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Forkliftstabilityandothertechnicalsafetyissues叉车稳定性及其他安全问题Thestabilityofforkliftshasimpactsonsafetyinrespectof:叉车稳

定性会以下的安全问题1.Thelikelihoodofforwardtipover–thatis,theforklifttiltingforward;前向翻车的可能性-是指叉车前倾的情形2.Thelikelihoodofsidetipover–thatis,theforklifttiltin

gtoeitherside;and侧向翻车的可能性-是指叉车向一侧翻车3.Themaximumlevelsofbrakingthatcanbeappliedforanyloadingsituation,andhencethestopping

distance–toohighalevelofbrakingwillinitiateforwardtipover;and在任何条件下的最大的刹车力度，比如载货条件或者高位提升等都可能前向翻车4.Themaximumlevelsofrearward

acceleration-toohighalevelwillalsoinitiateforwardtipover.在任何条件下后向极大的加速度或者高位操作可能导致前向侧翻。1.Counterbalanceforklifts平衡重叉车Thisr

eportandtheassociatedMonashUniversityAccidentResearchCentreproducedguidebook(AGuidebookofIndustrialTrafficManagement&ForkliftSafety)focuso

ncounterbalanceforkliftsofthestyleshownbelow,astheyarethemostcommonstyleusedinVictoria本报告机Monsah大学事故研究中心制作了一个关于平衡重叉车的指导手册。（工业车辆管理及

叉车安全手册）Theseforkliftsgenerallyhave:这些叉车具有以下要素•Thebodywithitscounterbalanceandcagerigidlyattachedtothefrontordriveaxle;车身

具有配重块和一个结实的货叉架在叉车前轮轴上•Themastpivotedatornearthefrontaxle;门架可以在前轮轴上或接近轮轴的位置摆动•Thesteeraxlepivotedaboutitscentresothatthesteer

tyresremainincontactwiththegroundwheretherearesmallvariationsintheleveloftheoperatingsurface;and转向轴在中心位置转动，这样转向轮就

可以保持和地面的接触，即使地面有些小的不平整•Brakesfittedtothefrontdriveaxleonly.只有前轮有制动•Fortheonebody,forkl

iftscanbefittedwith:同一类的车身可以配置•Differentmaststosuitvariousliftheights.Theserangefrom1500to7500mm.Thenumbero

fmaststagescanvarydependingonavailableheadroom.不同高度的门架。这些范围从1500-7500mm。门架梯级依据屋顶高度。•Differentwheelsandtyres–solid,pne

umaticshapedcushionorpneumatictyres;不同轮毂及轮胎-实心胎、充气胎及充气弹性胎等•Arangeofforktynessuitedtotheforkliftoperation,withorwithoutsid

eshift;and不同货叉类型来适配不同工况，是否具有侧移器及•Otherspecialistattachments.其他特别专用属具2.“Stabilitytriangle稳定三角形Therearethreewaysacounterbala

nceforkliftcantipoverforwardsorsideways:有三种可能性导致平衡重叉车侧翻或前翻1.Itcantipforwardwiththecontactpointsofthedriveaxle

tyresandthegroundactingasthepivot;它前翻的原因可能是接触点的轮胎和地面原地打转2.Itcantipsidewaystotheleftwithtipoverinitially

pivotingalongalinethroughthelefthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle;or它左侧翻的原因可能一个左前轮打

转和后转向大幅摆动3.Itcantipsidewaystotherightwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughtherighthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpoi

ntoftherearsteeraxle.它右侧翻的原因可能一个右前轮子打转和后转向大幅摆动Thesethreelinescombineddefinethestabilitytriangleasshowninthediagram.有三条线来定义了稳

定三角形Notethattherearsteeraxlehasalimittoitstravelarounditspivotpoint,sothatatsomepointsidetipoverchangestopivotaboutthetwolefthand

ortworighthandtyres.Atthisstagetheforkliftsometimesstopstippingoverandfallsbackonitswheels.Mostlyhowevertipoverc

ontinues.请注意转向轮轴需要到极限，这样的话侧翻可能会改变。在这个条件下侧翻可能会停止和回到承载轮平衡。大部分情况下还是会继续侧翻。3.Centreofmass重心Anyphysicalobjecthasapointloc

atedinthreedimensionswhereitactsasthoughallitsmassislocated.Thisisknownasitscentreofmass.许多物体在三维上都有重心Itisapointaboutwhichtheforkliftwouldbala

nceifplacedontopofapointedsupport.许多情况下叉车获得平衡，只要这个点上给与支持。Whentheforkliftisstationary,theonlyforceact

ingonthispointistheforceofgravityverticallydown.Forastationaryforklift,providedthiscentreofmassiswithinthestabilitytriangle,theforkliftwill

neithertipforwardsorsideways.当平稳行驶的时候，只有一个作用力就是重力，那就可以保证重心在稳定三角形内。Whenweplaceanincreasingloadontheforktyne

s,thecentreofmassoftheforkliftandloadcombinedmovesforwardtowardsthefrontaxle当我们增加重量在货叉上，载荷中心就会前移Ifsufficientloadisaddedthefork

