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•Neuron:•Supportingcells:–CNS:neuroglia(glia)–PNS:Schwanncellsandsatellitecells–Functions:•physicalsupport•elec

tricalinsulation•metabolicexchange•blood-brainbarrierCompositionofNervousTissueTypesandFunctionsofGliaNameofGlialCellFunctio

nAstrocyte(Astroglia)Star-shapedcellsthatprovidephysicalandnutritionalsupportforneurons:1)cleanupbrain"debris";2)transportnutrientstoneuro

ns;3)holdneuronsinplace;4)digestpartsofdeadneurons;5)regulatecontentofextracellularspaceMicrogliaLikeastrocytes,microgliadigestpart

sofdeadneurons.Oligo-dendrogliaProvidetheinsulation(myelin)toneuronsinthecentralnervoussystem.SatelliteCe

llsPhysicalsupporttoneuronsintheperipheralnervoussystem.SchwannCellsProvidetheinsulation(myelin)toneuronsintheperipheralnervoussy

stem.NeurogliaintheCNS•Abletoreplicate!•ImportanceinnervoussystemfunctionisVASTLYunderestimated!•Evidenceismounting:1.Nurtu

ringrole2.Signalingrole(Memory?)3.Inflammation4.Pain5.Manymoretoe!Neuroglia:DistinguishingFeatures1.Presenceoftightjunctionsbetweentheendothelialce

lls2.Oneofthenotablefeaturesofendothelialcellsinparisontoothercellisthelackofpinocyticvesicles3.Selec

tivepermeabilitytomoleculesbasedontheirmolecularweightandlipidsolubility4.Presenceofspecificmarkers•Richintwo

enzymes:gammaglutamyltranspeptidase(GGTP)(foraminoacidtransport)andalkalinephosphatase(transportofphsopahteions)usedasmarkerforBBB.•Others:gluco

setransporter(GLUT-1);endothelialbarrierantigen(EBA;unknownfunction)andantigenrecognizedbytheMRCOX-47monoclonalan

tibody(importantforcell-to-celladhesion);transferrinreceptor(transportofferricions).PropertiesofBlood

BrainBarriersBBB1.NeuronshaveTWO"processes"calledaxonsanddendrites.GlialcellsonlyhaveONE.2.NeuronsCANgenerateactionpotentials.Gli

alcellsCANNOT,however,dohavearestingpotential.3.NeuronsHAVEsynapsesthatuseneurotransmitters.GlialcellsdoNOThavechem

icalsynapses.4.NeuronsdoNOTcontinuetodivide.GlialcellsDOcontinuetodivide.5.TherearemanyMORE(10-50timesmore)glialcellsinthebrainp

aredtothenumberofneurons.Gliaaredifferentfromneurons:NerveCellsNeurons,Glia,ExtracellularSpace,andBloodBidirectionalCommunicationPartnersintheC

NS•Receivingsignalsfromneighboringneuronsandrespondingtothemwithreleaseofneuroactivesubstances•Expressreceptorsfo

ralmostallneurotransmittersandneuromodulators•Increaseofintracellularcalciumconcentration•Membranedepolarizationinastrocyte

saremonresponsestoneuralactivity•MetabolicallycoupledtoneuralactivityMetabolismofAstrocytesandtheirMetabolicCooperationwithNeurons•Glucose•Aminoacidm

etabolism•Enzymes:•glutaminesynthetase(glutamate-glutaminecycle);•glycogenphosphorylatase(glycogenmobilization);•pyruvatecarboxylase(an

apleroticsynthesisofoxaloacetate);•cysteinesulfinatedecarboxylase(synthesisoftaurine);•glycinecleavages

ystem,glycinemetabolism.•ThreeTypesofMetabolicCooperationofAstrocytesandNeurons1.Supplyoftheenergysubs

tratelactatetoneurons2.Therecyclingofneuronalglutamatebytheglutamate-glutaminecycle3.Thesupplybyastrocytesofprecursorsforneuron

alglutathione(GSH)synthesis