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Forkliftstabilityandothertechnicalsafetyissues叉车稳定性及其他安全问题Thestabilityofforkliftshasimpactsonsafetyinresp

ectof:叉车稳定性会以下的安全问题1.Thelikelihoodofforwardtipover–thatis,theforklifttiltingforward;前向翻车的可能性-是指叉车前倾的情形2.Thelikeli

hoodofsidetipover–thatis,theforklifttiltingtoeitherside;and侧向翻车的可能性-是指叉车向一侧翻车3.Themaximumlevelsofbrakingthatcanbeappliedforanylo

adingsituation,andhencethestoppingdistance–toohighalevelofbrakingwillinitiateforwardtipover;and在任何条件下的最大的刹车力度

，比如载货条件或者高位提升等都可能前向翻车4.Themaximumlevelsofrearwardacceleration-toohighalevelwillalsoinitiateforwardtipover.在任何条件下后向极大的加速度或者高位操作可能导致前向侧翻。1

.Counterbalanceforklifts平衡重叉车ThisreportandtheassociatedMonashUniversityAccidentResearchCentreproducedguidebook(AGuidebookofIndustrialTrafficManage

ment&ForkliftSafety)focusoncounterbalanceforkliftsofthestyleshownbelow,astheyarethemostcommonstyleus

edinVictoria本报告机Monsah大学事故研究中心制作了一个关于平衡重叉车的指导手册。（工业车辆管理及叉车安全手册）Theseforkliftsgenerallyhave:这些叉车具有以下要素•Thebodywithitscounterbalanceandcagerigi

dlyattachedtothefrontordriveaxle;车身具有配重块和一个结实的货叉架在叉车前轮轴上•Themastpivotedatornearthefrontaxle;门架可以在前轮轴上或接近轮轴的位置摆动•Thesteeraxlepi

votedaboutitscentresothatthesteertyresremainincontactwiththegroundwheretherearesmallvariationsintheleveloftheoperatingsurface;and转向轴在中心位置转动，

这样转向轮就可以保持和地面的接触，即使地面有些小的不平整•Brakesfittedtothefrontdriveaxleonly.只有前轮有制动•Fortheonebody,forkliftscanbefittedwith:同一类的车身可以配

置•Differentmaststosuitvariousliftheights.Theserangefrom1500to7500mm.Thenumberofmaststagescanvarydependingonavailableheadroom.不同高度的门架

。这些范围从1500-7500mm。门架梯级依据屋顶高度。•Differentwheelsandtyres–solid,pneumaticshapedcushionorpneumatictyres;不同轮毂及轮胎

-实心胎、充气胎及充气弹性胎等•Arangeofforktynessuitedtotheforkliftoperation,withorwithoutsideshift;and不同货叉类型来适配不同工况，是否具有侧移器及•Other

specialistattachments.其他特别专用属具2.“Stabilitytriangle稳定三角形Therearethreewaysacounterbalanceforkliftcantipoverforwardsorsideways:有三种可能性导致平衡重叉车

侧翻或前翻1.Itcantipforwardwiththecontactpointsofthedriveaxletyresandthegroundactingasthepivot;它前翻的原因可能是接触点的轮胎和地面原地打转2.Itcantipsideways

totheleftwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughthelefthandfronttyrecontactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteerax

le;or它左侧翻的原因可能一个左前轮打转和后转向大幅摆动3.Itcantipsidewaystotherightwithtipoverinitiallypivotingalongalinethroughtherighthandfronttyreco

ntactpointandthepivotpointoftherearsteeraxle.它右侧翻的原因可能一个右前轮子打转和后转向大幅摆动Thesethreelinescombineddefinethestabilitytriangleasshowninth

ediagram.有三条线来定义了稳定三角形Notethattherearsteeraxlehasalimittoitstravelarounditspivotpoint,sothatatsomepointsidetipoverchang

estopivotaboutthetwolefthandortworighthandtyres.Atthisstagetheforkliftsometimesstopstippingoverandfalls