liftwillreachapointwhereittipsforward.Thisgenerallyoccursifanoperatortriestoliftaloadthatismuchtooheavyfortheforkl

ift,andthesteeraxleliftsofftheground.当货物足够重时，中心点临界后，就会前翻。基本上会出现在司机想要超载或者转向轮离地。4.Dynamicforces,centreofmassandstabili

ty活动受力，重心及稳定性Whenaforklifttravelsonaslope,orwhenaforkliftistravellingaroundacorneratsomespeed,orwhenafo

rkliftbrakesoraccelerates,forcesaredevelopedthatactontheforkliftsidewaysortothefrontorrear.当叉车行驶在斜坡或在拐弯的时候，当叉车刹车和加速的时候，受

力会作用在叉车侧面或前后。Ifthesumofalltheforcesactingonthecentreofmassactsuchthattheypassoutsidethestabilitytriangle,thentheforkli

fteithertipsforwardsofsideways.当所有受力作用在重心，导致它们偏出稳定三角形，就会导致侧翻或前翻。5.Tipoversidewaysversustipoverforwards侧翻与前翻Asnotedabove,addingloadtothetynesmakes

thecentreofmassoftheforkliftandtynescombinedmoveforwardclosertotheforwardtipoveraxisofthestabilitytriangle.Theforkliftbec

omesprogressivelylessstableinrespectofforwardtipover.如上面所述，增加载荷至叉车重心，以及货叉接近前向轴心，会导致重心前移至侧翻的稳定三角形轴线。叉车会渐渐变得不稳定，从而导致前向侧翻。Howeverthecent

reofmassatthesametimeismovingawayfromthetwoothertippingaxis.SotheForkliftbecomesmorestableinrespectoftipp

ingsideways.无论如何叉车的重心会远离稳定轴线，这样叉车就能保持更稳定。Henceforkliftsaremuchmorelikelytotipsidewayswhenempty–75%oftheseincidentsoccurwhentheforkli

ftisempty.所以叉车在空载的时候更容易侧翻-75%的事故发生在空车的时候。Andtheyaremorelikelytotipforwardwhenloaded.而载货后更容易发生前翻。6.Stabilityan

draisedloads稳定性与举升的载荷Raisingtheloadreducesstabilityinalltipoverdirectionsasthesizeofside,frontorrearforcesrequiredtocauseforw

ardorsideortipoverarereduced.举升载荷后会降低稳定性，导致不同方向的侧翻。7.Australianandinternationalstandardsforforkliftstabilityorsafety

澳大利亚和国际关于叉车稳定性和安全的标准Alistofthesestandardsisshownbelow.NotethatinadditionJapan,amajorsupplierofforklifts,hasitsownstandards.一些列的标准显示如下。请注意在日本主要的叉车供

应商有其自身的标准。Andthereareotherstandardsthatalsoimpactonforkliftsafetyincludingstandardsforpalletsandcontainers.还有其他的标准同样会影响叉车额安全，包括托盘和集装箱STANDARD标准C

OMMENT说明AS/NZS1425:1999LPGasfuelsystemsforvehicleengines车辆液化燃油系统ForLPGpoweredforklifts液化天然气叉车AS/NZS1596:2002Thestorageand

handlingofLPGas存储液化天然气ForLPGpoweredforklifts液化气叉车AS2402-1994Tractionbatteries-Lead-acid铅酸动力电池Forbatterypoweredforklif

ts电动叉车AS2548.1-1998Batterychargersforlead-acidtractionbatteries-Batterychargersforventedcells动力电池充电器Forbatterypoweredforklifts电动叉车AS1763-1985Industri

altrucks-Glossaryofterms工业车辆名词术语AS2359-1995Poweredindustrialtrucks–动力工业车辆Part1:GeneralRequirements.Part2:Operation.Part3:Counterbalancedforkl

ifttrucks-Stabilitytests.Part4:ReachandstraddleforklifPrincipalAustralianstandardforforklifts.Beingp

rogressivelychangedbytheadoptionofequivalentISOstandarttrucks-Stabilitytests.Part5:Controlsymbols.Part6:SafetyCode.Part7:Terminology.

Part8:Palletstackersandhigh-liftplatformtrucks–Stabilitytests.Part9:High-liftridertrucks–Overheadguards.Part10:Forklifttrucks–Hookonty

peforkarms-Vocabulary.Part11:Forklifttrucks–Hookontypeforkarms–Dimensions.Part12:Hazardousareasds澳大利亚叉车标准AS3713-1989Acoustics-Industrialtr

ucks-Noisemeasurement叉车遭遇AS4972(Int)-2001Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainersfor6m(20ft)lengthandabove

-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱AustralianversionofISO10525–additionalnotesonrisksaddedAS4973-2001Industrialtrucks-Inspectionandrepairofforkarm

sinserviceonfork-lifttrucks检查和维修叉车叉齿BasedonISO5057:1993ISO1074:1991Counterbalancedfork-lifttrucks;stabilitytests平衡重叉车

