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呼吸照護藥理學簡介IntroductiontoRespiratoryCarePharmacology鍾飲文教授高雄醫學大學呼吸治療學系、胸腔內科07-3121101-5651chong@kmu.edu.tw•先行了解藥理學相關名稱和定義,以及美國和台灣藥物管理之發展•其次了解藥物之命
名、藥物資訊以及藥物的來源•爾後了解到美國和台灣的藥物核准程序•再了解如何開立處方•最後了解呼吸治療藥理學之總結學習目標參考資料GradeNhire:Rau’sRespiratoryCarePharmacology.7thedition,2008,MosbyOu
tline(Ⅰ)PharmacologyandthestudyofDrugs藥理學和藥物之研究NamingDrugs藥物之命名SourcesofDrugInformation藥物資訊的來源SourcesofD
rugs藥物的來源ProcessofDrugApprovalintheUnitedState美國的藥物核准程序Chemicalidentification化學式確認Animalstudies動物實驗Investigationa
lnewdrugapproval試驗中新藥申請Newdrugapplication新藥申請FoodandDrugAdministrationnewdrugclassificationsystemFDA新藥分類系統Orphandrugs孤兒藥Outline(Ⅱ)ThePrescrip
tion處方Over-the-counterdrugs店頭藥(不需處方即可購買之藥)Genericsubstitutioninprescriptions學名藥取代RespiratoryCarepharm
acology:AnOverview呼吸治療藥理學之總結AerosolizedagentsgivenbyinhalationRelateddruggroupinrespiratorycarePharmacologyandtheStudyofDrugs(Ⅰ)藥理學和藥
物之研究Drugs(藥物)Chemicals(化學製品)1.與有機體(organisms)作用,改變其功能(functions)和過程(processes)2.提供診斷、治療以及預防疾病的方法ex:oxygen,alcohol,lyse
rgicaciddiethylamide(LSD),heparin,epinephrine,vitamins.PharmacologyandtheStudyofDrugs(Ⅱ)藥理學和藥物之研究Pharmacology(藥理學):藥物(化學製品)之研究包括它們的來源(ori
gin),特性(properties)及與生命體(livingorganisms)之交互作用(interaction)Respiratorycarepharmacology:治療心肺及重症疾病之藥理學之應用Pharmacologya
ndtheStudyofDrugs(Ⅲ)藥理學和藥物之研究Pharmacology1.Pharmacy(藥劑學):藥物的製備(preparation)和調劑(dispensing)2.Pharmacognosy(生藥學):天然物(包括:植物、動物等)之鑑別(identification
)、萃取、活性成分確認、療效評估3.Pharmacogenetics(藥物基因學):藥物療效與基因差異之關聯性研究4.Therapeutics(治療學):為藥物治療疾病之藝術5.Toxicology(毒物學):毒物及其藥理作用,
含解毒劑和毒性控制(poisoncontrol)之研究美國藥物管理之發展1906ThefirstFoodandDrugsActispassedbyCongress;theUnitedStatesPharmacopeia(USP)andtheNationalFormul
ary(NF)weregivenofficialstatus.1914TheHarrisonNarcoticActispassedtocontroltheimportation,sale,anddistributionofopiumand
itsderivatives,aswellasothernarcoticanalgesics.1938TheFood,Drug,andCosmeticActbecomeslaw.ThisistheFederalFood,Drug,andCosmeticActtoprotectthep
nblichealthandprotectphysiciansfromirresponsibledrugmanufacturers.ThisactisenforcedbytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA).1952
TheDurham-HumphreyAmendmentdefinesthedrugsthatmaysoldbythepharmacistonlyonprescripition.1962TheKefauver-HarrisLawispassedasanamendment
totheFood,Drug,andCosmeticActof1938.Thisactrequiresproofofsafetyandefficacyofalldrugsintroducedsince1938.Drugsinusebeforethattimehavenotbe
enreviewedbutareunderstudy.19631971TheControlledSubsancesActbecomeseffective;thisactlistsrequirementsforthecon
trol,sale,anddispensationofnarcoticsanddangerousdrugs.Fiveschedulesofcontrolledsubstanceshavebeendefined,ScheduleItoScheduleVgen