backonitswheels.Mostlyhowevertipovercontinues.请注意转向轮轴需要到极限，这样的话侧翻可能会改变。在这个条件下侧翻可能会停止和回到承载轮平衡。大部分情况下还是会继续侧翻。3.Centreofmass重心Anyphysicalobjecthasapoi

ntlocatedinthreedimensionswhereitactsasthoughallitsmassislocated.Thisisknownasitscentreofmass.许多物体在三维上都有重心Itisapoin

taboutwhichtheforkliftwouldbalanceifplacedontopofapointedsupport.许多情况下叉车获得平衡，只要这个点上给与支持。Whentheforkliftisstationary,theonlyforceactingonthis

pointistheforceofgravityverticallydown.Forastationaryforklift,providedthiscentreofmassiswithinthestabilitytriangle,t

heforkliftwillneithertipforwardsorsideways.当平稳行驶的时候，只有一个作用力就是重力，那就可以保证重心在稳定三角形内。Whenweplaceanincreasingloadontheforktynes,thecentreofmassof

theforkliftandloadcombinedmovesforwardtowardsthefrontaxle当我们增加重量在货叉上，载荷中心就会前移Ifsufficientloadisaddedtheforkliftwillr

eachapointwhereittipsforward.Thisgenerallyoccursifanoperatortriestoliftaloadthatismuchtooheavyfortheforklift,andthesteeraxlel

iftsofftheground.当货物足够重时，中心点临界后，就会前翻。基本上会出现在司机想要超载或者转向轮离地。4.Dynamicforces,centreofmassandstability活动受力，重心及稳定性Whe

naforklifttravelsonaslope,orwhenaforkliftistravellingaroundacorneratsomespeed,orwhenaforkliftbrakesoraccel

erates,forcesaredevelopedthatactontheforkliftsidewaysortothefrontorrear.当叉车行驶在斜坡或在拐弯的时候，当叉车刹车和加速的时候，受力会作用在叉车侧面或前后。Ifthesumofalltheforcesacting

onthecentreofmassactsuchthattheypassoutsidethestabilitytriangle,thentheforklifteithertipsforwardsofsideways.当所有受力作用在重心，

导致它们偏出稳定三角形，就会导致侧翻或前翻。5.Tipoversidewaysversustipoverforwards侧翻与前翻Asnotedabove,addingloadtothetynesmakesthecentreofmassoftheforkliftandtynescombine

dmoveforwardclosertotheforwardtipoveraxisofthestabilitytriangle.Theforkliftbecomesprogressivelylessstableinrespectofforwardtipover.如上面所述，增加载荷至叉车重心

，以及货叉接近前向轴心，会导致重心前移至侧翻的稳定三角形轴线。叉车会渐渐变得不稳定，从而导致前向侧翻。Howeverthecentreofmassatthesametimeismovingawayfromthetwoothertippingaxis.SotheForkliftbecom

esmorestableinrespectoftippingsideways.无论如何叉车的重心会远离稳定轴线，这样叉车就能保持更稳定。Henceforkliftsaremuchmorelikelytotipsidewayswhenempty–75%ofthe

seincidentsoccurwhentheforkliftisempty.所以叉车在空载的时候更容易侧翻-75%的事故发生在空车的时候。Andtheyaremorelikelytotipforwardwhenloaded.而载货

后更容易发生前翻。6.Stabilityandraisedloads稳定性与举升的载荷Raisingtheloadreducesstabilityinalltipoverdirectionsasthesizeofside

