti

ousandinheriteddiseases,suchasCreutzfeldt-Jakobdiseaseinhumans,scrapieinsheep&bovinespongiformencephalopathy(BSE)incattle.43病毒主题医学知识–veR

NA-veRNApolProteins-veRNA+veRNARI44病毒主题医学知识Genomes14AmbisenseGenomesSomessRNAvirusesareambisense,sincetheyarepart(-)sense

&part(+)sense:5’endsare+ve,3’endsare–ve.45病毒主题医学知识Genomes15.Segmented/multipartite.Canbeconfusing,ssords

.Segmentedgenomeshave2ormorepiecesofnucleicacidpackagedinthesameparticlee.gorthomxyoviruses.(7/8influ,packagingproblem)Mu

ltipartitegenomesaresegmentedbuteachsegmentiscontainedinadifferentparticlee.gbipartiteComoviruses,bothparticlesinfectcell.segmentedMultipartite,D

NAaswell46病毒主题医学知识Genomes16.DNA.Smallgenomese.g.bacteriophageM136.4KbsscircularDNA.10genesByconventiongenomeis+str

and.90%genomeiscoding.+RF-strandtranscribedtomakemRNAandthenproteins+vestrandnickedextendedinrollingcircle+SpecificallycleavedAndrecircularise

d47病毒主题医学知识Genomes17.Phagel.LineardsDNAabout50Kb.CohesivessDNAtermini12nucleotideslong,thecossite.Facilitatescircularisationandreplicati

oncycle.Concatemersformedandthenresolvedtoreconstitutegenome.’TCCAGCGGCGGGAGGTCGCCGCCC3’⚫importantsequ

encesattheendofthelinearvirusgenomesareaverycommonfeature.48病毒主题医学知识Genomes18.PhageT4LargelineardsDNA160KbGenomeexhibitsterminalredundancy.A

nothercommonfeatureoflineargenomes.ABCDEABCDEABCDEABCDEABCDEABCDEABCDEABCDEDuringreplicationconcatemersareformed.Endonucleaserec

ognisesandcutsatthisterminalredundancy,whichisthenregenerated.49病毒主题医学知识Genomes19.Transcriptionalcontrolinprokaryotesissophisti

cated.ThatsaidextensiveuseofpolycistronicmRNAsismade.GenomesaredenseM1310genes,10transcripts90%usageGenomesofeukaryotesaredenserPolyoma,dsDNAcirc

ular5kbgenomeSixgenes,bothstrands,overlapping.50病毒主题医学知识Genomes20.AdenovirusesLarger30-38kblineardsgenomesinfectingeukaryotes.Codefora

bout30-40proteinsThesevirusesaregeneticallyverysimilartothehostcellswhichtheyinfect.TerminalsequencesareinvertedrepeatsComplicatedfunctionalstructure

scanformatthesepointsTGTGTGCACACAACACACGTGTGT51病毒主题医学知识52病毒主题医学知识ViralReplication.AttachmentandpenetrationUncoating,nucleicacida

ndproteinsynthesisAssemblyandexit.53病毒主题医学知识Replication2.Particle/infectivityratiocanbelow.Sometimesonly1in1000virionsarei

nfectious.Itmakesthestudyofreplicationdifficultbecausemostinfectionsareabortive.Studyofsynchronouslyinfectedcellsisuseful.

54病毒主题医学知识Replication4.Maturationphase:viralmaterialaccumulatesincellorsurroundingmedium.Cellsinfectedwith

lyticvirusesbecomemetabolicallydisorderedanddie,viralproductionceases.Titresslowlydrop.Cellsinfectedwithnonlyticvirusescancontinuetoproduceviral

particlesindefinitely.56病毒主题医学知识Replication5.Reproductivecyclelessthananhourwithmanybacteriophage,6-8hrsinpicornavi

ridaeandmorethan40hrsinherpesviridae.Cellsinfectedwithpolioviruscanyieldmorethan100000copiesofvirusperinfectedcell.57病毒主题医学知识Replication6.Infection

maybe:productive,i.e.entryintopermissivecellsfollowedbyvirionformation.abortive,i.e.entryintoanonpermissivecellwhichdoesnotr

esultinvirionformation;therecanbemanyreasonsfornon-permissivenesse.g.noreceptor.restringentorrestrictive,cellistransientlypermissiveanda

fewvirusareproduced.Virusproductionstopsbutthegenomeremainsinthecell,examplesincludeEpsteinBarrVirusandherpessimplexvirus.T

hiskindofinfectionmaystillhaveseriousconsequencese.gcelltransformationandcancer.58病毒主题医学知识HistoryofVirologyViruses

areprobablyasoldaslifeonearth.AncientswereawareofviraldiseasesPerhapsthefirstwrittenrecordofavirusinfectionconsistsofaheirogly

phfromMemphis,drawninapproximately1400BC,whichdepictsatemplepriestcalledSiptahshowingtypicalclinicalsignsofparalyticpoliomyelitis59病毒主题医学知识Smallpox

