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Forkliftstabilityandothertechnicalsafetyissues叉车稳定性及其他安全问题Thestabilityofforkliftshasimpactsonsafetyinr

espectof:叉车稳定性会以下的安全问题1.Thelikelihoodofforwardtipover–thatis,theforklifttiltingforward;前向翻车的可能性-是指叉车前倾的情形2.Thelikelihoodofsidetipover–tha

tis,theforklifttiltingtoeitherside;and侧向翻车的可能性-是指叉车向一侧翻车3.Themaximumlevelsofbrakingthatcanbeappliedforanyloadingsituation,andhencethestoppingdis

tance–toohighalevelofbrakingwillinitiateforwardtipover;and在任何条件下的最大的刹车力度，比如载货条件或者高位提升等都可能前向翻车4.Themaximumlevel

sofrearwardacceleration-toohighalevelwillalsoinitiateforwardtipover.在任何条件下后向极大的加速度或者高位操作可能导致前向侧翻。1.Counterbalanceforklifts平衡重叉车Thisrep

ortandtheassociatedMonashUniversityAccidentResearchCentreproducedguidebook(AGuidebookofIndustrialTrafficManagement&

ForkliftSafety)focusoncounterbalanceforkliftsofthestyleshownbelow,astheyarethemostcommonstyleusedinVictoria本报告机Monsah

大学事故研究中心制作了一个关于平衡重叉车的指导手册。（工业车辆管理及叉车安全手册）Theseforkliftsgenerallyhave:这些叉车具有以下要素•Thebodywithitscounterbalanceandcagerigidlyattac

hedtothefrontordriveaxle;车身具有配重块和一个结实的货叉架在叉车前轮轴上•Themastpivotedatornearthefrontaxle;门架可以在前轮轴上或接近轮轴的位置摆动•The

steeraxlepivotedaboutitscentresothatthesteertyresremainincontactwiththegroundwheretherearesmallvariationsintheleveloftheoperat

ingsurface;and转向轴在中心位置转动，这样转向轮就可以保持和地面的接触，即使地面有些小的不平整•Brakesfittedtothefrontdriveaxleonly.只有前轮

有制动•Fortheonebody,forkliftscanbefittedwith:同一类的车身可以配置•Differentmaststosuitvariousliftheights

.Theserangefrom1500to7500mm.Thenumberofmaststagescanvarydependingonavailableheadroom.不同高度的门架。这些范围从1500-7500mm。门架梯级依据屋顶高度。•Differentw

heelsandtyres–solid,pneumaticshapedcushionorpneumatictyres;不同轮毂及轮胎-实心胎、充气胎及充气弹性胎等•Arangeofforktynessuitedtotheforkliftoperation,w

ithorwithoutsideshift;and不同货叉类型来适配不同工况，是否具有侧移器及•Otherspecialistattachments.其他特别专用属具2.“Stabilitytriangle稳定

三角形Therearethreewaysacounterbalanceforkliftcantipoverforwardsorsideways:有三种可能性导致平衡重叉车侧翻或前翻1.Itcantipforwardwiththec

ontactpointsofthedriveaxletyresandthegroundactingasthepivot;它前翻的原因可能是接触点的轮胎和地面原地打转2.Itcantipsidewaystotheleftwithtipover

initiallypivotingalongalinethroughthelefthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle;or它左侧翻的原因可能一个左前轮打

转和后转向大幅摆动3.Itcantipsidewaystotherightwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughtherighthandfronttyrecontact

pointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle.它右侧翻的原因可能一个右前轮子打转和后转向大幅摆动Thesethreelinescombineddefinethestabilitytriangleasshownin

thediagram.有三条线来定义了稳定三角形Notethattherearsteeraxlehasalimittoitstravelarounditspivotpoint,sothatatsomepointsidetipoverchangestopivotaboutthetwolefthan

dortworighthandtyres.Atthisstagetheforkliftsometimesstopstippingoverandfallsbackonitswheels.Mostlyhowevertipove

rcontinues.请注意转向轮轴需要到极限，这样的话侧翻可能会改变。在这个条件下侧翻可能会停止和回到承载轮平衡。大部分情况下还是会继续侧翻。3.Centreofmass重心Anyphysicalobjecthasapointlocated

inthreedimensionswhereitactsasthoughallitsmassislocated.Thisisknownasitscentreofmass.许多物体在三维上都有重心Itisapointaboutwhichtheforkliftwould

balanceifplacedontopofapointedsupport.许多情况下叉车获得平衡，只要这个点上给与支持。Whentheforkliftisstationary,theonlyforcea

ctingonthispointistheforceofgravityverticallydown.Forastationaryforklift,providedthiscentreofmassiswithinthestabilitytriangle,theforkliftw

illneithertipforwardsorsideways.当平稳行驶的时候，只有一个作用力就是重力，那就可以保证重心在稳定三角形内。Whenweplaceanincreasingloadontheforktynes,t