,frontorrearforcesrequiredtocauseforwardorsideortipoverarereduced.举升载荷后会降低稳定性，导致不同方向的侧翻。7.Australianandinternationalstandardsf

orforkliftstabilityorsafety澳大利亚和国际关于叉车稳定性和安全的标准Alistofthesestandardsisshownbelow.NotethatinadditionJapan,ama

jorsupplierofforklifts,hasitsownstandards.一些列的标准显示如下。请注意在日本主要的叉车供应商有其自身的标准。Andthereareotherstandardsthatalsoimpactonforklifts

afetyincludingstandardsforpalletsandcontainers.还有其他的标准同样会影响叉车额安全，包括托盘和集装箱STANDARD标准COMMENT说明AS/NZS1425:1999LPGasfuelsystemsfo

rvehicleengines车辆液化燃油系统ForLPGpoweredforklifts液化天然气叉车AS/NZS1596:2002ThestorageandhandlingofLPGas存储液化天然气ForLPGpoweredforklifts液化

气叉车AS2402-1994Tractionbatteries-Lead-acid铅酸动力电池Forbatterypoweredforklifts电动叉车AS2548.1-1998Batterychargersforlead-acidtractionbatteries-Batterycharge

rsforventedcells动力电池充电器Forbatterypoweredforklifts电动叉车AS1763-1985Industrialtrucks-Glossaryofterms工业车辆名词术语AS2359-1995Poweredindustri

altrucks–动力工业车辆Part1:GeneralRequirements.Part2:Operation.Part3:Counterbalancedforklifttrucks-Stability

tests.Part4:ReachandstraddleforklifPrincipalAustralianstandardforforklifts.Beingprogressivelychangedbytheadoptionofequivalent

ISOstandarttrucks-Stabilitytests.Part5:Controlsymbols.Part6:SafetyCode.Part7:Terminology.Part8:Palletstackersandhigh-lift

platformtrucks–Stabilitytests.Part9:High-liftridertrucks–Overheadguards.Part10:Forklifttrucks–Hookonty

peforkarms-Vocabulary.Part11:Forklifttrucks–Hookontypeforkarms–Dimensions.Part12:Hazardousareasds澳大利亚叉车标准AS3713-1989Acoustics

-Industrialtrucks-Noisemeasurement叉车遭遇AS4972(Int)-2001Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainersfor6m(20ft)lengthanda

bove-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱AustralianversionofISO10525–additionalnotesonrisksaddedAS4973-2001Industrialtruck

s-Inspectionandrepairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lifttrucks检查和维修叉车叉齿BasedonISO5057:1993ISO1074:1991Counterbalancedfork-lifttrucks;stabi

litytests平衡重叉车稳定性测试EquivalenttoAS2359Pt3:1995ISO2328:1993Fork-lifttrucks;hook-ontypeforkarmsandforkarmcarriages;mountingdi

mensions叉车连接型货叉EquivalenttoAS2359Pt11:1995ISO2330:2002Fork-lifttrucks-Forkarms-Technicalcharacteristicsandtesting货叉技术

特征和测试ISO2331:1974Fork-lifttrucks–Hookontypeforkarms–Vocabulary连接型货叉词汇EquivalenttoAS2359Pt10:1995ISO3184:1998Reachand

straddlefork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests前移式和跨腿式叉车稳定性测试EquivalenttoAS2359Pt4:1995ISO5057:1993Industrialtrucks;

inspectionandrepairofforkarmsinserviceonfork-lifttrucks叉车检查和维修EquivalenttoAS4973:2001ISO5766:1990Palletstackersandhighli

ftplatformtrucks.Stabilitytests托盘堆高机和升降台稳定性测试EquivalenttoAS2359Pt8:1995ISO5767:1992Industrialtrucksoperatingin

specialconditionofstackingwithmasttiltedforward;additionalstabilitytest叉车高位前倾ISO6292:1996Poweredindustrialtrucksandtractors-Brakeperfor

manceandcomponentstrength动力叉车和拖车的刹车TobeanAustralianStandard-additionalnotesrelatingtoriskISO10525:1997Counterbalancedtruckshandlingfreightcontainer

sof6m(20ft)lengthandabove-Additionalstabilitytests平衡重叉车处理的集装箱EquivalenttoAS4972(Int)2001lessAppendixZZISO10658:1996Indus