,endemicinChinaby1000BC.Recognizingthatsurvivorsofsmallpoxoutbreakswereprotectedfromsubsequentinfection,thepracticeofvariolatio

ndeveloped.Involvedinhalationofdriedcrustsfromsmallpoxlesions,orinlatermodifications,inoculationofthepusfroma

lesionintoascratchontheforearm.Practicesurviveduntilthis60病毒主题医学知识OnMay14,1796,EdwardJennerusedcowpox-in

fectedmaterialobtainedfromthehandofSarahNemes,amilkmaidfromBerkleyinGloucestershiretovaccinate8yearoldJamesPhipps.OnJuly1,1796,Jennerchalle

ngedtheboybydeliberatelyinoculatinghimwithmaterialfromarealcaseofsmallpox!Hedidnotbecomeinfected!61病毒主题医学知识In1892,DmitriIwanowski,aRussianbotanist,

showedthatextractsfromdiseasedtobaccoplantscouldtransmitdiseasetootherplantsafterpassagethroughceramicfiltersfineenoughtoretainthesmallest

knownbacteria.GenerallyrecognisedasthebeginningofVirologyIn1898,MartinusBeijerinickconfirmed&extendedIwanowski'sresultsonto

baccomosaicvirus&wasthefirsttodevelopthemodernideaofthevirus,whichhereferredtoascontagiumvivumfluidum('solub

lelivinggerm')62病毒主题医学知识Compiledfrom'VirusTaxonomy',theSixthReportoftheInternationalCommitteeonTaxonomyofViruses(ICTV)1995.N.B:youcanse

archthisdocumentusingthe"Find"commandofthebrowser(EditMenu)63U-11virus,Bunyaviridae75V-2374virus,Bunyaviridae75V-2621viru

s,Bunyaviridae78V-2441virus,BunyaviridaeAbadinavirus,ReoviridaeAbelsonmurineleukemiavirus,Retroviridae

Abrasvirus,BunyaviridaeAbraxasgrossulariatacypovirus8,ReoviridaeAbraxasgrossulariataNPV,BaculoviridaeAb

settarovvirus,FlaviviridaeAbuHammadvirus,BunyaviridaeAbuMinavirus,BunyaviridaeAbutilonmosaicvirus,Geminiviridae

Acadovirus,ReoviridaeAcalyphayellowmosaicvirus,GeminiviridaeAcantholydaerythrocephalaNPV,BaculoviridaeAcaravirus,Bunyaviri

daeAcciptridherpesvirus1,HerpesviridaeAchaeajanataNPV,BaculoviridaeAcherontiaatropasvirus,TetraviridaeAchetado

mesticadensovirus,ParvoviridaeAcholeplasmaphageOc1r,InoviridaeAcholeplasmaphage10tur,InoviridaeAcholepl

asmaphageL2,PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasmaphageL51,InoviridaeAcholeplasmaphageM1,PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasmaphageMV-L1,In

ovindaeAcholeplasmaphageMVG51,InoviridaeAcholeplasmaphage01,PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasmaphagevl,Plasmaviridae

Acholeplasmaphagev2,PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasmaphagev4,PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasmaphagev5,PlasmaviridaeAcholeplasmaphagev7,PlasmaviridaeAchroiagri

sellaNPV,BaculoviridaeAcidaliacarticcariaNPV,BaculoviridaeAclerisgloveranaNPV,BaculoviridaeAclerisvarianaNPV,

BaculoviridaeAcrobasiszellerientomopoxvirus,PoxviridaeAcronictaacerisNPV,BaculoviridaeActebiafennicaNPV,BaculoviridaeActiasseleneC

ypovirus4,ReoviridaeActiasseleneNPV,BaculoviridaeActinomycetesphage108/016,MyoviridaeActinomycetesphage11

9,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageA1-Dat,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageBir,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphagef115-A,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesp

hagef150A,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphagef31C,Siphoviridae•ActinomycetesphageM1,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageMSP8,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageP

-a-1,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageR1,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageR2,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageSK1,Myo

viridaeActinomycetesphageSV2,SiphoviridaeActinomycetesphageVP5,SiphoviridaeAdelaideRivervirus,RhabdoviridaeAdeno-

associatedvirus1,ParvoviridaeAdeno-associatedvirus2,ParvoviridaeAdeno-associatedvirus3,ParvoviridaeAdeno-associatedvirus4,ParvoviridaeAdeno-assoc

iatedvirus5,ParvoviridaeAdisuraatkinsoniNPV,BaculoviridaeAdoxophyesoranaNPV,BaculoviridaeAedesaegyptidensovirus,Par

voviridaeAedesaegyptientomopoxvirus,PoxviridaeAedesaegyptiNPV,BaculoviridaeAedesalbopictusdensovirus,Parvovirida

eAedesannandaleiNPV,BaculoviridaeAedesatropalpusNPV,BaculoviridaeAedesepactiusNPV,BaculoviridaeAedesnigromaculis

NPV,BaculoviridaeAedespseudoscutellarisdensovirus,ParvoviridaeAedesscutellarisNPV,BaculoviridaeAedessoll

icitansNPV,BaculoviridaeAedestaeniorhynchusNPV,BaculoviridaeAedestormentorNPV,BaculoviridaeAedestriseriatusNPV,Baculo

viridaeAedialeucomelasNPV,BaculoviridaeAeromonasphage29,MyoviridaeAeromonasphage37,MyoviridaeAeromonasphage43,MyoviridaeAeromonasphage4

4RR2.8t,MyoviridaeAeromonasphage51,MyoviridaeAeromonasphage59.1,MyoviridaeAeromonasphage65,Myoviridae

AeromonasphageAeh1,MyoviridaeAeromonasphageAeh2,MyoviridaeAfricancassavamosaicvirus,GeminiviridaeAfricangre

enmonkeycytomegalovirus,HerpesviridaeAfricangreenmonkeyHHV-likevirus,HerpesviridaeAfricangreenmonkeypolyomavirus,PapovaviridaeAfr

icanhorsesicknessviruses1to10,ReoviridaeAfricanswinefevervirus,Africanswinefever-likevirusesAG83-1746virus,BunyaviridaeAG83-497virus,BunyaviridaeAgar

icusbisporusvirus1,UnassignedAgaricusbisporusvirus4,PartitiviridaeAgraulisvanillaevirus,TetraviridaeAgrobacteriumpha

gePIIBNV6,MyoviridaeAgrobacteriumphagePS8,SiphoviridaeAgrobacteriumphagePT11,SiphoviridaeAgrobacteriurnphageY,Si

phoviridaeAgrocholahelvolvacypovirus6,ReoviridaeAgrocholalychnidiscypovirus6,ReoviridaeAgropyronmosaicvirus,Potyvirida

eAgrotisexclarnationisNPV,BaculoviridaeAgrotisipsilonNPV,BaculoviridaeAgrotissegeturncypovirus9,ReoviridaeAgrotissegeturnNPV,Baculovir

idaeAguacatevirus,BunyaviridaeAhlumwater-bornevirus,TombusviridaeAinovirus,BunyaviridaeAkabanevirus,Bunyavir

idaeAKR(endogenous)murineleukemiavirus,RetroviridaeAlabamaargillaceaNPV,BaculoviridaeAlajuelavirus,BunyaviridaeAlcaligenesphage

8764,SiphoviridaeAlcaligenesphageA5/A6,SiphoviridaeAlcaligenesphageA6,MyoviridaeAlcelaphineherpesvirus1,Herpe

sviridaeAlcelaphineherpesvirus2,HerpesviridaeAlenquervirus,BunyaviridaeAletiaoxygalaNPV,BaculoviridaeA

leutiandiseasevirus,ParvoviridaeAleutianminkdiseasevirus,ParvoviridaeAfalfacrypticvirus1,Partitiviri

daeAlfalfacrypticvirus2,PartitiviridaeAlfalfalatentvirus,CarlavirusAlfalfamosaicvirus,BromoviridaeAlfuyvirus,FlaviviridaeAllertonvirus,Herpesviridae

Alligatorweedstuntingvirus,ClosterovirusAllitrichherpesvirus1,HerpesviridaeAllomycesarbusculavirus,UnassignedAlmeirimvir

us,ReoviridaeAlmpiwarvirus,RhabdoviridaeAlphaeaphasmaNPV,BaculoviridaeAlsophilapometariaNPV,BaculoviridaeAlstroemeriamosaicvirus,P

otyviridaeAlstroemeriastreakvirus,PotyviridaeAlstroemeriavirus,CarlavirusAltamiravirus,ReoviridaeAlteromonas

phagePM2,CorticoviridaeAmaparivirus,ArenaviridaeAmaranthusleafmottlevirus,PotyviridaeAmathesc-nigrumNPV,BaculoviridaeAmazonlilymosaicvirus,Potyvi

ridaeAglaisurticaecypovirus2,ReoviridaeAglaisurticaecypovirus6,ReoviridaeAglaisurticaeNPV,BaculoviridaeAgraulisvanillaecypovirus2,