hecentreofmassoftheforkliftandloadcombinedmovesforwardtowardsthefrontaxle当我们增加重量在货叉上，载荷中心就会前移Ifsufficientloadisaddedtheforkliftwillreachapointwh

ereittipsforward.Thisgenerallyoccursifanoperatortriestoliftaloadthatismuchtooheavyfortheforklift,andthest

eeraxleliftsofftheground.当货物足够重时，中心点临界后，就会前翻。基本上会出现在司机想要超载或者转向轮离地。4.Dynamicforces,centreofmassandstability活动受力，重心及稳定性Whenaforklifttrave

lsonaslope,orwhenaforkliftistravellingaroundacorneratsomespeed,orwhenaforkliftbrakesoraccelerates,forcesaredevelo

pedthatactontheforkliftsidewaysortothefrontorrear.当叉车行驶在斜坡或在拐弯的时候，当叉车刹车和加速的时候，受力会作用在叉车侧面或前后。Ifthesumofalltheforc

esactingonthecentreofmassactsuchthattheypassoutsidethestabilitytriangle,thentheforklifteithertipsforwardsofsideways.当所有受力作用在重心，导致它们偏出稳定三角形，就会导致侧翻或前翻。

5.Tipoversidewaysversustipoverforwards侧翻与前翻Asnotedabove,addingloadtothetynesmakesthecentreofmassoftheforklifta

ndtynescombinedmoveforwardclosertotheforwardtipoveraxisofthestabilitytriangle.Theforkliftbecomesprogressivelyle

ssstableinrespectofforwardtipover.如上面所述，增加载荷至叉车重心，以及货叉接近前向轴心，会导致重心前移至侧翻的稳定三角形轴线。叉车会渐渐变得不稳定，从而导致前向侧翻。Howeverthecentreofmassatthesametimeismov

ingawayfromthetwoothertippingaxis.SotheForkliftbecomesmorestableinrespectoftippingsideways.无论如何叉车的重心会远离稳定轴线，这样叉车就能保持更稳定。Hencefo

rkliftsaremuchmorelikelytotipsidewayswhenempty–75%oftheseincidentsoccurwhentheforkliftisempty.所以叉车在空载的

时候更容易侧翻-75%的事故发生在空车的时候。Andtheyaremorelikelytotipforwardwhenloaded.而载货后更容易发生前翻。6.Stabilityandraisedloads稳定性与举升的载荷Raisingtheloadreducesstabilityinal

ltipoverdirectionsasthesizeofside,frontorrearforcesrequiredtocauseforwardorsideortipoverarereduced.举升载荷后会降低稳定性，导致不同方向的侧翻。7.Australianan

dinternationalstandardsforforkliftstabilityorsafety澳大利亚和国际关于叉车稳定性和安全的标准Alistofthesestandardsisshownbelow.Notethatinadditio

nJapan,amajorsupplierofforklifts,hasitsownstandards.一些列的标准显示如下。请注意在日本主要的叉车供应商有其自身的标准。Andthereareotherstandardsthatal

soimpactonforkliftsafetyincludingstandardsforpalletsandcontainers.还有其他的标准同样会影响叉车额安全，包括托盘和集装箱STANDARD标准COMME

NT说明AS/NZS1425:1999LPGasfuelsystemsforvehicleengines车辆液化燃油系统ForLPGpoweredforklifts液化天然气叉车AS/NZS1596:2

002ThestorageandhandlingofLPGas存储液化天然气ForLPGpoweredforklifts液化气叉车AS2402-1994Tractionbatteries-Lead-acid铅酸动力电池Forbatterypoweredforklifts电动叉车AS2548.

1-1998Batterychargersforlead-acidtractionbatteries-Batterychargersforventedcells动力电池充电器Forbatterypoweredforkl

ifts电动叉车AS1763-1985Industrialtrucks-Glossaryofterms工业车辆名词术语AS2359-1995Poweredindustrialtrucks–动力工业车辆Part1:GeneralRequirements.Pa

rt2:Operation.Part3:Counterbalancedforklifttrucks-Stabilitytests.Part4:ReachandstraddleforklifPrincipalAustralianstand

ardforforklifts.BeingprogressivelychangedbytheadoptionofequivalentISOstandarttrucks-Stabilitytests.Part5:Contro

lsymbols.Part6:SafetyCode.Part7:Terminology.Part8:Palletstackersandhigh-liftplatformtrucks–Stability

tests.Part9:High-liftridertrucks–Overheadguards.Part10:Forklifttrucks–Hookontypeforkarms-Vocabulary.Part11:Forklifttrucks–Hookontypeforkarms

–Dimensions.Part12:Hazardousareasds澳大利亚叉车标准AS3713-1989Acoustics-Industrialtrucks-Noisemeasurement叉车遭遇AS4972(Int)-200

1Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainersfor6m(20ft)lengthandabove-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱AustralianversionofISO10525–add

itionalnotesonrisksaddedAS4973-2001Industrialtrucks-Inspectionandrepairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lifttrucks检查和维修叉车叉齿Basedon