erallydefinedrugsofdecreasingpotentialforabuse,increasingmedicaluse,anddecreasingphysicaldependence.Examplesofeachsch
eduleareasfollows:ScheduleⅠ:Allnonresearchuseisillegal;examples:heroin,marijuana,LSD,peyote,andmescalineScheduleⅡ:Note
lephoneprescriptions,norefills;examples:opium,morphine,certainbarbituratesScheduleⅢ:Prescriptionmustberewrit
tenafter6months,orfiverefills;examples:certainopioiddoses,glutethimide(Doriden),andsomeotherbarbituratesScheduleⅣ:Prescriptionmustberewrittena
fter6monthsorfiverefills;penaltiesforillegalpossessiondifferfromthoseforScheduleⅢdrugs;examples:phenobarbital,barb
ital,chloralhydrate,meprobamate(Equanil,Miltown),andzolpidem(Ambin)ScheduleⅤ:Asforanynonopioidprescriptiondrug;examples:narcoticscon
taniningnonnarcoticsinmixtureform,suchascoughpreparationsorLomotil(diphenoxylate,narcoticwith2.5mgandatropinesulfate,n
onnarcotic).Rau’sRespiratoryCarePharmacology7thedition2008Mosby1906國會通過第一個藥物食品法;美國藥典及國家處方集取得官方認可1914通
過Harrison麻醉藥品管理條例,對鴉片及其衍生物及其他麻醉藥品之輸入、販售及配送進行管理1938制定食品、藥品及化妝品法,也就是現行用以保障公共衛生及醫師免於不負責任的藥廠影響的聯邦法律,由藥物食品局(FDA)執行1952Durham-Humphre
y修正案,規定藥物需有處方才得由藥師販售1962Kefauver-Harris法案修正1938年之食物、藥品及化妝品法,本法案要求1938年後上市之藥品需有安全性及有效性之證明,1938年之前之藥物雖然沒有重新檢討,
但仍需重新研究19631971管制藥品法生效,本法列出有關麻醉及危險藥品之管制、販售及配送等措施。分為五等級,級數越高,其濫用之可能性越低,醫療用途越高及成癮性越低美國藥物管理之發展第一級(scheduleⅠ):非研究用途皆為非法,如heroin,marijuana,LSD,peyote&me
scaline第二級(scheduleⅡ):不得以電話處方,非經診察不得單純領藥(refill),如:opium,morphine,certainbarbituates,amphetamines第三級(scheduleⅢ):處方在6個月後需重新開
立,或只可單純領藥五次,如某些opioiddoses,glutethimide(Doriden),和某些barbituates第四級(scheduleⅣ):處方在6個月後需重新開立,或只可單純領藥五次,但非法
擁有之處罰與第三級不同,如phenobarbital,barbital,choralhydrate,meprobamate(Equanil,Miltown)和zolpidem(Ambien)第五級(scheduleⅤ):非鴉片類藥物,
如含有麻醉與非麻醉之混合藥物,例如:咳嗽藥或Lomotil(diphenoxylate,narcoticwith2.5mgandatropinesulfate,nonnarcotic)美國藥物管理之發展台灣藥政
紀要1983優良藥品製造標準(GMP)1985優良藥品調劑作業規範(GDP)1988完成實施藥品GMP制度1990實施藥品再分類1993藥事法公布施行1993新藥監視制度-要求執行國內臨床試驗1994藥事法
施行細則公佈施行1995無菌製劑確效作業實施1996藥品優良臨床試驗規範(GCP)1998成立財團法人醫藥品查驗中心(CDE)1998藥品非臨床試驗優良操作規範(GLP)1998藥品非臨床試驗安全性規範1999管制藥品管理條例公佈施行19
99建立全國藥物不良反應(ADR)通報系統1999推動醫療器材GMP1999修訂「藥品優良製造規範(cGMP)2000罕見疾病防治及藥物法公布施行2000藥害救濟法公布施行2000醫療器材重新分類分級管理2001成立財團法人藥害救濟
基金會(TDRF)2002啟動海外藥廠查核制度2003推動優良調劑及給藥安全作業規範(GDDP)2004實施銜接性試驗評估2004藥事法修法管制藥品的分類在台灣管制藥品依行政院衛生署公告之『管制藥品管理條例』第三條之說明如下:管制藥品係指下列藥品:
一、成癮性麻醉藥品。二、影響精神藥品。三、其他認為有加強管理必要之藥品前項管制藥品限供醫藥及科學上之需用,依其習慣性、依賴性、濫用性及社會危害之程度,分四級管理。其分級及品項,由中央衛生主管機關設置管制藥品審議委員會審議後,報請行政院核定後公告之。案例:第一級管制藥品:Morphine、Heroi
n、Opium、Cocaine等。第二級管制藥品:Codeine、Hydromorphine、Fentanyl、Pethidine、Methsdone等。第三級管制藥品:Tramadol、Ketamine等第四級管制藥品:Diazepam、Estazolam等NamingDrugs(藥物