稳定性测试EquivalenttoAS2359Pt3:1995ISO2328:1993Fork-lifttrucks;hook-ontypeforkarmsandforkarmcarriages;mountingdimensions叉车连接型货叉EquivalenttoAS2359P

t11:1995ISO2330:2002Fork-lifttrucks-Forkarms-Technicalcharacteristicsandtesting货叉技术特征和测试ISO2331:1974Fork-lifttrucks–Hookontypeforkar

ms–Vocabulary连接型货叉词汇EquivalenttoAS2359Pt10:1995ISO3184:1998Reachandstraddlefork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests前移式和跨腿式叉车稳定性测试Equivale

nttoAS2359Pt4:1995ISO5057:1993Industrialtrucks;inspectionandrepairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lifttrucks叉车检查和维

修EquivalenttoAS4973:2001ISO5766:1990Palletstackersandhighliftplatformtrucks.Stabilitytests托盘堆高机和升降台稳定性测试Equivale

nttoAS2359Pt8:1995ISO5767:1992Industrialtrucksoperatinginspecialconditionofstackingwithmasttiltedforward;additionalstability

test叉车高位前倾ISO6292:1996Poweredindustrialtrucksandtractors-Brakeperformanceandcomponentstrength动力叉车和拖车的刹车TobeanAustralianStandard-additionalnotesr

elatingtoriskISO10525:1997Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6m(20ft)lengthandabove-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车

处理的集装箱EquivalenttoAS4972(Int)2001lessAppendixZZISO10658:1996Industrialtrucksoperatinginspecialconditions

ofstackingwithloadlaterallydisplacedbypowereddevices-Additionalstabilitytest叉车堆垛和直接摆放ISO13284:2003Fork-lifttrucks-Fork-armexte

nsionsandtelescopicforkarms-Technicalcharacteristicsandstrengthrequirements货叉延长套ISO13562:2000Industrialvariable-reachtrucks-Part

1:Stabilitytests.Part2:Additionalstabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6mlengthandabove.ISO13563-1:2001Single

sideloadingfork-lifttrucks-Part1:Stabilitytests.Part2:Additionalstabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6m

lengthandabove单面载货CoveredinAS2359Pt1:1985:AppendixA5ISO15794:2001Bi-directionalandmulti-directionalfo

rk-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests双向和多向叉车ISO15870:2000Poweredindustrialtrucks-Safetysignsandhazardpictorials-Generalprinciples动力叉车的安全标识ISO15871

:2000Industrialtrucks-Specificationsforindicatorlightsforcontainerhandlingandgrapplerarmoperations叉车灯光8.Australianandinternationalstand

ards-forkliftstabilitytests关于叉车稳定性测试的澳大利亚和国际标准Therequiredteststodeterminethemaximumratedcapacityofforkliftsarei

ncludedinAS2359anditsparts,andinAS4972(Int).ForotherstylesofforklifttrucksISO13563orISO15794mayapply要标识额度载荷能力测试的标准是AS2359和AS4972。其他类型的叉车标准有

ISO13563和ISO15794Ingeneral,foreveryforkliftstyle,therearefourstabilitytests,plusothersasappropriateforthestyleofforklift.总的来说，每种型号的叉车都有自己的稳定

性测试，还有其他相关需要的关于该型号叉车的测试Australianandinternationalstandards-counterbalanceforkliftstabilitytests澳大利亚和国际标准-平衡重叉车Forcou

nterbalanceforkliftstherearefourtests:关于平衡重叉车有四个测试项目1.Stacking–withthemastverticalandforksatmaximumh

eight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformto:堆高-门架垂直提升至最大高度，最高处的载荷能力由前倾至最大时的

能力来决定•Aslopeof4%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and在4度的斜坡测试最大至4999kg的载荷能力•Aslopeof3.5%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgt

o50000kg在3.5度的斜坡测试至5000-50000kg载荷能力2.Travelling–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,themaximumloadisd

eterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformtoaslopeof18%行驶-门架前倾到底和货叉降落，最大载荷能力由18度的坡道行驶的载荷能力来决定3.Stacking–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandf

orksatmaximumheight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedsidewardsonaplatformtoaslopeof6%堆高-门架后仰到底和货叉在最高处，最大的载荷能力由6度的斜坡上载荷能力来决定4.Travel

ling–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,theforkliftistiltedsidewaysonaplatformto•aslopeofupto40%forforkliftsofratedcapacity

upto4999kg;and•Aslopeof50%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kgdependingontheforkliftcapacityandmaximumspeed行驶-门架完全后仰和货叉降落，叉车在侧面倾斜的

平台上剩余40%的额定载荷能力-4999kg以下的叉车剩余50%的额定载荷能力-5000-5000kg的叉车Tests1and2primarilydetermineforwardtipoverstab

ility,test3determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenloaded,andtest4determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenempty.测试1和测试2初步确定前向稳定性，测试3决定侧

面稳定性和测试4决定空载的侧向稳定性。