trialtrucksoperatinginspecialconditionsofstackingwithloadlaterallydisplacedbypowereddevices-Additional

stabilitytest叉车堆垛和直接摆放ISO13284:2003Fork-lifttrucks-Fork-armextensionsandtelescopicforkarms-Technicalcharacteristic

sandstrengthrequirements货叉延长套ISO13562:2000Industrialvariable-reachtrucks-Part1:Stabilitytests.Part2:Additionalstabilitytestsfortruckshandli

ngfreightcontainersof6mlengthandabove.ISO13563-1:2001Singlesideloadingfork-lifttrucks-Part1:Stabilitytests.Part

2:Additionalstabilitytestsfortruckshandlingfreightcontainersof6mlengthandabove单面载货CoveredinAS2359Pt1:1985:Appe

ndixA5ISO15794:2001Bi-directionalandmulti-directionalfork-lifttrucks-Stabilitytests双向和多向叉车ISO15870:2

000Poweredindustrialtrucks-Safetysignsandhazardpictorials-Generalprinciples动力叉车的安全标识ISO15871:2000Industrialtrucks-Specificationsforindicato

rlightsforcontainerhandlingandgrapplerarmoperations叉车灯光8.Australianandinternationalstandards-forkliftstabilitytests关于

叉车稳定性测试的澳大利亚和国际标准TherequiredteststodeterminethemaximumratedcapacityofforkliftsareincludedinAS2359anditsparts,andinAS4972(Int).

ForotherstylesofforklifttrucksISO13563orISO15794mayapply要标识额度载荷能力测试的标准是AS2359和AS4972。其他类型的叉车标准有ISO13563和ISO15794Ingeneral,foreveryforkliftstyle,ther

earefourstabilitytests,plusothersasappropriateforthestyleofforklift.总的来说，每种型号的叉车都有自己的稳定性测试，还有其他相关需要的关于该型号叉车的测试Australianandinter

nationalstandards-counterbalanceforkliftstabilitytests澳大利亚和国际标准-平衡重叉车Forcounterbalanceforkliftstherearefourtests

:关于平衡重叉车有四个测试项目1.Stacking–withthemastverticalandforksatmaximumheight,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonapl

atformto:堆高-门架垂直提升至最大高度，最高处的载荷能力由前倾至最大时的能力来决定•Aslopeof4%forforkliftsofratedcapacityupto4999kg;and在4度的斜坡测试最大至4999kg的

载荷能力•Aslopeof3.5%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kg在3.5度的斜坡测试至5000-50000kg载荷能力2.Travel

ling–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,themaximumloadisdeterminedwhentheforkliftistiltedforwardonaplatformtoaslopeof18%行驶-门架前倾到底

和货叉降落，最大载荷能力由18度的坡道行驶的载荷能力来决定3.Stacking–withthemastatfullrearwardtiltandforksatmaximumheight,themaximumloadisdeter

minedwhentheforkliftistiltedsidewardsonaplatformtoaslopeof6%堆高-门架后仰到底和货叉在最高处，最大的载荷能力由6度的斜坡上载荷能力来决定4.Travelling–withthema

statfullrearwardtiltandforkslowered,theforkliftistiltedsidewaysonaplatformto•aslopeofupto40%forforkliftsofrate

dcapacityupto4999kg;and•Aslopeof50%forforkliftswithcapacitiesof5000kgto50000kgdependingontheforklif

tcapacityandmaximumspeed行驶-门架完全后仰和货叉降落，叉车在侧面倾斜的平台上剩余40%的额定载荷能力-4999kg以下的叉车剩余50%的额定载荷能力-5000-5000kg的叉车Tests1and2pri

marilydetermineforwardtipoverstability,test3determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenloaded,andtest4determinessidetipoverstabilitywhenempty.测试1和测试2初步确定前向稳定性

，测试3决定侧面稳定性和测试4决定空载的侧向稳定性。