之命名)Chemicalname(化學名):藥物的化學結構Codename(編號名):藥廠給予,可能成為藥物的試驗性化學品一個名稱Officialname:正式名Genericname:學名Brand(trade)name:商標名GenericName(學名)當化學產物有治療的效果,而藥廠想將之
上市,美國命名協會(UnitedStatesAdoptedName,USAN)給予這個化學物的名稱。與編號(採用數字)不同的是,學名是基於藥物的化學結構,如isoproterenol有isopropylgroup連在胺基酸鏈的末端氮
上(terminalnitrogen)與商標名(brandname)不同的是genericname是非專利名(nonproprietary)OfficialName(正式名)當試驗藥品完全通過可做一般用途,且被收錄於美國藥典-國家處方集(UnitedStatespharmacopei
a-NationalFormulary),學名就成為正式名,因為正式核可的藥品可能由很多藥廠以不同的名字在市場銷售,建議臨床醫師使用無專利性的正式名,而非商標名。台灣藥典台灣並沒有如美國藥典之國家處方集收錄通過臨床
驗的藥品。在台灣藥品一旦通過新藥上市申請衛生署會給予藥品許可證號,我們可以利用衛生署網頁上的【藥品醫材化妝品許可證號查詢】來確認。想要了解藥品相關的資訊可以查詢【MIMS台灣藥品手冊、MIMS簡明處方藥典、常用藥品手冊】等,這些收錄台灣上市藥品的藥品資料,不過內容較
為簡略。但若想要更清楚藥品完整的資料,就必須使用【各國的藥典】來查詢,或利用藥品資料整合軟體,如:Micromedex。衛生署藥品醫材化妝品許可證號查詢MIMS台灣藥品手冊、MIMS簡明處方藥典TradeName,Brandname&proprietaryname(商標名、專利名)特定藥廠給的名
稱,如:GenericName:albuterolTradeName:Proventil(Schering-Plough)Ventolin(Glaxo-Wellcome)ExampleCodename:I
CI204,219Chemicalname:4-(5-cyclopentyloxy-carbony-lamino-1-methy1-indal-3-ylmethyl)-3-methoxy-N-O-tolylsulfonylbenzamideOffic
ialname:ZafirlukastGenericname:ZafirlukastTradename:Accolate(ZenecaPharmaceuticals)SourcesofDrugs(I)藥物的來源CromolynSodium:khellin(prototype)A
mmiVisnaga(musclerelaxant)(EasternMediterranean)Rau’sRespiratoryCarePharmacology.7thedition,2008,MosbyCurare劍毒:vine(SouthAmericanIndians)Digitalis毛地
黃:foxglove(Digitalispurpurea)-MayansRau’sRespiratoryCarePharmacology.7thedition,2008,MosbyOpiumalkaloids鴉片鹼:poppyseedSourceso
fDrugs(Ⅱ)藥物的來源Animal:Thyroidhormone,insulin,pancreaticdornasePlant:khellin(Ammivisnaga),atropine(belladonnaalk
aloid),digitalis(foxglove),reserpine(Rauwolfiaserpentine),volatileoilofeucalyptus,pine,aniseMineral:Coppersul
fate,magnesiumsulfate(epsomsalts),mineraloil(liquidbydrocarbons)ProcessofDrugApprovalinTheUnitedStates(美國的藥物核准程序)(Ⅰ)1.Length:13-15y/o(che
micalsynthesismarketingapprovalbyFDA,in1980s)2.Cost:$350million$500million(含失敗的例子,成功率1/1000)MajorStepsintheProcessofMarketi
ngadrugintheUnitedStatesIsolationandIdentificationoftheChemicalAnimalstudiesGeneraleffectsSpecialeffectsonorgansystemsToxicologystudiesInvestiga
tionalNewDrug(IND)Phase1studies:Smallnumber,healthysubjectsPhase2studies:Smallnumber,subjectswithdiseasePhase3studies:Large,multicenterstudi
esNewDrugApplication(NDA)Reportingsystemforfirst6monthsProcessofDrugApproralinTheUnitedStates(美國的藥物核准程序)(Ⅱ)ChemicalIdentificatio
nIdentifyachemicalwiththepotentialforusefulphysiologicaleffectsEx:Paclitaxel(Taxol):needlesandbarkofthewesternyewtreeRau’sRespiratoryCarePha
rmacology.7thedition,2008,MosbyAnimalStudies動物實驗1.Generaleffecton-Organisms-Specificorgans:liver,kidneys2.