ISO5057:1993ISO1074:1991Counterbalancedfork-lifttrucks;stabilitytests平衡重叉车稳定性测试EquivalenttoAS2359Pt3:1995ISO2328:199

3Fork-lifttrucks;hook-ontypeforkarmsandforkarmcarriages;mountingdimensions叉车连接型货叉EquivalenttoAS2359Pt11:19

95ISO2330:2002Fork-lifttrucks-Forkarms-Technicalcharacteristicsandtesting货叉技术特征和测试ISO2331:1974Fork-lifttrucks–Hookontypeforkarms–Vocabulary

连接型货叉词汇EquivalenttoAS2359Pt10:1995ISO3184:1998Reachandstraddlefork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests前移式和跨腿式叉车稳定性测试EquivalenttoAS23

59Pt4:1995ISO5057:1993Industrialtrucks;inspectionandrepairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lifttrucks叉车检查和维修EquivalenttoAS4973:2001ISO

5766:1990Palletstackersandhighliftplatformtrucks.Stabilitytests托盘堆高机和升降台稳定性测试EquivalenttoAS2359Pt8:1995ISO5767:1992Industrialtruc

ksoperatinginspecialconditionofstackingwithmasttiltedforward;additionalstabilitytest叉车高位前倾ISO6292:1996Poweredindustrialtrucksan

dtractors-Brakeperformanceandcomponentstrength动力叉车和拖车的刹车TobeanAustralianStandard-additionalnotesrelatingtoriskISO10525:1997

Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6m(20ft)lengthandabove-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱EquivalenttoAS4972(Int)2001le

ssAppendixZZISO10658:1996Industrialtrucksoperatinginspecialconditionsofstackingwithloadlaterallydisplacedbypowereddevices-A

dditionalstabilitytest叉车堆垛和直接摆放ISO13284:2003Fork-lifttrucks-Fork-armextensionsandtelescopicforkarms-Technicalcharacteristicsand

strengthrequirements货叉延长套ISO13562:2000Industrialvariable-reachtrucks-Part1:Stabilitytests.Part2:Additional

stabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6mlengthandabove.ISO13563-1:2001Singlesideloadingfork-liftt

rucks-Part1:Stabilitytests.Part2:Additionalstabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6mlengthandabov

e单面载货CoveredinAS2359Pt1:1985:AppendixA5ISO15794:2001Bi-directionalandmulti-directionalfork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests双向和多向叉车ISO

15870:2000Poweredindustrialtrucks-Safetysignsandhazardpictorials-Generalprinciples动力叉车的安全标识ISO15871:2000Industrialtrucks-Specificationsforindicator

lightsforcontainerhandlingandgrapplerarmoperations叉车灯光8.Australianandinternationalstandards-forkliftstability

tests关于叉车稳定性测试的澳大利亚和国际标准TherequiredteststodeterminethemaximumratedcapacityofforkliftsareincludedinAS2359anditsparts,andinAS4972(Int).Forothersty

lesofforklifttrucksISO13563orISO15794mayapply要标识额度载荷能力测试的标准是AS2359和AS4972。其他类型的叉车标准有ISO13563和ISO15794Ingeneral,foreveryforkliftstyle,therearefoursta

bilitytests,plusothersasappropriateforthestyleofforklift.总的来说，每种型号的叉车都有自己的稳定性测试，还有其他相关需要的关于该型号叉车的测试Australianandinternationalstandards-counterbal

anceforkliftstabilitytests澳大利亚和国际标准-平衡重叉车Forcounterbalanceforkliftstherearefourtests:关于平衡重叉车有四个测试项目1.Stacking–withthemastverticalandforksatmaximumh

eight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformto:堆高-门架垂直提升至最大高度，最高处的载荷能力由前倾至最大时的能力来决定•Aslopeof4%forforklif

tsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and在4度的斜坡测试最大至4999kg的载荷能力•Aslopeof3.5%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kg在3.5度的斜坡测试至5000-

50000kg载荷能力2.Travelling–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhenthefo

rkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformtoaslopeof18%行驶-门架前倾到底和货叉降落，最大载荷能力由18度的坡道行驶的载荷能力来决定3.Stacking–withthema

statfullrearwardtiltandforksatmaximumheight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedsidewardsonaplatformtoaslopeof6%堆高-门架后仰到底和

货叉在最高处，最大的载荷能力由6度的斜坡上载荷能力来决定4.Travelling–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,theforkliftistiltedsidewaysonaplatformto•

aslopeofupto40%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and•Aslopeof50%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kgdependingonthefor

kliftcapacityandmaximumspeed行驶-门架完全后仰和货叉降落，叉车在侧面倾斜的平台上剩余40%的额定载荷能力-4999kg以下的叉车剩余50%的额定载荷能力-5000-5000kg的叉车Tests1and2

primarilydetermineforwardtipoverstability,test3determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenloaded,andtest4determinessidetipove

rstabilitywhenempty.测试1和测试2初步确定前向稳定性，测试3决定侧面稳定性和测试4决定空载的侧向稳定性。