ReoviridaeAgraulisvanillaedensovirus,ParvoviridaeAgraulisvanillaeNPV,BaculoviridaeAndracabipunctataGV,BaculoviridaeAneilemavir

us,PotyviridaeAngelfishreovirus,ReoviridaeAnhangavirus,BunyaviridaeAnhembivirus,BunyaviridaeAnisotasenatori

aNPV,BaculoviridaeAnomalacupreaentomopoxvirus,PoxviridaeAnomisflavaNPV,BaculoviridaeAnomissabuliferaNPV,BaculoviridaeAnomo

gynaelimataNPV,BaculoviridaeAnophelesAvirus,BunyaviridaeAnopheles8virus,BunyaviridaeAnophelescruciansNPV,BaculoviridaeAntequeravirus,Bunyavir

idaeAnthelavariaNPV,BaculoviridaeAntheliahyperboreaNPV,BaculoviridaeAntheraeaeucalyptivirus,TetraviridaeAntheraeamylittacypov

irus4,ReoviridaeAntheraeapaphiaNPV,BaculoviridaeAntheraeapemyicypovirus4,ReoviridaeAntheraeapemyiNPV,BaculoviridaeAntheraeapolyphemusNPV,Bac

uloviridaeAntheraeayamamaiNPV,BaculoviridaeAnthonomusglandisPV,BaculoviridaeAnthoxan,thumlatentblanchingvirus,HordeivirusAnthoxanthummosaicvirus,Pot

yviridaeAnthrenusmuseorumNPV,BaculoviridaeAnthriscusvirus,CarlavirusAnthriscusyellowsvirus,SequiviridaeAnt

icarisiagemmatalisMNPV,BaculoviridaeAntitypexanthomistacypovirus6,ReoviridaeAotineherpesvirus1,HerpesviridaeAotineherpesvir

us2,HerpesviridaeAotineherpesvirus3,HerpesviridaeApameaancepsGV,BaculoviridaeApameaancepsNPV,BaculoviridaeApameasordensGV,BaculoviridaeApante

lesfumiferanaevirus,PolydnaviridaeApeuvirus,BunyaviridaeAphidlethalparalysisvirus,PicornaviridaeAphodiustasmaniaeentomopo

xvirus,PoxviridaeApocheimacinerariusNPV,BaculoviridaeApprovedNamesofAllKnownViruses:Therearethousands63病毒主题医学知识SeriousThreaten◼Walte

rReeddiscoveredthefirsthumanvirus–YellowfevervirusIn1901◼HBVwasdiscoveredduring1963to1970.Itturnedouttob

ethemostserioushealthprobleminChina◼WHOdeclaredthederacinationofSmallPoxIn1980◼AIDSpatientswerereportedinUSAIn1981.TheHIVwasrecognisedin1983

◼Therearemaybestillalotofviruseswedon’tknow64病毒主题医学知识HelicalCapsidsHelixcanbedefinedmathematicallybytwoparameters:a

mplitude(diameter)&pitch(thedistancecoveredbyeachcompleteturnofthehelix)65病毒主题医学知识Icosahedra20equilateraltriangle

sarrangedintoaspherebasedon2-3-5rotationalsymmetryBacteriophageØX174.Assimpleasitcomes.60identicalsubunitsformacapsid.3protei

nsubunitspertriangularfaceMosthaemore66病毒主题医学知识ComplicatedVirusStructures67病毒主题医学知识病毒立体对称结构（Symmetry）二十面体立体对称（Icosahedral）：球形病毒的核衣壳

形态。螺旋对称（Helical）：衣壳壳粒螺旋状排列包裹核酸，多数有包膜。复合对称（Complex）：既有二十面体立体对称结构，也有螺旋对称结构，如噬菌体。68病毒主题医学知识病毒的结构基本结构核酸：DNA或者RNA，线性或环状，完整或分段。衣壳（Capsid）

：包裹病毒基因组的蛋白质。核衣壳（Nucleocapsid）=Capsid+nucleicacid.结构单位(Structuralunits):衣壳基本的蛋白结构单位。壳粒(Capsomers):电镜下病毒表面的最小形态结构。辅助结构包膜（

Envelope）：是脂质液态双层生物膜，是病毒出芽释放时局部细胞膜包裹病毒衣壳即成胞膜，但包膜上含有病毒特异蛋白分子，如一些病毒的糖蛋白。69病毒主题医学知识