Toxicologystudy-mutagenicity-teratogenicity-effectonreproductivefertility-carcinogenicityInvestigation
alNewDrugApproval1.化學物經動物實驗後,向FDA申請為InvestigationalNewDrug(IND)試驗性新藥2.進行人體試驗分三步驟,三年內完成Phase1:smallgroupofhealthyvol
unteers,establishitsactivity(pharmacokineticdescription:ratesofabsorption,distribution,metabolism,elim
ination)Phase2:treatmentforasmallnumberofindividualswithdiseasePhase3:large,multicenterstudies,establishsafety&efficacyNewDrugApplic
ation新藥申請1.IND完成後,向FDA申請為新藥newdrugapplication(NDA),核可後即可在一般臨床使用2.追踪6個月,注意是否有問題發生3.如無,則醫生可列為處方,用以治療病人TheThalidom
ideStory沙利竇邁的故事1.1950年thalidomide以安眠藥(hypnoticagent,sleepingaid)在美上市2.懷孕婦女服用後,生下小孩產生畸形,海豹肢症(phocomelia,limbtruncation)3.現在用來治Leprosy(痲瘋)
,也可用來改善TB及AIDS體重減輕的症狀,同時也可減緩HIV病毒複製的速度4.Thalidomide是免疫調節劑(immunomodulatoryagent),可減少腫瘤坯死因子(tumornecrosisfactor-α,TNF-α)的產生,而TNF-α可引起組織消蝕(tis
suewasting),發燒(fever)及夜間盜汗(nightsweats)FoodandDrugAdministrationNewDrugClassificationSystem(FDA新藥分類系統)Chemical/pharmaceu
ticalstanding1=Newchemicalentity2=Newsaltform3=Newdosageform4=Newcombination5=Genericdrug6=NewindicationTherapeuticpotentialA=Important(significant
)therapeuticgainoverotherdrugsAA=Importanttherapeuticgain,indicatedforapatientwithacquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS);fast-
trackB=ModesttherapeuticgainC=Importantoptions;littleornotherapeuticgainOrphanDrugs(孤兒藥)治療罕見疾病之藥罕見:(U.S.A.
)a.少於二十萬人或發生率<萬分之五b.多於二十萬人或發生率>萬分之五,但不預期可回收藥物開發之成本Examplesoforphandrugsofinteresttorespiratorycarecliniciansshowingeitheraproposeduseoranapproved
use*bythefoodandDrugAdministrationDRUGAcetylcysteineα1Proteinaseinhibitor(Prolastin)*Beractant(Survanta)*Colfoscerilpalmitate(ExosurfNeonatal)*Cyst
icfibrosistransmembraneconductanceregulatorDornasealfa(Pulmozyme)*Nitricoxide(INOmax)Tobramycinbyinhalation(TOBI)*PR
OPOSEDUSEIVformoderatetosevereacetaminophenoverdoseReplacementtherapyintheα1-proteinaseinhibitorcongenitaldefect
PreventionortreatmentofRDSinthenewbornPreventionortreatmentofRDSinthenewbornTreatmentofcysticfibrosisReducemucusviscositya
ndincreaseairwaysecretionclearanceincysticfibrosisTreatmentofpersistentpulmonaryhypertensionofthenewborn,oracuterespiratorydistressinadultsTreatme
ntofPseudomonasaeruginosaincysticincysticfibrosisorbronchiectasis台灣新藥研究發展與核准上市過程(與美國差不多)1.經由實驗室之研究,汰選找出具有發
展潛力之新化學物質(NEC;NewChemicalEntity),進行化學、物理性質之分析研究,主成分安定性試驗,分析方法之確認。2.進行動物之藥理試驗,包括動物體內及動物體外試驗。3.進行動物毒性及安全性試驗。4.進行處方研究和劑型設
計。5.申請進入人體臨床試驗階段(IND;InvestigationalNewDrug)。6.人體臨床試驗階段。7.申請新藥上市許可(NDA;NewDrugApplication)。8.列入新藥監視(PMS;PostMark
etingSurveillance)。Theprescription(處方)處方係指藥物之開立,及關於調劑和服用方式之特別指示醫師(physician),整骨師(osteopath),牙醫師(dentist),
獸醫(veterinarian)可開處方,脊椎指壓治療師(chiropractors)及驗光師(opticians)則不可開。醫方可以英文或拉丁文開立,單位用公制(metric)或藥局衡量法(apothecarymeasures)美國1971年管制藥品法
(controlledSubstancesAct)通過後,開立麻醉藥(narcotics)或管制藥品,則需附緝毒局(DrugEnforcementAdministration,DEA)提供之註冊號碼(registrationnumber)Rau’sRespiratoryCarePhar
macology.7thedition,2008,Mosby1.病人姓名、住址、開立日期2.R:表示處方(recipe),即指示藥師去調劑或準備以下的藥品,這是所謂的標題(Superscription)3
.處方本文(inscription):開立的藥物名稱(name)及數量(quantity)4.下題辭(subscription):指示藥師如何準備藥物(directionsonpreparingmedication),例如製成藥膏,則寫成“ftungt”mak
eanointment5.sig(signa)表示“write”此transcription或signature表示藥師在藥袋上對指示用藥方法的標示6.開立處方者(nameoftheprescriber),此處為開立醫師簽名處,但注意的是上面第5點之signature表示對患者用藥之指示,而非醫師
簽名AbbreviationsandSymbolsUsedinPrescriptions(處方之縮寫及代號)(I)AbbreviationsandsymbolsusedinprescriptionsABBREVIATIONME
ANINGaaofeachacbeforeamealadlibasmuchasdesiredalthoreveryotherhouraqdestdistilledwaterbidtwicedailyC,conggalloncwithcapcapsulecccubiccentimeterdild
ilutedtdgivesuchdoseselixelixiremulsemulsionetandexaqinwaterextextractfldfluidftmakeGgramABBREVIATIONMEANINGGelggram
grgraingttadrophsatbedtimeIMintramuscularIVintravenousLliterlinalinimentliqliquid,solutionlotlotionMmixmist,mixtmixturemlmilliliternebulaspraynonr
epnottoberepeatednponothingbymoutho,opintODrighteyeoloilAbbreviationsandSymbolsUsedinPrescriptions(處方之縮寫及代號)(Ⅱ)Abbreviat
ionsandsymbolsusedinprescriptionsABBREVIATIONMEANINGOSlefteyeOUbotheyespafterpartaeqequalpartspcaftermealspilpillplaceboIplease(iner
tsubstitute)popillprnasneededprrectallypulvpopowderqeveryqheveryhourqidfourtimesdailyqodeveryotherdayqdeverydayq2heve
ry2hoursq3hevery3hoursq4hevery4hoursABBREVIATIONMEANINGqsasmuchasrequired(quantitysufficient)qtquantRx,Rtakeswuthouts
igwirtesolsolutionsolvdissolvesosifneeded(foronetime)sptspiritspfrumentiwhiskeysshalfstatimmediatelysyrsyruptabtablet
ortabletstidthreetimesdailytr,tincttinctureungointmentutdictasdirectedvinwineOver-The-CounterDrugsOTC:不需處方即可購買之藥AsthmallalerMist,Medihaler-Epi,
PrimatentMistRau’sRespiratoryCarePharmacology.7thedition,2008,MosbyViagraOnlineGenericsubstitationinprescription允許藥師調劑時,得以相同之學名
藥(generic)取代商標名(brand),因為學名藥沒有負擔原廠開發的成本,較為便宜,可為病人節省金錢RespiratoryCarePharmacology:AnOverview(呼吸治療藥理學之總結)不
只牽涉肺部,而且與心臟、血管有關,故牽涉之藥物範圍相當廣泛AerosolizedAgentsGivenbyInhalation(吸入治療之噴霧藥劑)優點:1.藥量比全身給藥低2.比口服或靜脈給藥副作用少及輕3.作用速度(onsetofac
tion)較快4.藥物分布以呼吸道為主,較少全身性生體活性(systemicbioavailabity)5.無痛,相對安全且使用方便AerosolizedAgents(噴霧藥劑)(I)DRUGGROUPTHERRAPEUTICAGENTSAdren
ergicagentsβ–adrenergic:Relaxationofbronchialsmoothmuscleandbronchodilation,toreduceRawandimproveventilatoryflowrat
esinairwayobstructionsuchasCOPD,asthma,CF,acutebronchitis.α–Adrenergic:E.g.,epinephrine:topicalvasoconstrictionanddecongestion.Epinephrine
IsoproterenolIsoetharineTerbutalineMetaproterenolAlbuterolPirbutterolBitolterolLevalbuterolSalmeterolFormoterolAnticholine
rgicagentsRelaxationofcholinergic-inducedbronchoconstrictiontoimproveventilatoryflowratesinCOPDandasthma.IpratropiumbromideMucoactiveagent
sModificationofthepropertiesofrespiratorytractmucus;currentagentslowerviscosityandpromoteclearanceofsecretions.AcetylcysteineDornaseal
faAerosolizedAgents(噴霧藥劑)(Ⅱ)DRUGGROUPTHERRAPEUTICAGENTSAntiasthmaticagentsPreventionoftheonsetanddevelopment
oftheasthmaticresponse,throughinhibitionofchemicalmediatorsofinflammation.CromolynsodiumNedocromilsodiumZafirlukastZileutonMonteluastCorticost
eroidsReduceandcontroltheinflammatoryresponseintheairwayusuallyassociatedwithasthma(lowerrespiratorytr
act)orwithseasonalorchronicrhinitis(upperrespiratorytract)DexamethasoneBeclomethasonedipropionateTriamcinoloneacetonideFlu
nisolideFluticasonepropionateBudesonideAntiinfectiveagentsInhibitionoforeradicationofspecificinfectiv
eagents,suchasPneumocystiscarinii(pentamidine),respiratorysyncytialvirus(ribavirin),PseudomonasaeruginosainCForinfluenzaAandBPe
ntamidineRibavirinTobramycinZanamivurExogenoussurfactantsApprovedclinicaluseisbydirectintratrachealinstillation,forthep
urposeofrestoringamorenormallungcomplianceinrespiratorydistresssyndromeofthenewbornColfoscerilpalmitateBer
actantCalfactantPoractantalfaRelatedDrugGroupsinRespiratoryCare(與呼吸治療相關之藥物)抗感染藥(antiinfective):抗生素、抗結核藥神經肌肉阻斷劑(neurom
uscularblockingagents):劍毒類(curariformagents)中樞神經系統藥物(centralnervoussystemagents):analgesics/sedatives/hypnotics抗心律不整藥(antiar
rhythemicagents):digitalis/lidocaine降凝血劑和血栓溶解劑(anticoagulant&antithrombolytic):heparin/streptokinase利尿
劑(diuretics):thiazide/furosemide結論呼吸照護藥理學是從基礎呼吸照護學到臨床呼呼吸照護學最重要的課程之ㄧ。了解藥物的藥理作用,對臨床上藥物治療的療效,以及可能產生的副作用,才能充分的掌握。